Leontius

a Syrian, and an officer of reputation, joined Illus in rebelling against Zeno, the emperor of Constantinople. Leontius was proclaimed emperor in A. D. 482, and was taken prisoner and put to death at Constantinople in A. D. 488. The history of this rebellion is given under Illus and Zeno.

(Λεόντιος), emperor of Constantinople (A. D. 695-698), deposed and succeeded the emperor Justinian II. towards the end of A. D. 695. He appears first in history as commander of the imperial troops against the Maronites, in which capacity he gave cause for suspicion, and accordingly after his return to Constantinople, he was put into prison. His popularity, however, was so great, that the emperor did not dare to give him a fair trial, but kept him in confinement during three years, when, at last, he released him on condition of his leaving the capital, and taking the supreme civil and military command in Greece. Leontius was on the point of sailing from the Golden Horn, when the people, exasperated by the tyranny of Justinian, rose in rebellion, in consequence of which Justinian was deposed, and Leontius raised to the imperial dignity. The particulars of this revolution are given in the life of Justinian II. In the first year of the reign of Leontius the empire enjoyed universal peace, as Theophanus says, except, however, at Ravenna, where a frivolous riot caused much destruction and bloodshed. In the second year of his reign (697) an event occurred which is of the greatest importance in the history of Italy, as well as of all Europe and the East. Until that year Venice had belonged to the Byzantine empire, forming part of the government of Istria; but its advantageous position, and the independent and enterprising spirit of its inhabitants, had raised it to such importance and wealth, that its ruin was certain, if it remained any longer exposed to the consequences of the numerous court-revolutions at Constantinople. The Venetians, accordingly, resolved upon forming an independent government, and in 697 chose Paulus Lucas Anafestus, commonly called Paoluccio, their first sovereign duke or doge. It seems, however, that this change took place with the connivance of the Byzantine government, for during many years afterwards friendly relations were kept up between Venice and Constantinople. In the same year, 697, the Arabs set out for their fifth invasion of Africa; and, after having defeated the Greeks in many engagements, their commander, Hasan, took Carthage. He lost it again, but retook it in the following year, 698. In order to expel the Arabs from the capital of Africa, Leontius sent reinforcements to the Patrician Joannes, the commander-in-chief in Africa, who succeeded in forcing the entrance of the harbour, but was beaten back again, and compelled to a shameful flight. Carthage now was destroyed by the Arabs, and has since disappeared from among the cities of the world. Joannes sailed for Constantinople in order to obtain a re-inforcement, and try another chance. His land and sea forces were both equally mortified at the disgraceful result of the expedition ; and Absimarus, one of their leaders, persuaded them that they would suffer for a defeat of which the commander-in-chief was the only cause. His words took effect; a mutiny broke out when the fleet was off Crete; Joannes was put to death by the exasperated soldiers; and Absimarus was proclaimed emperor. The surprise of Leontius was extreme when he saw his fleet return to the harbour of Constantinople, and, instead of saluting him, raise the standard of rebellion. Absimarus having bribed the guards on the water side, entered the city without resistance, and seized upon the person of Leontius, who was treated by the usurper as he had treated his predecessor Justinian Rhino tmetus, for the captive emperor had his nose and ears cut off, and was confined in a convent, where he finished his days. The deposition of Leontius and the accession of Absimarus, who adopted the name of Tiberius, took place in 698. [Tiberius.] (Theoph. p. 309, &c.; Cedren. p. 443, &c; Niceph. p. 26; Const. Manasses, p. 80; Zonar. vol. ii. p. 94, 95; Glycas, p. 279; Paul. Diacon. 6.10-14.) [W.P]

(Λεόντιος), literary.

1. Of Antioch. Leontius was born in Phrygia, and was a disciple of the martyr Lucianus; and having entered the church was ordained presbyter. In order to enjoy without scandal the society of a young female, Eustolius or Eustolia, to whom he was much attached, he mutilated himself; but, notwithstanding, did not escape suspicion, and was deposed front his office. On the deposition, however, of Stephanus or Stephen, bishop of Antioch, he was by the favour of the Emperor Constantius and the predominant Arian party appointed to that see, about 348 or 349. He was one of the instructors of the heresiarch Aetius [Aetius], to whom, according to Philostorgius, he expounded the writings of the prophets, especially Ezekiel ; but, after appointing him deacon, he was compelled by the opposite party under Diodorus [Diodorus, No. 3] and Flavian [Flavianus, No. 1] to silence and depose him. Leontius died about A. D. 358.

Of his writings, which were numerous, nothing remains except a fragment of what Cave describes, we know not on what authority, as Oratio in Passionem S. Babylae, which is cited in the Paschal Chronicle in the notice of the Decian persecution. In this fragment Leontius distinctly asserts that both the Emperor Philip, the Arabian, and his wife, were avowed Christians. (Socrat. H. E. 2.26; Sozomen, H. E. 3.20; Theodoret. H. E. 2.10, 24; Philostorg. H. E. 3.15, 17, 18; Athanas. Apolog. de Fuga sua, c. 26, Hist. Arianor. ad Monachos, c. 28, Chron. Pasch. vol. i. pp. 270, 289, ed. Paris, pp. 216, 231, ed. Venice, pp. 503, 535, ed. Bonn; Cave, Historia Litteraria, vol. i. p. 211, ed. Oxon. 1740-43; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. 8.324.)

2. Of Arabissus, in Cappadocia, of which town he was bishop, an ecclesiastical writer of uncertain date. Photius has noticed two of his works:--1. Εἰς τὴν κτίσιν λόγος, Sermo de Crealione ; and, 2. Εἰς τὸν Λάζαρον, De Lazaro ; and gives a long extract from the former, and a shorter extract from the latter. (Photius, Phot. Bibl. 272; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 551; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 324, vol. x. pp. 268, 771.)

3. Of Arelate or Arles, was bishop of that city about the middle of the fifth century.

Leontius presided in a council at Arles, held about A. D. 475, to condemn an error into which some had fallen respecting the doctrine of predestination. He appears to have died in A. D. 484. He is mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris. Works Letter to the pope

Several letters were written to him by Pope Hilarius (A. D. 461-467) which are given in the Concilia: and a letter of Leontius to the pope (dated A. D. 462) survives. Editions

This letter is given in the Spicilegium of D'Achery (vol. v. p. 578 of the original edition, or vol. iii. p. 302, in the edition of De La Barre, fol. Paris, 1723), and in the Concilia. Further Information

Sidon. Apollin. Epist. 7.6, Concilia, vol. iv. col. 1039, 1044, 1041*, 1828, ed. Labbe; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 449; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 324, vel. xii. p. 653, Bibl. Med. et Infim. Latinitatis, vol. v. p. 268, ed. Mansi; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. xvi. p. 38.

4. Burdegalensis or of Bordeaux. [No. 16.]

5. Of Byzantium or Constantinople, an ecclesiastical writer of the latter part of the sixth and the commencement of the seventh century, sometimes designated, from his original profession, Scholasticus, i. e. the pleader. Several works of about the same period bear the name of Leontius, distinguished by the surnames of Byzantinus, Presbyter Constantinopolitanus, Cyprius, Hierosolymitanus, Monachus, Neapolitanus, and Presbyter et Abbas St. Sabae; and as there is difficulty in determining how many individuals are designated by these various epithets, and which of the various works ascribed to them should be assigned to each, it will be desirable to compare the present article, which refers to the author of the work De Sectis, with Nos. 20 and 26.

According to Cave, Leontius, having given up the exercise of his profession as a scholasticus, retired to the monastery which had been founded by St. Saba near Jerusalem, but was rejected by that saint for his adherence to the obnoxious tenets of Origen. But Cave is manifestly in error, and has confounded two different persons of the same name and place. The Leontius of Byzantium, who was excluded by St. Saba for Origenism, died in the reign of the emperor Justinian I. (Cyril. Scythopolit. Vita S. Sabae, c. 86, apud Coteler. Eccles. Graec. Monum. vol. iii. p. 366), but the work De Sectis appears from internal evidence to have been written at least half a century after Justinian's death, and must therefore be the work of a later Leontius. Photius (cod. 231) and Nicephors Callisti (H. E. 18.48) call the author of the De Sectis a monk, and do not notice his earlier profession. Galland (Bibl. Patrum, vol. xii. Prolegom. c. 20) says that Leontius retired from the bar, and embraced a monastic life in Palestine; but we apprehend this is only a supposition, intended to account for the designation Hierosolymitanus in the title of some of the works, which he ascribes to this Leontius. Oudin, who is disposed to identify several of the Leontii, supposes that the exscholasticus became a monk and abbot of St. Saba (comp. No. 26), near Jerusalem. (De Scriptorib. Eccles. vol. i. col. 1462, &c.) Works

The works which appear to be by this Leontius are as follows:-- 1. Σχόλια, Scholia

" taken down from the lips of Theodorus, the most godly abbot and wisest philosopher, accomplished alike in sacred and profane learning." This work, which is more commonly cited by the title De Sectis, consists of ten divisions called πράχεις, Actiones. Editions

It was first published with a Latin version by Leunclavius, in a volume containing several other pieces, 8vo. Basel, 1578, and was reprinted in the Auctarium Bibliothecae Patrum of Ducaeus, vol. i. fol. Paris, 1624; in the Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. xi. fol. Paris, 1644; and in the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, vol. xii. p. 625, &c., fol. Venice, 1778. The Latin version alone is given in several other editions of the Bibliotheca Patrum. 2. Contra Eutychianos et Nestorianos Libri Tres. s. Confutatio utriusque Fietionis inter se contrariae

Some speak of the three books into which this treatise is divided as distinct works. 3. Liber adversus eos qui proferunt nobis quaedam Apollinarii, falso inscripta nomine Sanctorum Patrum s. Adversus Fraudes Apollinaristarum.

4. Solutiones Argumentationum Severi.

5. Dubitationes hypotheticae et definientes contra eos qui negant in Christo post Unionem duas veras Naturas. Editions

These pieces have not been printed in the original, but Latin versions from the papers of Franciscus Turrianus were published by Canisius in his Lectiones Antiquae, vol. iv. (or vol. i. p. 525, &c. ed. Basnage), and were reprinted in the Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. ix. fol. Lyon, 1677, and in the above mentioned volume of the Bibliotheca of Galland. 6. Apologia Concilii Chalcedonensis. Editions

This was printed with a Latin version and notes, by Antonio Bongiovanni, in the Concilia, vol. vii. p. 799, ed. Mansi, fol. Florence, 1762, and was reprinted by Galland, l.c. In the title Leontius is called Monachus Hierosolymitanus, but the word Hierosolymitanus is possibly an error of the transcriber. At any rate Galland identifies the writer with our Leontius; and the subject of the work makes it probable that he is right. 7. Adversus Eutychianos (s. Severianos) et Nestorianos, in octo libros distinctum.

This work is described by Canisius as being extant in MS. at Munich, and by Fabricius as occurring in the catalogue of the Palatine library. 8. Liber de Duplici Natura in Christo contra Haeresin Monophysitarum.

Labbe and Cave speak of this as extant in MS. at Vienna; and they add to it Disputatio contra Philosophum Arianum, but this last piece seems to be an extract from Gelasius of Cyzicus [Gelasius, No. 3], and is probably one of the discussions between the " holy bishops " of the orthodox party and the" philosophers "who embraced the opposite side. If so, the Leontius who took part in it was not our Leontius, but a much older person, bishop of the Cappadocian Caesareia, contemporary of Athanasius, by whom he is mentioned, and author of several works not now extant. 9. Against the Tritheistic Heresy

According to Nicephorus Callisti (l.c.), our Leontius wrote also " an admirable work" in thirty books, in which he entirely overthrew the tritheistic heresy of Joannes Philoponus, and firmly established the orthodox doctrine; but this work, if Nicephorus has correctly described it, is lost Oratio in medium Pentecostem et in Caecum a Nativitate, necnon in illud: Nolite iudicare secundum faciem Editions

A homily, entitled Oratio in medium Pentecostem et in Caecum a Nativitate, necnon in illud: Nolite iudicare secundum faciem, by " Leontius presbyter Constantinopolitanus," was published by Combéfis, with a Latin version, in his Auctarium Novum, vol. i. fol. Paris, 1648. The editors of the Bibliotheca Patrum (vol. ix. fol. Lyon, 1677), by placing this piece among the works of our Leontius, appear to identify the writer with him; and Cave, though with hesitation, ascribes the homily to him. But it is not given by Galland; and Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 321) ascribes the homily to Leontius of Neapolis. [No. 20.] Other possible homlies

A homily on the parable of the good Samaritan, printed among the supposititious works of Chrysostom (Opera, vol. vii. p. 506, ed. Savill), is ascribed by Allatius and Fabricius (Biblioth. Graec. vol. viii. p. 326, vol. x. p. 304) to " Leontius of Jerusalem," who is perhaps the same as our Leontius. There are various homilies extant in MS. by "Leontius presbyter Constantinopolitanus." Further Information

Photius and Niceph. Callisti, ll. cc.; Canisius, Vita Leontii, apud Biblioth. Patrum, vol. ix. fol. Lyon, 1677, and Lectiones Antiquae, vol. i. pp. 527, &c., ed. Basnage; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 543; Vossius, De Historicis Graecis, lib. 4. c. 18; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 309, &c., 318, vol. xii. p. 648; Oudin, de Scriptorib. et Scriptis Eccles. vol i. col. 1462; Mansi, Concilia, vol. vii. col. 797, &c.; Galland. Biblioth. Patrum, vol. xii. Prolegom. c.20.

6. Of Byzantium. Works Χρονογραφία (Chronographia)

According to Labbe (De Byzantinae Historiae Scriptoribus Protrepticon; Catalogus Scriptorum, 100.28; and Delineatio Apparatus, Pars II., all prefixed to the Paris edition of the Byzantine historians), the name of Leontius has been given, but with very doubtful correctness, to the otherwise anonymous continuator of the Chronographia of Theophanes. This writer, whatever his name may have been, lived in the reign of Constantine Porphyrogenitus [Constantinus VII.], with whom he was intimate, and who desired him to undertake the work, and supplied him with the materials. The continuation, in its present form, comes down to the second year of Romanus, son and successor of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, and probably reached, or was designed to reach, to a later period, for it is imperfect, and breaks off abruptly. But the latter part of the history is an addition by a later hand.

In fact the work which is entitled Χρονογραφία, Chronographia, is composed of three parts, by three distinct writers:

1. The History of the Emperors Leo V. the Armenian, Michael II. of Amorium, Theophilus the son of Michael, and Michael III. and Theodora, the son and widow of Theophilus, by the so-called Leontius,from the materials supplied by Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

2. The Life of Basil the Macedonian, by Constantine Porphyrogenitus himself (though Labbe and Cave would assign this also to Leontius).

3. The Lives of Leo VI. and Alexander, the sons of Basil, and of Constantine Porphyrogenitus and the commencement of the reign of Romanus II., by an unknown later hand. This third part is more succinct than the former parts, and is in a great degree borrowed, with little variation, from known and existing sources. Editions

The first edition of the Chronographia was in the Paris edition of the Byzantine historians. It was prepared for publication by Combéfis, and a Latin version was made by him; but the work was not actually published till 1685, some years after the editor's death. It forms part of the volume entitled Οἱ μετὰ Θεοφάνην, Scriptores post Theophanem, and is in folio. It was again published in the Venetian reprint of that series, fol. A. D. 1729, and again under the editorial care of Bekker, 8vo. Bonn, 1838, with the Latin version of Combéfis.

The life of Basil, by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, was printed separately as early as 1653, in the Συμμικτὰ of Allatius, 8vo. Cologn. [Constantinus VII.] Further Information

Theophan. Continuat. Prooem; Labbe, ll. cc.; Vossius, De Historicis Graecis, lib. 4. c.21; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 681, vol. viii. p. 318; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. p. 90.

7. Of Constantinople. [No. 5.]

8. Of Cyprus. [No. 20.]

9. Epigrammaticus. [No. 27.]

10. Episcopus. [Nos. 2, 16, 20.]

11. Fabularum Scriptor. [No. 16.]

12. Grammaticus. [No. 16.]

13. Hagiopolta. [No. 20.]

14. Hierosolymitanus, or of Jerusalem. [No. 5.]

15. Of Lampsacus. [Leo, No. 3.]

16. Lascivus. Ausonius commemorates (Professor. Burdigal. Epigram. ii.) among the teachers of Bordeaux, Leontius, a grammaticus or grammarian, surnamed Lascivus, "a name," adds Ausonius, "unworthy of the purity of his life," who had been his friend and companion from early youth. Fabricius is in one place (Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 325) inclined to identify with this Leontius of Bordeaux a Leontius Mythographus, or Scriptor Fabularum, a writer of some merit, whose works were discovered and designed for publication by Brassicanus; but the design was never executed, and the MS. has been either lost or destroyed. (Not. ad Petronii Arbitri Satyricon, 100.121, p. 572, ed. Burmann, prima, or vol. i. p. 741, ed. secunda.) Gesner also thought he had somewhere read the work of one Leontius in which some of the myths of the poets were related. Sidonius Apollinaris, a generation later than Ausonius, mentions a Pontius Leontius of Bordeaux or the neighbourhood (Epistol. lib. 8.11, 12), whose castle at the confluence of the Garonne and Dordogne he describes in one of his poems. (Carmen xxii. Burgus Pontii Leontii). This Pontius Leontius is by Fabricius in another place (Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 94, note w.) identified with the fabulist of Brassicanus. But the Leontii of Ausonius and Sidonius, however doubtful it may be which (if either) of them is the fabulist, must be distinguished from each other, as well as from two other Leontii, bishops of Bordeaux, mentioned by Venantius Honorius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers in the sixth century (Carmin. lib. 4.9, 10); one of whom is especially commemorated by him for his pious care in the restoration of ruined churches, and the founding of new ones. (Carmin. lib. i. passim.) Burmann identifies, but without any apparent reason, this Leontius of Venantius with the Pontius Leontius of Sidonius, and supposes the works mentioned by Brassicanus to have been written by him; but we think the opinion that, the fabulist was the Leontius Lascivus of Ausonius is the most probable. (Burmann, l.c.: Fabric. ll. cc., and Bibl. Med. et Infim. Latinit. vol. iv. pp. 268, 269.)

17. Mechanicus, a Greek mathematical writer, whose period is not exactly known. He was later, probably much later, than Claudius Ptolemaeus. He wrote his only known work for the gratification of his friend Theodorus, whose fellow-workman in some mechanical pursuit he had been. It is doubted whether this Theodorus was the person of that name to whom Proclus inscribed his treatise De Providentia et Fato; or a later Theodorus, an engineer, who defendedd Dara in the war between the emperor Justinian I. and the Persian king, Chosroes I. (Procop. de Bell. Persico, 2.13): more probably it was the latter. Leontius also states that he had constructed a sphere or celestial globe, after the description of Aratus, for an Elpidius, who was perhaps the Elpidius sent by the emperor Maurice (A. D. 583) on an embassy to the Chagan ofthe Avars. (Theophan. Chronog. p.214, ed. Paris, p. 170, ed. Venice, vol. i. p. 390, ed. Bonn.) It may then be considered that Leontius lived in the reign of Justinian and his successors, in the latter part of the sixth century. Works Περί παρασκευῆς Ἀρατείας σφαίρας, De Constructione Sphaerae Arati

Leontius wrote a dissertation, which has come down in an imperfect form, Περί παρασκευῆς Ἀρατείας σφαίρας, De Constructione Sphaerae Arati.

This work is commonly prefixed to the Scholia on the Phaenomena of Aratus, which are, though incorrectly, ascribed to Theon. Editions

The dissertation of Leontius has been several times printed. It is included in the collection of ancient astronomical treatises published hy Aldus, fol. Venice, 1499; and in the Astronomica Veterum Scripta Isagogica, 8vo. in Officina Sanctandreana, 1589; and in the following editions of Aratus, 4to. Basel, 1536, 4to. Paris, 1540 and 1559; and that of Buhle, 2 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1793-1801. Further Information

Buhle, Proleg. in Arati Opera; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 94, &c., vol. viii. p. 326.

18. Monachus, the MONK. [No. 5.]

19. Mythographus. [No. 16.]

20. Of Neapolis (or of Hagiopolis, according to his own authority, cited by Cave) in Cyprus. He was bishop of that city, which Le Quien (Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. col. 1061) identifies with the Nova Lemissus, or Nemissus, or Nemosia, which also rose out of the ruins of Amathus. Baronius, Possevino, and others, call Leontius bishop of Salamis or Constantia: but in the records of the Second Nicene, or Seventh General Council, held A. D. 787, Actio iv. (Concilia, vol. vii. col. 236, ed. Labbe; vol. iv. col. 193, ed. Hardouin, vol. viii. col. 884, ed. Coleti, and vol. xiii. col. 44, ed. Mansi), he is expressly described as bishop of Neapolis in Cyprus. His death is said to have occurred in A. D. 620 or 630. Works

His principal works are as follows: 1. Λόγοι ὑπὲρ τῆς Χριστιανῶν ἀπολογίας κατὰ Ἰουδαίων καὶ περὶ κἰκόνων τῶν ἁγίων, Sermones pro Defensione Christianorum contra Judaeos ac de Imaginibus Sanctis.

A long extract from the fifth of these Sermones was read at the second Nicene Council (Concilia, l.c.), among the testimonies of the fathers in support of the use of images in worship. Editions

Several passages, most of them identical with those cited in the council, are given by Joannes Damascenus in his Oratio III. de Imaginibus (Opera, vol. i. p. 373, &c. ed. Le Quien).

A Latin version of another portion of one of these discourses of Leontius is given in the Lectiones Antiquae of Canisius. (Vol. i. p. 793, ed Basnage.) 2. Βίος τοῦ ἁγίου Ἰωάννου ἀρχιεπισκόπου Ἀλεχανδρείας τοῦ Ἐλεήμονος, Vita Sancti Joannis Archiepiscopi Alexandriae Cognomento Eleemonis s. Eleemosynarii.

This John of Alexandria died A. D. 616 [Joannes, No. 55]; and his life by Leontius, which was mentioned in the second Nicene council (Concilia, vol. cit. col. 246, Labbe, 202, Hardouin, 896, Coleti, 53, Mansi), is extant in MS. in the Imperial Library at Vienna. Editions

An ancient Latin version by Anastasius Bibliothecarius is given by Rosweid (De Vitis Patrum, pars i.), Surius (De Probatis Sanctorum Vitis), and Bollandus (Acta Sanctor. January. vol. ii. p. 498, &c.). The account of St. Vitalis or Vitalius given in the Acta Sanctorum of Bollandus (Januar. vol. i. p. 702) is a Latin version of a part of this Life of Joannes Eleemosynarius. 3. Βίος τοῦ ὁσίου Συμεὼν τοῦ σαλοῦ, Vita Sancti Symeonis Simplicis, or Βίος καὶ πολιτεία τοῦ ἀββᾶ Συμεὼν τοῦ διὰ Χριστοῦ ἐπονομασθέντος Σαλοῦ, Vita et Conversatio Abbatis Symeonis qui cognominatus est Stultus propter Christum,

also mentioned in the Nicene council (l.c.). Editions

published in the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists (Julii, vol. i. p. 136, &c.), with a Latin version different from that which had been previously published by Surius (De Probatis Sanctor. Vitis, a. d. 1. Julii), and by Lipomannus. The other published works of Leontius are homilies. 4. Sermo in Simeonem quando Dominum in Ulnas suscepit and 5. In Diem festum mediae Pentecosts Editions

Both given, with a Latin version, in the Novum Auctarium of Combéfis, vol. i. fol. Paris, 1648. Other Works In Diem festum mediae Petecostes et in Caecum a Nativitate; necnon in illud: Nolite judicare secundum facie

Fabricius adds to these, as given by Combéfis, another homily, In Diem festum mediae Petecostes et in Caecum a Nativitate; necnon in illud: Nolite judicare secundum faciem: but this homily is said in the title to be by "Leontius presbyter CPolitanus," and has been already noticed. [No. 5.] Compare, however, Fabric. Bibl. Graec vol. x. p. 309. Homilies in honour of the saints and for the festivals of the church

As Leontius of Neapolis is recorded to have written many homilies in honour of saints (ἐγκώμια), and for the festivals of the church (πανηγυρικοὶ λόγοι), especially one on the Transfiguration of our Saviour, it is not unlikely that some of those extant under the name of Leontius of Constantinople may be by him. Παραλλήλων λόγοι β́, Parallelorum

He wrote also Παραλλήλων λόγοι β́, Parallelorum, s. Locorum communium Theologicorum Libri II.; the first book consisted τῶν δείων, the other τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων. Turrianus possessed the second book; but whether that or the first is extant we know not: neither has been published. It has been thought that Joannes Damascenus, in his Parallela, made use of those of Leontius. Εἰς τὰ βαΐα, In Festum

Fabricius, on the authority of some MSS., inserts among the works of Leontius of Neapolis the homily Εἰς τὰ βαΐα, In Festum Editions

s. Ramos Palmarum, ascribed to Chrysostom, and printed among the doubtful or spurious works in the editions of that father. (Vol. vii. p. 334, ed. Savill, vol. x. p. 767, ed. Montfaucon, or vol. x. p. 915, and vol. xiii. p. 354, in the recent Parisian reprint of Montfaucon's edition.) Unpublished ad Joan. vii. and Oratio in laudem S. Epiphanii

Maldonatus (ad Joan. vii.) mentions some MS. Commentarii in Joannem by Leontius; and an Oratio in laudem S. Epiphanii is mentioned by Theodore Studita in his Antirrheticus Secundus, ap. Sirmond. Opera, vol. v. p. 130. Further Information

Concilia, ll. cc.; Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. viii. p. 320, &c.; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 550; Oudin, De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, vol. i. col. 1575, &c.; Vossius, de Historicis Graecis, lib. 2. c.23; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. col. 1062; Acta Sanctor. Jul. vol. i. p. 131.

21. Philosophus, or Sophista, father of Athenais, afterwards called Eudocia, wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger. [Eudocia, No. 1.]

22. Of Phrygia. [No. 1.]

23. Pilatus, or Pylatus, a Greek of Thessalonica, and a disciple of Barlaam. Boccacio met hint at Venice and persuaded him to give up his intention of visiting Rome, and to go to Florence, where, through Boccacio's interest, he obtained the appointment of public teacher, with a salary. He was for some time (apparently for three years) the guest of Boccacio, to whom he gave private lessons in Homer. Boccacio has given a curious description of the person and manners of Leontius; he ascribes to him a thorough acquaintance with Greek literature, and an inexhaustible fund of information on Grecian history, mythology, and arts. He does not appear to have written anything; but Boccacio, in his Περὶ γενεαλογίας Deorum, has repeatedly cited the remarks which he had heard Leontius make. His wandering disposition led him to leave Florence; and his subsequent history appears to be unknown. (Boccacio, De Genealog. Deor. 15.6, 7.)

24. Poeta. [No. 27.]

25. Presbyter. [Nos. 5 and 26.]

26. Of St. Saba. Surius has given (De Probatis Sanctorum Vitis, a. d. 22 Nov.), professedly from Symeon Metaphrastes, an interpolated Latin version of a life of St. Gregory of Agrigentum, by Leontius, presbyter and abbot of St. Saba. The Greek original, which is extant in MS., bears the title Λεοντίον πρεσβυτέρου καὶ ἡγουμένου τῆς μονῆς τοῦ ἁγίου Σάβα τῆς Ῥωμαίων τόλεως εἰς βίον καὶ δαύματα τοῦ ὁσίου Πατρὸς ἡμῶν Γρηγοριου τοῦ Ἀκραγαντίνου, Leontii Presbyteri et Abbatis Coenobii S. Sabae (urbis Romae, sc. Novae s. CPoleos) Liber de Vita et Miraculis S. Patris nostri Gregorii Agrigentini. If the expression " Urbis Romae" is correctly referred to Leontius, it furnishes an argument for identifying him with Leontius of Byzantium [No. 5], who, in that case, must have embraced a monastic life in the monastery of St. Saba, near Jerusalem. (Surius, l.c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 322; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii Dissert. 1. p. 12.)

27. Scholasticus, a Greek of Constantinople. Works Epigrams

He was the author of various epigrams contained in the Anthologia Graeca, among which is one Εἰς εἰκόνα Γαβριηλίου ὑπάρχου ἐν Βυζαντίῳ (vol. ii. p. 634, ed. Jacobs), in honour of Gabriel, who was praefectus urbi under the emperor Justinian I. Further Information

Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 480, vol. vii. p. 309, note dd. and p. 327.

28. Sophista. [See No. 21.] There was a Leontius, a friend of Libanius, to whom many of his letters are addressed. See the Index in Wolf's edition of the Epistolae of Libanius.

There were various other Leontii, but none of them of sufficient importance to claim notice. A list of them may be seen in Fabricius, Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 323, &c.; and vol. xi. p. 567. [J.C.M]

jurists.

1. In a constitution of Theodosius II. of A. D. 425, Leontius, a jurist. was named among other professors at Constantinople, and was honoured with a comitiva primi ordinis, a dignity which thenceforth was only to be acquired by 20 years' service. (Cod. Theod. 6. tit. 21. s. un.) Perhaps he was the first legal professor at Constantinople, for in former constitutions no jurist is named among the professors (Cod. Theod. 13. tit. 3. s. 16, 17): but shortly after the appointment of Leontius, a second professorship of law was added (Cod. Just. 11. tit. 18. s. un. § 1.)

Of this Leontius we know no more, unless he be the same person who ten years afterwards is named in several constitutions praefect of Constantinople. (Cod. Theod. 14. tit. 16. s. 3; ib. 6. tit. 28. s. 8 ; ib. 16. tit. 5. s. ult.); this being a dignity to which we know that Themistius the sophist, and other professors of arts, sometimes aspired. (Jac. Gothofred ad Cod. Theod. 14. tit. 9. s. 3, and vol. ii. p. 114, ed. Ritter; Heineccius, Hist. Jur. Rom. § 380. n.; Zimmern, R. R. G. vol. 1.69.)

2. A jurist, was the father of a jurist named Patricius, and succeeded another Patricius. All the three were probably professors of law at Berytus. (Const. Δέδωκεν, § 9). From Cod. 1. tit. 17. s. 9, it appears that he preceded those distinguished ancestors of Anatolius, who "optimam sui memoriam in legibus reliquerunt," by which expression Justinian probably means to refer to useful commentaries on the Gregorian, Hermogenian, and Theodosian Codes. In the passage cited from the Code he is mentioned with the titles " virum gloriosissimum praefectorium consularem."

3. A jurist, perhaps of the same family with No. 2, but of subsequent date. He was the son of the jurist Eudoxius, and the father of Anatolius, professor of law at Berytus, and one of the compilers of the Digest. This Leontius was one of that distinguished race to whom the expression of Justinian, explained in the preceding article, applies (Const. Tanta, § 9); and from Const. Δέδωκεν, § 9, it may be inferred that, like his father and his son, he was professor of law at Berytus.

4. A praefectus praetorio under the emperor Anastasius, the predecessor of Justinian. (Lydus, de Magist. 3.17.) Works An Edict Editions

An edict of his appears in the collection of Edicta Praefectorum Praetorio, published by C. E. Zachariae. (Anecdota, p. 273, fol. Lips. 1843.)

5. Is the second person named in the commission of ten, who were appointed to compile the first Constitutionum Codex of Justinian. In Const. Summa Reipublicae, § 2, he appears with the titles "vir eminentissimus, magister militum, consularis atque patricius." He was not subsequently employed in the emperor's legal compilations.

6. A patronus causarum in the tribunal of the praefectus praetorio at Constantinople. He was one of the 16 commissioners appointed to compile the Digest, under the presidency of Tribonian. (Const. Tanta, § 9, Const. Δέδωκεν § 9.) Some of the different jurists named Leontius are confounded by Pancirolus, de Clar. Interp. Jur. p.63. [J.T.G]

a physician, saint, and martyr, who was probably of Arabian origin, but born at Vicentia in Venetia, in the third century after Christ. He afterwards removed to Aquileia in Venetia, where, in company with St. Carpophorus, who was either his brother or intimate friend, he distinguished himself by his zeal in favour of Christianity. For this offence they were brought before the governor Lysias, and after being tortured in various modes, and (according to the legend) miraculously delivered, they were at last beheaded, probably A. D. 300. Their memory is celebrated by the Romish church, on August 20th. See the Acta Sanctorum (in Aug. 20), where several difficulties are critically discussed at length. [W.A.G]