Quadratus

• a Roman surname, e. g. Ummilius Quadratus, Plin. Ep. 6, 11, 1; 7, 24, 6.

Κοδράτος, (Euseb. H. E., Syncellus, and the Greek Menaea ; or Κουαδρᾶτος, Euseb. Chron. p. 211, ed. Scaliger, 1658), one of the Apostolic Fathers and an early apologist for the Christian religion. The name of Quadratus occurs repeatedly in Eusebius (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 3.37, 4.3, 23, 5.17, Chron. lib. ii.), but it is questioned whether that father speaks of one person or of two. Valesius, and others (including Tillemont) after him, contend for the existence of two Quadrati, one the disciple of the Apostles and the Apologist, the other, bishop of Athens and contemporary with Dionysius of Corinth [Dionysius, literary, No. 22], who was of somewhat later date than the Apologist. But Jerome, among the ancients, and Cave, Grabe, Le Clerc, and Fabricius, among the moderns, refer the different notices, and we think correctly, to one person.

Quadratus is said by Eusebius (Chron. l.c.), Jerome (De Viris Illustr. c. 19, and Ad Magnum, 100.4, Epistol. 84. edit. vet., 83, ed. Benedictin., 70, ed. Vallars.), and Orosius (Hist. 7.13). to have been a hearer or disciple "of the Apostles," an expression which Cave would limit by referring the term "Apostles" to the Apostle John alone, or by understanding it of men of the apostolic age, who had been familiar with the Apostles. But we see no reason for so limiting or explaining the term. Quadratus himself, in his Apology (apud Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 4.3), speaks of those who had been cured or raised from the dead by Jesus Christ, as having lived to his own days (εἰς τοὺς ήμετέρους χρόνους, "ad tempora nostra"), thus carrying back his own recollections to the apostolic age. And as Eusebius. in a passage in which he ascribes to him the gift of prophecy, seems to connect him with the daughters of the Apostle Philip, we may rather suppose him to have been a disciple of that Apostle than of John. Cave conjectures that he was an Athenian by birth; but the manner in which an anonymous writer cited by Eusebius (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 5.17) mentions him, in connection with Ammias of Philadelphia and with the daughters of Philip, would lead us to place him in early life in the central districts of Asia Minor. He afterwards (assuming that Eusebius speaks of one Quadratus, not two) became bishop of the Church at Athens, but at what time we have no means of ascertaining. We learn that he succeeded the martyr Publius; but, as the time of Publius' martyrdom is unknown, that circumstance throws no light on the chronology of his life. Quadratus presented his Apology to Hadrian, in the tenth year of his reign (A. D. 126), according to the Chronicon of Eusebius, but we know not whether he had yet attained the episcopate. As Eusebius does not give him in this place the title of bishop, the probable inference is that he had not; but, as the passage seems to intimate that he and the Athenian Aristeides presented their respective Apologies simultaneously, it is likely that Quadratus was already connected with the Athenian Church. The Menseec of the Greeks (a. d. Sept. 21) commemorate the martyrdom under the emperor Hadrian of the "ancient and learned" Quadratus, who had preached the gospel at Magnesia and Athens, and being driven away from his flock at Athens, obtained at length the martyr's crown; and the Menologium of the emperor Basil commemorates (a. d. 21 Sept.) the martyrdom of a Quadratus, bishop of Magnesia, in the persecution under Decius. That our Quadratus was a martyr is, we think, from the silence of Eusebius and Jerome to such a circumstance, very questionable; and that he was martyred under Hadrian, is inconsistent with the statement of those writers (Euseb. Chron. ; Hieronym. Ad Magnum 100.4), that the Apologies of Quadratus and Aristeides led that emperor to put a stop to the persecution. We think it not an improbable conjecture that Publius fell a victim during the brief persecution thus stopped, and that Quadratus having been appointed to succeed him, made those exertions which Dionysius of Corinth, in his letter to the Athenians (apud Euseb. 4.23), commemorates, to rally the dispersed members of the Church, and to revive their faith. Many of the Athenians, however, had apostatized; and the Church continued in a feeble state till the time when Dionysius wrote. Nothing further is known of Quadratus: the few and doubtful particulars recorded of him have, however, been expanded by Halloix (Illustr. Eccles. Oriental. Sariptor. Vitae) into a biography of seven chapters. (Comp. Acta Sanctorum, Maii, a.d. xxvi. vol. vi. p. 357.)

The Apology of Quadratus is described by Eusebius as generally read in his time, and as affording clear evidence of the soundness of the writer's judgment and the orthodoxy of his belief It has been long lost, with the exception of a brief fragment preserved by Eusebius (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 4.3), and given by Grabe, in his Spicilegium SS. Patrum, Saec. ii. p. 125; by Galland, in the first volume of his Bibliotheca Patrum ; and by Routh, in his Reliquiae Sacrae, vol. i. p. 73. (Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 108, vol. i. p. 5; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. ii. pp. 232, &c., 588, &c.; Grabe, .l.c. ; Galland, Bibl. Patrim, vol . i . rolg. c 13; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 154; Lardner, Credib. part ii. book 1.28.1.) [J.C.M]

the author of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 299; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. p. 13), which is described in the Planudean Anthology (p. 203, Steph., p. 206, Wechel.) as of uncertain authorship, but in the Palatine MS. is headed Ἀσιννίου Κουαδράτου, with the further superscription, εἰς τοὺς ἀναιρεθέντας ὑπὸ τοῦ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ὑπάτου Σύλα, according to which it would be inferred that the writer of the epigram was contemporary with Sulla. (Anth. Pal. 7.312.) But this lemma can scarcely be regarded as anything more than the conjecture of a grammarian, on the truth of which the epigram itself does not furnish sufficient evidence to decide. It is the epitaph of some enemies of the Romans (apparently foreign enemies), who had fallen by a secret and treacherous death, after fighting most bravely. There is nothing in it' to support the conjecture of Salmasius, that it refers to the death of Catiline and his associates. Jacobs, following the lemma of the Palatine MS., suggests that it may refer to the slaughter of many of the Athenians, after the taking of Athens by Sulla. (Animadv. in Anth. Graec. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 366.) To these another conjecture might be added, namely, that the epigram refers to some event which occurred in the later wars of Rome, and that its author is no other than the Roman historian of the time of Philippus. See below. [P.S]

lived in the times of Philippus I. and II., emperors of Rome (A. D. 244-249), and wrote two historical works in the Greek language. 1. A history of Rome, in fifteen books, in the Ionic dialect, called Χιλιετηρίς, because it related the history of the city, from its foundation to the thousandth year of its nativity (A. D. 248), when the Ludi Saeculares were performed with extraordinary pomp. It probably passed over with brevity the times of the republic, and dwelt at greater length upon the imperial period. Suidas says that the work came down to Alexander, the son of Manaea; but this is a mistake, as Alexander died fifteen years before the thousandth year of Rome. (Suidas, s. v. Κοδράτος ; Steph. Byz. s. vv. Ἄνθιον, Θαψίπολις, Ὀξύβιοι ; D. C. 70.3; Zosim. 5.27; Vulcat. Gall. Avid. Cass. 1 ; Agathias, i. p. 17c.) 2. A history of Parthia, which is frequently quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus under the title of Παρθικὰ or Παρθυηνικά. (Quadratus belli Parthici scriptor, Capitol. Ver. 8 ; Steph. Byz. s. vv. Γηλύς, Ταρσός, et alibi; comp. Vossits, De Iist. Gralecis, pp. 286, 2187, ed. Westermann ; Clinton, Fasti Rom. p. 265.)

a contemporary of Horace, who speaks of him with contempt as a parasite ot Tigellius Hermogenes. He was one of those envious Roman poets who tried to depreciate Horace, because his writings threw their own into the shade. (Hor. Sat. 1.4. 21, 1.10. 80, with the Schol.; Weichert, Poetarum Latin. Reliquiae, p. 290, &c.)

tribune of the plebs B. C. 58, distinguished himself by his opposition to the measures of his colleague P. Clodius against Cicero. After Cicero had withdrawn from the city, he proposed that the senate and the people should put on mourning for the orator, and as early as the first of June he brought forward a notion in the senate for his recall from banishment. In the course of the same year he dedicated the property of Clodius to Ceres (D. C. 38.14, 16, 30 ; Cic. pro Sest. 31, post Red. in Sen. 2, pro Dom. 48). Two years afterwards Quadratus is mentioned along with Favonius, as one of the opponents of the Lex Trebonia, which prolonged the government of the provinces to Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus (D. C. 39.35). The last time that his name occurs is in . B. C. 49, when he was in Cicero's neighbourhood in Campania (Cic. Att. 10.16.4). In many editions of Cicero, as also in the Annales of Pighius, he is erroneously called Mummius. Glandorp, in his Onomasticon, calls him Numius.

[QUADRATU'S, Ummidius.]

consul A. D. 142, with C. Cuspius Rufinus (Fasti).

the name of several persons under the early Roman emperors. There is considerable discrepancy in the orthography of the name. Josephus writes it Numidius, which is the form that Glandorp (Onomast. p. 631) hats adopted; while in the different editions of Tacitus, Pliny, and the Scriptores Historiae Augustae, we find it written variously Numidius, Vinidius, and Ummidius. The latter, which occurs in some of the best manuscripts, is supported by the authority of inscriptions, and is evidently the correct form. In the passage of Horace (Sat. 1.1. 95) where the present reading is Ummidius, there is the same variation in the manuscripts, but Bentley has shown that the true reading is Ummidius.

1. Ummidius Quadratus, was governor of Syria during the latter end of the reign of Claudius, and the commencement of the reign of Nero. He succeeded Cassius Longinus in the province about A. D. 51, and continued to govern it till his death in A. D. 60. Only three circumstances are mentioned in connection with his administration. In A. D. 52 he allowed Rhadamistus to dethrone and put to death Mithridates, the king of Armenia, whom Tiberius had placed upon the throne, and whom the Romans had hitherto supported. In the same year he marched into Judaea, and put down the disturbances which prevailed in that country. He is said to have condemned, or, according to other accounts, to have sent to the emperor Claudius for trial, Ventidius Cumanus, one of the procuratores, but to have protected Antonius Felix, the other procurator. [Comp. Felix, p. 143a.] The other circumstance is his disagreement with Domitius Corbulo, who had been sent into the East to conduct the war against the Parthians. His name occurs on one of the coins of Antioch. (J. AJ 20.5.2, B. J. 2.12. §§ 5, 6 ; Tac. Ann. 12.45, &c., 54, 13.8, 9, 14.26; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 280.) In the editions of Tacitus the praenomen of Quadratus is Titus, but it appears from an inscription that this is a mistake, and that his real praenomen was Caius. (Orelli, Inscr. 3665.) We learn from the same inscription that his full name was C. Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, and that he had been previously the legatus of Caligula in Lusitania. The Ummidia Quadratilla, whose death in the reign of Trajan is mentioned by Pliny [Quadratilla], was in all probability a sister of the above. She could hardly have been a daughter, as some modern writers have supposed, since she had a grandson of the age of twenty-four and upwards at the time of her death [see below, No. 2], and it is not probable that Ummidius, who died in A. D. 60, could have had a great-grandson of that age about A. D. 100.

2. Ummidius Quadratus, a friend and admirer of the younger Pliny, whom he took as his model in oratory. Pliny speaks of him in the highest terms, and praises both his abilities and his excellent moral character. He was the grandson of the wealthy Ummidia Quadratilla, and inherited two-thirds of her property. [Quadratilla.] In the estate thus bequeathed to him was the house formerly inhabited by the celebrated jurist Cassius Longinus. He married at the age of twenty-four, in the life-time of his grandmother, but lost his wife soon after their marriage. (Plin. Ep. 6.11, 7.24.) Two of Pliny's letters are addressed to him (Ep. 6.29, 9.13), in the latter of which Pliny gives an account of the celebrated attack which he made upon Publicius Certus in the senate, in the reign of Nerva, A. D. 96.

3. Ummidius Quadratus, is mentioned as one of the persons whom Hadrian persecuted. (Spartian. Hadr. 15.) He may have been a son of No. 2, who probably married again after the time that Pliny's letter was written. It seems to have been this Quadratus who married the sister of Antoninus Pius.

4. M. Ummidius Quadratus, the son of No. 3, was the nephew of Antoninus Pius, being his sister's son. Antoninus Pius gave his maternal property to this Quadratus. (Capitol. M. Aurel. 7, where he is in some editions erroneously called Mummius Quadratus.) He was consul in A. D. 167, with M. Aurelius Verus.

5. Ummidius Quadratus, the son of No. 4, was induced by Lucilla to enter into a conspiracy against her brother Commodus, by whom he was put to death, A. D. 183. (Herodian. 1.8; Lamprid. Commod. 4; D. C. 72.4.)

a tribune of the soldiers in Caesar's army in Gaul, is described as "vir et consilii magni et virtutis." He held the rank of Praefectus equitum under his old commander in the campaign against Pompey in Greece, in B. C. 48. (Caes. Gal. 3.5, 8.23, B. C. 3.60.) He was tribune of the plebs, B. C. 43, and one of the supporters of Antony. (Cic. Phil. 14.7.21, where the correct reading is idem Ventidium, cum alii praelore m, tribunnu Volusenumn, ego semper hostem.)

(1) An early defender of the Christian religion, whose work (now lost) he dedicated to the emperor Hadrian in the year A.D. 126. Quadratus was in early life a resident of Asia Minor, and afterwards a bishop of the Church at Athens, but of the details of his career little is known.

(2) Asinius. An author who wrote in Greek two historical works, one a history of Rome (Χιλιετηρίς) in the Ionic dialect, treating of the city from its foundation to the year A.D. 248, in which the Ludi Saeculares were celebrated; and a history of Parthia. Quadratus lived during the reigns of the emperors Philippus I. and Philippus II. (A.D. 244- 249).

(3) Lucius Ninnius, a tribune of the plebs in B.C. 58, when he strongly sided with Cicero against his own colleague P. Clodius Pulcher (q.v.).