Hermione
Frieze-Dennison Vergil
- Daughter of Menelāus and Helen, Ov. P. 2, 11, 15; Hyg. Fab. 122; Prop. 1, 4, 6; Verg. A. 3, 328 al.—
- II A maritime city of Argolis, now Kastri, Mel. 2, 3, 8; Liv. 31, 41, 5; Plin. 4, 5, 9, § 18.—
- B Derivv.
- 1 Hermĭŏnēus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Hermione: statio, Verg. Cir. 471.—
- 2 Hermĭŏnĭus, a, um, adj., the same: ager, Plin. 4, 12, 19, § 56.—
- 3 Hermĭŏnĭcus, a, um, adj., the same: ager, Liv. 31, 44, 1.
- 1. dochter v. Menelaüs en Helena;
- 2. kuststad in Argolis (Peloponnesus), nu Ermioni; — adj. Hermionius, a, um [ager].
(Ἑρμιόνη), the only daughter of Menelaus and Helena, and beautiful, like the golden Aphrodite. (Hom. Od. 4.14, Il. 3.175). As she was a grand-daughter of Leda, the mother of Helena, Virgil (Aen. 3.328) calls her Ledaea. During the war against Troy, Menelaus promised her in marriage to Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus); and after his return he fulfilled his promise. (Od. 4.4, &c.) This Homeric tradition differs from those of later writers. According to Euripides (Eur. Andr. 891, &c.; comp. Pind. N. 7.43; Hyg. Fab. 123), Menelaus, previous to his expedition against Troy, had promised Hermione to Orestes. After the return of Neoptolemus, Orestes informed him of this, and claimed Hermione for himself; but Neoptolemus haughtily refused to give her up. Orestes, in revenge, incited the Delphians against him, and Neoptolemus was slain. In the meantime Orestes carried off IIermione from the house of Peleus, and she, in remembrance of her former love for Orestes, followed him. She had also reason to fear the revenge of Neoptolemus, for she had made an attempt to murder Andromache, whom Neoptolemus seemed to love more than her, but had been prevented from committing the crime. According to others, Menelaus betrothed her at Troy to Neoptolemus; but in the meantime her grandfather, Tyndareus, promised her to Orestes, and actually gave her in marriage to him. Neoptolemus, on his return, took possession of her by force, but was slain soon after either at Delphi or in his own home at Phthia. (Verg. A. 3.327, 11.264; Sophocl. apud Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1479.) Hermione had no children by Neoptolemus (Eur. Andr. 33; Paus. 1.11.1; Schol. ad Pind. Nem. 7.58), but by Orestes, whose wife she ultimately became, she was the mother of Tisamenus. (Paus. 1.33.7, 2.18.5.) The Lacedaemonians dedicated a statue of her, the work of Calamis, at Delphi. (Paus. 10.16.2.) A scholiast on Pindar (Pind. N. 10.12) calls her the wife of Diomedes, and Hesychius (s. v.) states that Hermione was a surname of Persephone at Syracuse. [L.S]
HERMIONE or HERMION (Ἑρμιόνη, Herod., Xen., Strab.; Ἑρμιών Eurip. Here. Fur. 615; Plb. 2.52; Ἑρμιῶν, Scylax, p. 20: Eth. Ἑρμιονεύς; fem. Ἑρμιονίς: Adj. Ἑρμιονικός, Hermioneus, Hermionius, Hermionicus: the territory Ἑρμιονίς a town at the southern extremity of Argolis, in the wider use of this term, but an independent city during the flourishing period of Grecian history, and possessing a territory named Hermionis. The sea between the southern coast of Argolis and the island of Hydrea was called after it the HERMIONICUS SINUS(Ἑρμιονικὸς κόλπος, Strab. 8. p. 335), which was regarded as distinct from the Argolic and Saronic gulfs.
Hermione was founded by the Dryopes, who are said to have been driven out of their original abodes on Mount Oeta and its adjacent valleys by Heracles, and to have settled in the Peloponnesus, where their three chief towns were Hermione, Asine, and Eïon. (Hdt. 8.43. 47; Diod. 4.37.) Hermione is mentioned by Homer along with its kindred city Asine. (Hom. Il. 2.560.) Asine and Eïon were conquered at an early period by the Dorians, but Hermione continued to exist as an independent Dryopian state long afterwards. Hermione appears to have been the most important of the Dryopian towns, and to have been in possession at one time of a larger portion of the adjacent coast, as well as of several of the neighboring islands. Strabo, following ancient authorities, places the promontory Scyllaeum in Hermionis (Strab. 8. p. 373), and the Helnionic gulf extended along the coast of Troezen as far as this promontory. Hermione is mentioned first among the cities of the Amphictyony, the representatives of which were accustomed to meet in the adjacent island of Calaureia (Strab. 8. p. 374), from which it has been inferred that Hermione had the presidency of the confederacy, and that the island belonged to this city. It is expressly stated that Hydreia belonged to the Hermionians, and that they surrendered this island to the Samian pirates, who gave it into the charge of the Troezenians. (Hdt. 3.59.) The Hermionians are mentioned as Dryopes at the time of the Persian wars: they sent three ships to Salamis, and 300 men to Plataea. (Hdt. 8.43, 9.28.) Subsequently the Argives took possession of Hermione, and settled there an Argive colony. There is no account of its conquest, and Pausanias supposes that the Argives obtained peaceable possession of the town; but it probably came into their power about the same time that they subdued Mycenae and Tiryns, B.C. 464. Some of the expelled Hermionians took refuge at Halieis, where the Tirynthians had also settled; and it was perhaps at this time that the lower city was deserted. (Paus. 2.34.5; Strab. 8. p. 373; comp. Steph, B. s. v. Τίρυνς; Müller, Dor. vol. 1. p. 199, Engl. trans.) Hermione now became a Doric city; but the inhabitants still retained some of the ancient Dryopian customs. Thus it continued. to be the chief seat of the worship of Demeter Chthonia, who appears to have been the principal deity of the Dryopians; and we learn from a remarkable inscription that the Asinaeans, who had settled in Messenia after their expulsion from Argolis, continued to send offerings to Demeter Chthonia at Hermione. (Böckh, Inscr. no. 1193.) Although Hermione had fallen into the hands of the Argives, it did not continue permanently subject to Argos, and it is mentioned subsequently as an independent town and an ally of Sparta. (Thuc. 2.56, 8.3) After the capture of the Acrocorinthus by Aratus, the tyrant who governed Hermione voluntarily surrendered his power, and the city joined the Achaean league. (Plb. 2.44.) Hermione continued to exist long afterwards, as is proved by its numerous coins and inscriptions
Pausanias describes Hermione at considerable length. The old city, which was no longer inhabited in his time, stood upon a promontory seven stadia in length, and three in breadth at its widest part; and on either side of this promontory there was a convenient harbour. There were still several temples standing on this promontory in the time of Pausanias, of which the most remarkable was one sacred to Poseidon. The later town, which Pausanias visited, stood at the distance of four stadia from this temple upon the slopes of the hill Pron. It was entirely surrounded by walls, and was in earlier times the Acropolis of the city. Among its ruins lies the modern village of Kastrí. Of the numerous temples mentioned by Pausanias the most important was the ancient Diyopian sanctuary of Demeter Chthonia, situated on a eight of Mount on, said to have been founded by Chthonia, daughter of Phoroneus, and Clymenus her brother. (Eur. Herc. Fur. 615.) It was an inviolable sanctuary; but it was plundered by there Cilician pirates. (Phot. Lex. s. v. Ἑρμιόνη; Plut. Pomp. 24.) Opposite this temple was one sacred to Clymenus and to tie right was the Stoa of Echo, which repeated the voice three times. In the same neighbourhood there were three sacred places surrounded with stone fences; one named the sanctuary of Clymenus, the second that of Pluto, and the third that of the Acherusian lake. In the sanctuary of Clymenus there was an opening in the earth which the Hermionians believed to be the shortest road to Hades, and consequently they put no money in the mouths of their dead to pay the ferryman of the lower world. (Paus. 2.35; Strab. 8. p. 373.)
From Hermione a peninsula, now called Kranídhi, extends towards the south and west It contains two promontories, on each of which there are Hellenic remains. Pausanias names two ancient places, called Halice and Mases, on the road from Hermione to Asine, both of which must have been situated in this peninsula, but he gives no further indication of their position. It has been conjectured that the Hellenic remains near C. Muzáki, on the more easterly of the two promontories above mentioned, are those of Halice; and that the remains on the more westerly promontory at Port Kheli represent Mases. but there are good reasons for believing that the ruins near C. Muzáki are those of some town the name of which has not been recorded; that Halice, or, as it is also called, Halieis, stood at Port Kheli; and that Mases was situated more to the north, on the western coast, at Port Kiládhia. In the time of Pausanias, Mases served as the harbour of Hermione. [HALIEIS; MASES.] Towards the east the frontier of the Hermionis and Troezenia was marked by a temple of Demeter Thermasia, close to the sea, 80 stadia westward of Cape Scyllaeum, the name of which has been preserved in that of Thérmisi. (Paus. 2.34.6.) Near this temple, on the road from Troezen to Hermione, was a small place called EILEI (Εἰλεοί), the name of which has been preserved in the modern Ilio. Westward the Hermionis seems to have extended as far as the territory of Asine. On the road from Mases to Asine, Pausanias mentions the promontory STRUTHUS(Στρυθοῦς); at the distance of 250 stadia from which, by a mountain path, were PHILANORIUM(Φιλανόριον) and BOLEI(Βολεοί), the latter being the name of a heap of stones: 20 stadia beyond Bolei was a place called Didymi [DIDYMI]. (Leake, Morea, vol. 2. p. 457, seq., Peloponnesiaca, p. 281, seq.; Boblaye, Recherches, &c. p. 60; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. 2. p. 454, seq.)
(Ἑρμιόνη). A town on the eastern coast of Argolis on a bay deriving its name (Hermionicus Sinus) from the town. It was originally founded by the Dryopes, and was long a flourishing city, famous for its temple of Demeter Cthonia. It belonged to the Achaean League.
(Ἑρμιόνη). The only child of Menelaüs and Helen, and married to Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, immediately on her father's return from Troy, in fulfilment of a promise he had made there. According to a post-Homeric tradition, she had been previously promised to Orestes (q.v.), who claimed her on the ground of his prior right; and on his claim being refused by Neoptolemus, killed his rival with his own hands, or at any rate caused his death, at Delphi. Orestes took Hermioné to his home, and had by her a son, Tisamenus.
It is found in the Argolic Akte between Troizene and Halieis. Its remote location tended to keep it out of the mainstream of Hellenic affairs, and Lasos is the only even minor notable to have originated there. Reputed to be one of the Dryopian cities of the Peloponnese (Hdt. 8.73.2), it was part of Diomedes' realm in heroic times (Il. 2.560), and was a member of the Kalaurian amphictyony (Strab. 8.6.14). Hermione sent three ships to Salamis (Hdt. 8.43) and 300 men to Plataia (Hdt. 9.28.4). During the 5th c. Hermione was a member of the Peloponnesian League, and as a result had its territory plundered by the Athenians in 430 (Thuc. 2.56.5). It remained faithful to Sparta during the 4th c. (and perhaps later), but in 229 was forced to join the Achaian League by Aratos (Strab. 8.7.3). Little is known of Hermione later, though Plutarch (Pomp. 24) tells us that the Temple of Demeter Chthonia was plundered by pirates, and we know from Pausanias (2.34.9-35) that in his time the older part of the town was no longer inhabited.
The ancient city was located on a promontory separating two harbors, but by Pausanias' time had moved W, to approximately the location of the modern town, at the foot of a hill anciently called the Pron. Three stretches of the ancient circuit wall (late 5th c.) of polygonal masonry are preserved, the most easily visible being that on the Kranidi road on the right as one enters the town. The best preserved stretch extends ca. 19 m. Other walls, to be found on the seaward end of the promontory, prove that it was the only defended portion of the city, and that the higher Pron to the W was outside the ancient fortifications. On the promontory there is preserved the euthynteria course of a temple with polygonal joints, probably of the late 6th or early 5th c., and almost certainly to be identified with the Temple of Poseidon mentioned by Pausanias. The Temple of Athena, also mentioned by Pausanias, may have stood on a large conglomerate foundation about 50 m SE of the modern quay. Most of the other sanctuaries mentioned by Pausanias have now disappeared, but it is a highly reasonable assumption that that of Demeter Chthonia lay roughly in the area of the Church of Haghii Taxiarchi on the Pron where there is preserved, both in the church wall and across the street, a wall of ashlar masonry, possibly a peribolos wall. The E portion, preserved only in part, is ca. 10 m from the N portion which extends W at a height of two to three courses for ca. 20 m. Some 25 m N of the church and forming the N wall of the Koinotiko Grapheio, there is preserved to a height of ca. 3 m approximately 20 m of a wall of polygonal ashlar masonry. Another stretch has been reported, which would yield a total length of ca. 95 m. It has the appearance of a retaining wall and seems to be of late 4th c. date, but some scholars assign it a 5th-4th c. date, and connect it either with the Demeter sanctuary or with the Echo Colonnade. There are a number of Late Roman and Early Byzantine mosaics in the area of the municipal school, as well as a section of a Roman brick aqueduct to the N of the Pron. The Mycenaean settlement seems to have lain to the W, near the sea, on a small mound known as Magoula.
BIBLIOGRAPHYA. Philadelpheus in Praktika (1909) 172-81; A. Frickenhaus and W. Müller, “Hermionis,” AthMitt 36 (1911) 35-38M; RE 15 (1912) 835-41; V. B. & M. H. Jameson, “An Archaeological Survey of the Hermionid” (1950), unpublished paper deposited in the library of the American School of Classical Studies in AthensMPI; M. H. Jameson in Hesperia 22 (1953) 160-67 (on border of Hermionid) M. H. McAllister, “A Temple at Hermione,” Hesperia 38 (1969) 169-73PI, with an historical note (184-85) by M. H. Jameson.
W. F. WYATT, JR.- Hdt. 3.59
- of Dryopian origin: Hdt. 8.43, Hdt. 8.73
- its contingent at Plataea: Hdt. 9.28, Hdt. 9.31
- Pluto at: Apollod. 1.4.5
- city: Paus. 2.34.10-Paus. 2.35.11
- founded by Hermion: Paus. 2.34.4
- receives Dorian settlers from Argos: Paus. 2.34.5
- its former situation: Paus. 2.34.10
- its later situation: Paus. 2.34.11
- sanctuary of Subterranean Demeter at Hermion: Paus. 2.35.4-8, Paus. 3.14.5
- Apollod. 3.10.8, Paus. 1.33.8, Paus. 2.18.6, Paus. 3.1.5
- daughter of Helen, abandoned by her mother: Apollod. E.3.3
- betrothed to Neoptolemus: Apollod. E.6.13
- carried off by Neoptolemus: Apollod. E.6.13
- wife of Pyrrhus: Paus. 1.11.1, Paus. 1.33.8, Paus. 3.25.1, Paus. 3.26.7, and afterwards of Orestes: Paus. 1.33.8, Paus. 2.18.6, Paus. 3.1.5, Paus. 10.16.4, Apollod. E.6.13, Apollod. E.6.27
- mother of Tisamenus: Paus. 2.18.6
- statue: Paus. 10.16.4