clavis

clāvis (clāves, acc. to Pompon. Comment. p. 459), is, f. (acc. commonly clavem, clavim, Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 78 (425); Tib. 2, 4, 31; cf. Paul ex Fest. p. 56 Müll.; Don. p. 1750 P., Charis. p. 101 ib.; abl. clavi and clave: clavi, Varr. R. R. 1, 22 fin., Ap. Met. 1, 14, 20; Dig. 48, 8, 1, § 3; Serv. ad Verg. A. 10, 252; cf. Charis. l. l.: clave, Juv. 15, 158; Ap. Met. 9, 20, 17; Dig. 21, 1, 17, § 15; cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 199) [root klu-, v. claudo],

• a key: clavim cedo, Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 78 (425): clavem abduxi, id. Cas. 5, 2, 7 (881): omnis horreorum clavis tradidisti, Cic. Dom. 10, 25: alias clavis portis imposuit, Liv. 27, 24, 8: unā portarum clave teneri, Juv. 15, 158: aptare claves foribus, Mart. 9, 47, 2: adulterinae portarum, false keys, Sall. J. 12, 3; cf.: clavis adultera, Ov. A. A. 3, 643: sub clavi esse, to be shut up, Varr. R. R. 1, 22 fin.; cf.: Caecuba Servata centum clavibus, Hor. C. 2, 14, 26: claves tradere, as an indication of the delivering up of the household (for possession or oversight), Dig. 18, 1, 74; 31, 77, § 21: claves adimere uxori, to separate from her, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69: Laconica, a peculiar key with several wards, used only for fastening from the outside, Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 57 (404) Lorenz ad loc.—
• II Esp.
• • A Clavis trochi, an instrument in the form of a key, by which a top was set in motion, Prop. 3 (4), 14, 6.—*
  • B Clavis torculari, a lerer, bar (French, clef), Cato R. R. 13, 1 Schneid. N. cr., and Comm. p. 57.

clāvis, is, f. (κλαΐς, κλαϝίς, κλείς), der Kloben, I) als Schlüssel, cellae claves claustra, Varr. fr.: claves adulterinae portarum, Nachschlüssel, Dietriche, Sall.: dass. c. adultera, Ov.: esse sub clavi, verschlossen sein, Varr.: clavem abducere, Plaut., od. eximere, Petr.: clavem vertere (umdrehen), Iulian. bei Augustin.: claves portarum reposcere, reddere, Liv. u. Frontin.: claves portarum atque custodiam arcis ab alqo accipere, Liv.: claves portarum magistratus (vom M.) poscere, Liv.: servata centum clavibus, Hor.: claves tradere, als Zeichen der Übergabe des Hauswesens (als Eigentum od. zur Aufsicht), ICt.: u. das Ggtl., claves uxori adimere = sich von ihr trennen, Cic. Phil. 2, 69. – bildl., clavis agnitionis, Schlüssel der Erkenntnis, Tertul. adv. Marc. 4, 4, 28. – II) als Riegel, a) an Türen, frustra clavis inest foribus, Tibull. 1, 6, 34: alias claves omnibus portis imponere, Liv. 27, 24, 8. – b) clavis torcularii, Cato r. r. 13, 1. – III) als Werkzeug, womit der Spielreif der Knaben (s. trochus) in Bewegung gesetzt wird, Treibkloben, c. adunca trochi, Prop. 3, 14, 6. – ➳ Nom. Sing. clāvēs, Pomp. gramm. 5, 175, 9 u. Gloss. V, 446, 12: Acc. Sing. auch (aber nicht in klass. Prosa) clavim, s. Neue-Wagener Formenl.³ 1, 306: Abl. auch clavi, s. Neue-Wagener Formenl.³ 1, 328. Vgl. Charis. 126, 4 sqq.

1 clavis v. chlamys

2 clavis [CL] 1 key. b image of key. c key as implement or token of office; d (w. ref. to Matth. xvi 19); e (w. ref. to Luke xi 52). f key used in conjuration. c667 direximus ‥ crucem ~em auream habentem (Lit. Papae) Bede HE III 29; 10‥ ~is, cæg WW; hostia dormitorii sui cum ~e serratili interius obstruxit R. Cold. Cuthb. 51; ecclesiam cum ~e adulterina aperuit Ib. 129 (v. adulterinus 2a); 1208 vicecomes ‥ accessit ad manerium ‥ et inde ei fecit seisinam, ‥ ita quod ipse habuit ~es grangiarum CurR V 169; c1218 crisma et sacrum oleum sub ~e custodiantur Conc. Syn. 68; 1275 Agnes Kaynel habet ~em confectam ad hostia vicinorum suorum aperienda et claudenda CourtR Wakefield I 50; G. Hen. V 15 (v. baculus 1d); 1440 (v. cippus 2); 1481 pro novo [sic] ~e ad studium Cant. Coll. Ox. II 209.  b 1310 dalmatica ‥ broudata cum †clambis [? l. clavibus] et cruce deaurata Ac. Exec. Ep. Exon. 4; dedit ‥ j capam ‥ cum ymagine S. Petri in dorso bene brudata ac ~ibus et rosis aurifrigiatis tensalatis Whittlesey 167.  c ~es perdere, hoc est servanda prodere Gosc. Wulfh. 16; has ~es [AS: cægean] mulier debet sub cura sua custodire, sc. dispensae suae et arcae et scrinii sui (Inst. Cnuti) GAS 363; 1209 de xx s. de H. preposito pro ~e dimittenda Crawley 189 (= Pipe Wint. 50); 1241 ccc m. ‥ reponi faciat ‥ in quadam archa cum iiij seruris, ita quod vos habeatis unam ~em et H. de S. aliam et alias ij ~es alibi salvo tradi faciet rex Cl 277; Reg. Pri. Worc. 137b (v. 2 claviger 1a); Obed. Abingd. 395 (v. coquinarius 3b); 1345 nomina custodum ~orum [sic] Rec. Norw. I 261 (v. custos 3b); G. Hen. V 8 (v. custos 4a); 1454 convocatis ~esgerentibus predictis et numeratis pecuniis ‥ in singulis capsis repertis manibus eorundem ~es-gerencium ‥ subsignatis (Lit. Papae) Mem. Ripon I 302.  d 680 si ergo Petro ~es caelestis regni a Christo collatae sunt ‥, quis ecclesiae ejus statuta ‥ spernens ‥ per caelestis paradisi portam ‥ ingreditur? Aldh. Ep. 4; ne forte ‥ non sit qui reserat, averso illo qui ~es tenere probatur Bede HE III 25; per potestatem ~ium est potestas utentibus ~ibus, quia per ~em fit remissio peccatorum et retentio Hales Qu. 1236; c1230 per quos [inquisitores] publice penitentes ‥ ad ~em penitentie admittantur Conc. Syn. 75n; c1250 ~es ecclesie non sunt concesse diaconibus et ideo non habent potestatem solvendi et ligandi Ib. 639; 1257 persona ecclesie de S., quem ‥ tanquam excommunicatum et ~es ecclesie contempnentem per corpus suum secundum consuetudinem Anglie rex justiciari precepit Cl 43; potestas ~ium regni celorum data pape a Christo, ad peccata et crimina se extendens, non est regulariter coactiva Ockham Pol. I 244; Id. Dial. 888 (v. 2 claviger 2b); sentenciam virtute ~ium ecclesie absolutoriam Conway Def. Mend. 1412; [sacerdotes] dicunt se habere ~es celi et inferni Concl. Loll. XII 302.  e secundum ~em unam ecclesie, quia est scientia, discernit ‘inter lepram et lepram’ [Deut. xvii 8]; quo facto, per aliam ~em, que est potestas, solvit ipsum a pena per obligationem ad penam temporalem Hales Qu. 1065–6; illa que per ~em sciencie sunt a summis pontificibus in fide et moribus diffinita Ockham Err. Papae 962 (cf. ib.: conatur negare ~em sciencie esse ~em ecclesie).  f 1447 (v. conjuratio 3). 2 (fig): a ‘key position’, means to power or fulfilment. b means to knowledge. c formula for ascertaining date of movable feast. d (opening) date of feast. a c1153 dum ad prioratum et subprioratum et ceteras ~es ordinis interdictas nequaquam aspiret Ep. J. Sal. 55 (1); silencium totius ordinis ~is appellatur Cust. Westm. 184; s1250 rex ‥ custodiam sigilli sui, quod quasi ~is regni esse comprobatur, commisit magistro W. de K. M. Par. Maj. V 130; s1066 si [dux] ab isto [Kanciali] populo, qui est ~is Anglie, repulsam pateretur Thorne 1786; s1387 castellum de Brest, quod est ~is Britannie V. Ric. II 78 (cf. Wals. HA II 155).  b peccati calculus atri, / expositus gracili verborum clave patenter Aldh. VirgV 2864 (cf. ib. 2152); Vinsauf PN 1067 (v. claudere 7); sunt ~es artis [alkimie] congelatio, resolutio, inceratio, projectio; sed alio modo purificatio, distillatio, separatio, calcinatio et fixatio Bacon NM 548.  c est ~is termini alicujus festi mobilis numerus quidam †ponitus [? l. positus] in loco determinato in kalendario, a quo loco facta computatione per dies consequenter scriptas ‥ usque ad finem illius numeri, ubi terminatur numerus ille, ibi ponitur terminus illius festi mobilis Gros. Comp. 260.  d die Dominico in ~ibus Rogationum G. Hen. V 18. 3 (pl.) members of House of Keys (Isle of Man). 1418 hec indentura, facta inter Thurstanum de T. ex una parte et ‥ xxiiij ~es Mannie ex altera, testatur quod predicti [sic] ~es legis cum judice Mannie dicunt ‥ Stat. Man I 2. 4 key (mus.), clef. nec miretur quis tantam vim fuisse in notulis, cum et musici cantores paucis caracteribus multas acutarum et gravium differentias indicant vocum et ob hoc quidem caracteres illos musice ~es dicunt J. Sal. Met. 850D; fiet ut eamdem vocem exprimat nota quam et ~is super quam sita est Odington 214. 5 a (arch.) key-stone or boss at intersection of ribs in vaulting. b ‘key’ of cross-bow. c ‘key’ of gun. d stopcock, water-tap. a Gerv. Cant. I 19–20 (v. ciborium 2b); 1253 (v. 1 capitellum 1a); 1337 pro j ~e tallianda ad voltam superiorem Sacr. Ely II 98; 1354 in j cementario locato ‥ pro ~ibus faciendis ad voltam DCWestm. 23, 455.  b 1204 in nervis et cordis et ~ibus balistarum nostrarum Liberate RC 100; 1226 [ad emendas] ~es ‥ [ad reparandas] balistas Cal. Liberate 2; 1284 (v. ballista 2).  c 1577 interrogavit [J.] pro ~e tormenticuli, ‥ quiquidem J. ‥ cum ~e predicta seram vocatam the locke tormenticuli tendebat Pat 1159 m. 11.  d 1267 (v. cupreus a); 1275 empciones circa mutas: ‥ Henrico le Fundur pro iiij lib. de laton’ ad ~es baynorum KR Ac 467/6/2 m. 11 (cf. ib.: pro iiij ~is de ere deaurato et iiij capit’ facta [sic] ad modum leopardi ad baynes); 1355 Roberto Fondour pro ij gross’ clav’ eneis emptis pro cuva balnei domini regis pro aqua calida et frigida conducenda in balneis Ib. 471/6 m. 7. 6 (by conf. due to ambiguity of ME key) quay. 1298 carpentria ~ium molendini et piscarie; item in construccione et reparacione duarum ~ium molendini trans pontem Cestr’ KR Ac 486/10; inque suas claves cepit fera Wallia naves Gower CT III 196.

3 clavis, ~ius v. 3 clavus

clāvis, (12) is, f. (κλαΐς, κλείς), ¶ 1 clef : esse sub clavi Varro R. 1, 22, être sous clef ; claves tradere Dig. 18, 1, 74, confier la gestion ou la garde de sa fortune ; claves adimere Cic. Phil. 2, 69, retirer les clefs à sa femme, la répudier || [fig.] clavis agnitionis Tert. Marc. 4, 28, la clef de la science ¶ 2 barre de fermeture, verrou : Tib. 1, 6, 34 ¶ 3 verge de fer pour faire tourner le trochus : Prop. 3, 14, 6 ¶ 4 barre du pressoir : Cato Agr. 13, 1.

➳ nom. sing. claves Pomp. Gr. Comm. 175, 9 || acc. -vem, mais vim Pl. Most. 425 ; Tib. 2, 4, 31, cf. Char. 126, 4 || abl. -ve et -vi.

clavis , is. f.
鑰匙。門閂。

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clāvis is (abl.vī or ve), f

• CLAV-, a key: horreorum claves: clavīs portis imposuit, L.: portarum, Iu.: adulterinae portarum, false keys, S.: clavīs adimere (uxori), to divorce.—A bolt: clavīs portis imponere, L.—An instrument for driving a top: adunca trochi, Pr.

CLAVIS

CLAVIS(κλείς, dim. κλειδίον), a key. In Homer the κλεὶς is not a key in the modern meaning of the word, but rather a hook (having a leathern thong) which passed through the door from the outside, and caught the bolts (ὀχῆες), so as to shoot them home or draw them back, as required (Od. 21.6, 46-50). In some passages of Homer the word signifies simply a bolt (Od. 1.442; 21.241; L. & S. s. v.). In course of time locks and keys were made, much like those of modern times. Locks were used in Egypt at an early period, and were originally of wood, probably like those now used in Egypt, which are opened by a key furnished with several fixed pins, answering to a similar number that fall down into the movable tongue, into which the key is introduced, when they fasten or open the lock (Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, 1. p. 353). At a later time we find iron keys in Egypt, consisting of a long straight shank, with three or more projecting teeth, like the one figured below The earliest mention of a key, like our own, which could be taken out of the lock, is in the Book of Judges (Judg. 3.23, 25; Wilkinson, l. c.).

Schliemann found keys of copper and bronze in the remains of the cities in the Troad. The accompanying cut represents a copper key, found close by the so-called Treasury of Priam in the ruins at Hissarlik. It is four inches long, the head of which (about two inches long and broad) greatly resembles a large safe-key of a bank.

Copper Key found at Hissarlik. (Schliemann, Troy and its Remains, p. 333, ed. 1875.)

The cut on the next column represents a curious bronze key, with a ring for suspension, found in the ruins of Novum Ilium. It has the shape of the so-called quadrangular images of Hermes, with an altar-like base forming one piece with the body, to which a quadrangular projection is fixed on the back, with a hole corresponding to the lock-bolt. (Schliemann, Ilios, pp. 620, 621, ed. 1880.)

Pliny (Plin. Nat.7.198) ascribes the invention of keys to Theodorus of Samos; and the ancient writers speak of Carian (Avien. Orat. Phen. 455), and especially of Laconian keys, because originally made by the Lacedaemonians. (Aristoph. Thesmoph. 423; Plaut. Most. 2.1, 57; Eustath. ad Od. p. 1603, 51; Suid. s. v. Λακωνικαὶ κλεῖδες: Müller, Dorians, 2. p. 25, Engl. transl.) We learn from Aristophanes (l. c.) that the Laconian key had three teeth (τρεῖς γομφίους), probably like the Egyptian key figured above. Keys are mentioned by Aeschylus (Aesch. Eum. 827) and Euripides (Eur. Med. 661); and Lysias in his speech on the murder of Eratosthenes speaks of the wife shutting the door and taking the key with her (τὴν κλεῖν ἐφέλκεται, 100.4), so that the husband was shut up in his chamber (ἀπεκλείσθην ἐν τῷ δωματίῳ, 100.5). In this case the door must have been locked from the outside.

Many Roman keys have been found, much like our own, the larger ones usually of iron, and the smaller of bronze; but there were also keys made of wood and gold in use in later times. (Augustin. de Doctr. Christ. 4.11 (26).) Besides these there was the βαλανάγρα, a key or hook, which was passed through a hole in the door-post, and raised the βάλανοι or bolts of the lock, like the Egyptian locks described above. (Hdt. 3.155; Plb. 7.16.5.) It must have been a lock of this kind which the robber in Apuleius (Met. 4.10) opens, by passing his hand through the hole, qua clavi immittendae foramen patebat. Mr. Cuming observes that Roman keys, both of bronze and iron, have been found, which were never intended to turn, the stems being square, and the webs, consisting of from one to five or six teeth, rising from a bar bent at an acute angle to the stem; which teeth would serve the purpose of elevating pegs, as in the Egyptian locks.

The street door was usually fastened inside by bolts (pessuli) and a bar (sera), but it also had a key which the janitor of the house kept. (Apul. Met. 9.20; cf. 4.18.) The cut given below represents a key found at Pompeii, and now in the Museum of Naples, the size of which indicates that it was used as a door-key. The tongue with an eye in it, which projects from the extremity of the handle, served to suspend it from the wrist of the janitor. The rooms of the house were also opened inside with keys; and hence in both cases we read subdita clavi pessulos reduco (Apul. Met. 1.14), clavi pessulis subjecta repandit fores (ibid. 9.20), where pessuli mean the bolts of the lock. The doors often had locks both inside and outside. This is evident from Plaut. Most. 2.1, 57, where a Laconian key is mentioned for locking the door from the outside, compared with verse 78--Clavim cedo atque abi intro atque obclude ostium,Et ego hinc [i. e. foris] obcludam.

(Cf. Achill. Tat. 2.19.)

When a Roman woman first entered her husband's house, the keys of the store-rooms were handed to her. Hence the form of divorce, in the Twelve Tables, was that the husband took away the keys (claves ademit, exegit, Cic. Phil. 2.2. 8, 69); and the wife, when she separated from the husband, sent him back the keys

(claves remisit, Ambros. Ep. 65). But the keys of the wine-cellar were not entrusted to the wife, and Fabius Pictor related a story of a married woman having been starved to death by her relatives because she picked the lock of the closet in which the keys of the wine-cellar were kept (Plin. Nat.14.89), The key of the street door was, as we have already seen, kept by the janitor, and the keys of the other departments of the house by slaves to whom such departments belonged (Sen. de Ir. 2.25). To this Martial (Mart. 5.35) alludes.

There were false or skeleton keys, called by the Romans adulterinae or adulterae, used by robbers for entering a house (Sall. B. J. 12 ; cf. Ov. A. A. 3.643). Besides locks fixed permanently on doors, the Romans also had padlocks to be removed at pleasure. Mr. Cuming (see below) gives a specimen of such a padlock, with the corresponding key. Small keys were at times attached to rings to be worn on the hand. [ANULUSp. 131 a. ] In the annexed cut from Guhl and Koner, figure a represents a ring-key, b a lock with wards, for which a key of a complicated form must have been necessary, and c a ring with several small keys attached, which probably served to open jewel-cases or other small cases.

The gates of a city were locked by keys (Liv. 27.24, 8; Juven. 15.158).

The epithet κλειδοῦχος or claviger, key-bearer, is given to several of the gods as having charge or custody of a place. Thus it is an epithet of Janus, as the god of doors Ov. Fast. 1.228; cf. Macrob. Sat. 1.9). Hecate, the goddess, who held the keys of Hades, is constantly thus represented in ancient works of art.

On the clavis trochi, see TROCHUS

(On ancient keys, see Cuming, History of Keys in Journal of the British Archaeol. Association, vol. 12. p. 117 foll.; Wills, ibid. vol. 13. p. 335; Marquardt, Privatleben d. Röm. p. 226; Becker-Göll, Charikles, 2. p. 148 ; Gallus, 2. p. 327.)

[W.S]

Clavis

(κλείς, dim. κλειδίον). A key. In Homer the κλείς is not a key in the modern meaning of the word, but rather a hook (having a leathern thong) which passed through the door from the outside and caught the bolts (ὀχῆες), so as to shoot them home or draw them back as required ( Od. xxi. 6, 46-50). In some passages of Homer the word signifies simply a bolt ( Od. i. 442; xxi. 241; L. and S. s. v.). In course of time locks and keys were made, much like those of modern times. Locks were used in Egypt at an early period, and were originally of wood, probably like those now used there, which are opened by a key furnished with several fixed pins, answering to a similar number that fall down into the movable tongue, into which the key is introduced, when they fasten or open the lock. At a later time we find iron keys in Egypt, consisting of a long straight shank, with three or more projecting teeth, like the one figured in preceding column. The earliest mention of a key, like our own, which could be taken out of the lock, is in the Book of Judges (iii. 23, 25).

Schliemann found keys of copper and bronze in the remains of the cities in the Troad. The accompanying cut represents a copper key, found close by the so-called Treasury of Priam in the ruins at Hissarlik.

The cut below represents a curious bronze key, with a ring for suspension, found in the ruins of Novum Ilium. “It has the shape of the so-called quadrangular images of Hermes, with an altar-like base forming one piece with the body, to which a quadrangular projection is fixed on the back, with a hole corresponding to the lockbolt” (Schliemann, Ilios, pp. 620, 621).

Pliny (Pliny H. N. vii. 198) ascribes the invention of keys to Theodorus of Samos; and the ancient writers speak of Carian, and especially of Laconian keys, because originally made by the Lacedaemonians. We learn from Aristophanes that the Laconian key had three teeth (τρεῖς γομφίους), probably like the Egyptian key figured above. Keys are mentioned by Aeschylus and Euripides; and Lysias, in his speech on the murder of Eratosthenes, speaks of the wife shutting the door and taking the key with her (τὴν κλεῖν ἐφέλκετια, c. 4), so that the husband was shut up in his chamber. In this case the door must have been locked from the outside.

Many Roman keys have been found much like our own, the larger ones usually of iron and the smaller of bronze; but there were also keys made of wood and gold in use in later times. Besides these there was the βαλανάγρα, a key or hook, which was passed through a hole in the door-post, and raised the βάλανοι or bolts of the lock, as in the Egyptian locks described above (Herod.iii. 155). It must have been a lock of this kind which the robber in Apuleius (Met. iv. 10) opens, by passing his hand through the hole, qua clavi immittendae foramen patebat. Roman keys, both of bronze and iron, have been found which were never intended to turn, the stems being square, and the webs, consisting of from one to five or six teeth, rising from a bar bent at an acute angle to the stem; which teeth would serve the purpose of elevating pegs, as in the Egyptian locks.

The street-door was usually fastened inside by bolts (pessuli) and a bar (sera), but it also had a key which the ianitor of the house kept. The cut given below represents a key found at Pompeii, and now in the Museum of Naples, the size of which indicates that it was used as a door-key. The tongue with an eye in it, which projects from the extremity of the handle, served to suspend it from the wrist of the ianitor. The rooms of the house were also opened inside with keys. The doors often had locks both inside and outside. This is evident from Plaut. Most. ii. 1, 57, where a Laconian key is mentioned for locking the door from the outside, compared with verse 78— “Clavim cedo atque abi intro atque obclude ostium, Et ego hinc [i. e. foris] obcludam.”

When a Roman woman first entered her husband's house, the keys of the store-rooms were handed to her. Hence the form of divorce, in the Twelve Tables, was that the husband took away the keys (claves ademit, exegit, Cic. Phil. ii. 28, 69); and the wife, when she separated from the husband, sent him back the keys (claves remisit, Ambros. Plin. Ep. 65). But the keys of the winecellar were not intrusted to the wife, and Fabius Pictor related a story of a married woman having been starved to death by her relatives because she picked the lock of the closet in which the keys of the wine-cellar were kept (Plin. H. N. xiv. 89).

A skeleton key was known as clavis adultera (Sall. Iug. 12).