jugum
~umiuc
se ~o sponte supposuit et bovi perdito quasi vicarius ad trahendum devotusque successit
custus carucarum: ‥ in ij ~is iij d. ‥ in j ~a j d. ob.
x ~a bovina
Romani ‥ Italiam petunt, suorum quosdam relinquentes praepositos indigenarum ‥ cervicibus ~um
verbalia ‥ masculina ‥ epitriti quarti subjectionis ~um ferre non recusant
quos ‥ humanae ~o servitutis absolvit
set autem predicta tellus libera omni ~o servitutis
villa vanitatis, et ~um quinarie curiositatis, et uxor voluptatis
expers esse jŭgi Veneris nequeo prece jūgi
quociens autem recalcitrandi et ~um ac frenum modi modestieque detrectandi vos libido perculerit
aggravantibus ejus [prioris ] ~um guerris
maritali ‥ ~o
dicitur conjunx quasi ejusdem ~i
fideles cum infidelibus non debent idem ~um ducere
servitutis Christi ~um ‥ susceperat
~um obediente
qui, cum venerint, vivant regulariter sub ~o discipline et prioris Spaldingensis
sic ruralis adhuc pugnas et equitia damnat, / culpans quorundam pontificale jugum
~a boum quinque, decem boves
xij d. in ~is conductis pro dicto meremio cariando de dicto bosco usque aquam(
an akyr of lande , acra, ~us, juger, ~um
reddo ‥ unum ~um quod jacet in australi parte Limene et ab incolis nominatur Lambaham
tenet ‥ dimidium solin et dimidium ~um
de isto solino tenet R. de C. j ~um et dimidium, quod valet et valuit semper x solidos
tria ~a sunt infra divisionem Hugonis et quartum ~um est extra
pro habenda recognitione ‥ de ~o terre
quilibet wendus faciet x averagia ‥, scilicet quodlibet ~um j averagium(
xxiij ~a et dim. de Godmersham
tenere solent ‥ ij ~a de veteri terra
A. de H. et pares de dimidio ~o iiij d.
non faciemus ‥ stagnum molendini de solis vel plankys vel grossis lignis nec de aliis nisi tantum de palis et jugis
[fastigii ] ~um manet in erecta per centrum linea
rumpe jugo cor avens, res dabit ulta sonum [gl.: ‘Ricardus’ syllabicatur per primas literas diccionum, et ‘Yorc’ in ‘cor’, remota prima litera ‘c’, ut ultima apponatur; preposita litera Anglica, sc. ȝ, que ‘~um’ sonat ]
nimphas / quas dicunt Elicona jugum servare supernum
ferunt enim ~a peragrasse montium et capite sublimia caeli nubila pulsasse
montium ~is
nunc montium ~a transcendens
prospere tamen direxit Deus diris in cotibus per ~a Alpium, ubi nix in pendulo
et erat Apollo inter duo ~a montis Parnassi sedens, de quo et fons Castalius scaturiebat
JUGUM(ζυγόν, rarely ζυγός, Plat. Tim. 63 Tim. 63. B) signified in general that which joined two things together. It denoted more especially--
1. In architecture any cross beam (Vitr. 10.8, 19).
2. The transverse beam which united the up-right posts of a loom, and to which the warp was attached (Ovid, Ov. Met. 6.55). [TELA]
3. The transverse rail of a trellis (Varr. R. R. 1.8 ;--Col. R. R. 4.17, 20, 12.15; Geopon. 5.29), joining the upright poles (perticae, χάρακες) for the support of vines or other trees. [CAPISTRUM] Hence by an obvious resemblance the ridges uniting the tops of mountains were called juga montium (Verg. Ecl. 5.76; Hor. Epod. 1, 11 ; and in rhetorical prose like that of Florus).
4. The cross-bar of a lyre (Hom. Il. 9.187).
5. A scale-beam, and hence a pair of scales [LIBRA]. The constellation Libra was consequently also called Jugum (Cic. de Div. 2.4. 7, § 98).
6. The thwart or transverse seat of a boat (Aesch. Agam. 1618; Soph. Ajax, 249; Verg. A. 6.411). This gave origin to the term ζυγίτης, as applied to a rower (NAVISVol. Il. p. 215 a). A vessel with many benches or banks for the rowers was called νηῦς πολύζυγος or ἑκατόζυγος (Hom. Il. 3.293; 20.247-Z2). 293; 20.247).
7. The yoke by which ploughs and carriages were drawn. The yoke was in many cases a straight wooden plank or pole laid upon the horses' necks; but it was commonly bent to-wards each extremity, so as to be accommodated to the part of the animal which it touched (curva juga, Ovid, Ov. Fast. 4.216; Trist. 4.6, 2). The following woodcut shows two examples of the yoke, the upper from a MS. of Hesiod's Works and Days, preserved at Florence, the lower from a MS. of Terence belonging to the Vatican library. These may be compared with the still ruder forms of the yoke as now used in Asia Minor, which are introduced in the article ARATRUMThe practice of having the yoke tied to the horns and pressing upon the foreheads of the oxen (capite, non cervice junctis, Plin. Nat.8.179), which is now common on the continent of Europe, and especially in France, is strongly condemned by Columella on grounds of economy as well as of humanity (R. R. 2.2). He recommends that their heads should be left free, so that they may raise them aloft, and thus make a much handsomer appearance (Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.6. 3, § 159; Ovid, Ov. Met. 7.211). All this was effected by the use either of the two collars (subjugia, Vitr. 10.3, 8; μεσάβα, Hesiod, Op. et Dies, 467; Paley, ad loc.; ζεῦγλαι, Hom. Il. 17.440, 19.406-Z2; Aesch. Prom. 463; Eurip. Med. 479) shown in the upper figure of the woodcut, or of the notches (γλυφαί, γλυφίδες) cut in the yoke, with the bands of leather (lora; vincla, Tib. 2.1, 7; ταυροδέτιν βύρσαν ἐπαυχενίην, Brunk, Anal. 3.44 = Anth. Pal. 6.41; λέπαδνα, Hom. Il. 5.730, with Schol.), seen in the lower figure.
This figure also shows the method of tying the yoke to the pole (temo, ῥυμός) by means of a leathern strap, or more probably a rope (ζυγόδεσμον, Hom. Il. 24.270), which was lashed from the two opposite sides over the junction of the pole and yoke. These two parts were still more firmly connected by means of a pin (ἔμβολος, Schol. in Eurip. Hippol. 666; ἔστωρ, Hom. l. c.; Arrian, Exped. Alex. 2.3.7; ἔνδρυον, i.e. an oaken peg, Hesiod, Op. et D.). 467). But the fastening was sometimes much more complicated, especially in the case of the celebrated Gordian knot, which tied the yoke of a common cart, and consisted only of flexible twig, or bark, but in which the ends were so concealed by being inserted within the knot, that the only way of detaching the yoke was that which Alexander adopted (Arrian, l. c.; Q. Curt. 3.2; Schol. in Eurip. l. c.). The passage of Homer(Il. 24.268-274) gives the fullest account of the way in which the yoke was attached to the pole; but, after the acute and learned investigations of Leaf (Journ. Hell. Soc. 5.185 ff.) and Helbig (Hom. Epos, 147 ff.), some points still remain unexplained. In the last line, the words ἑξείης and γλωχὶς are still obscure. The following summary of the longer discussion is condensed from Mr. Leaf's note ad loc.:--The most probable explanation of the whole arrangement is as follows:--The pole was curved sharply upwards at the end, running up to an almost vertical point (πέζα). In the actual bend (πέζῃ ἐπὶ πρώτῃ) the yoke was laid across the pole. Attached to the yoke was a ring (κρίκος): through this a peg (ἕστωρ) was passed and fastened into a hole in the pole. The ζυγόδεσμον, a rope nine cubits long, was then used to bind the πέζα with three turns to the ὀμφαλός, a boss on the yoke itself; the long ends which remained after this being carried back to the car itself, where they were fastened to an upright post which arose from the front of the breast-work. This post and the rope from it to the end of the pole are constantly depicted in archaic vasepaintings, and there can be little doubt as to the identification of the rope with the ζυγόδεσμον.
Besides being variegated with precious materials and with carving, the yoke, especially among the Persians, was decorated with elevated.
Fig. 1. Chariot and pole.
Fig. 2. Yoke and appendages, from the front.
Fig. 3. Means by which the yoke is attached to the pole.
(From Leaf's Iliad, 2.485.)
plumes and figures. Of this an example is presented in a bas-relief from Persepolis, preserved in the British Museum. The chariot of Dareius was remarkable for the golden statues of Belus and Ninus, about eighteen inches high, which were fixed to the yoke over the necks of the horses, a spread eagle, also wrought in gold, being placed between them (Q. Curt. 3.3). The passages above cited show that when the carriage was prepared for use, the yoke which had been laid aside was first fastened to the pole, and the horses were then led under it. Either above them, or at the two ends of the yoke, rings were often fixed, through which the reins passed. These frequently appear in works of ancient art representing chariots.Morning and evening are often designated in poetry by the act of putting the yoke on the oxen (Hes. Op. et Dies, 581) and taking it off (Verg. Ecl. 2.66; Hor. Carm. 3.6, 42; Epod. 2, 63; Ovid, Ov. Fast. 5.497; βούλυσις, βουλυτός, Arrian, l. c.; Hom. Il. 16.779, Od. 9.58; Cic. ad Att. 15.2. 7; βουλύσιος ὥρη, Diosem. 387).
By metonymy jugum meant the quantity of land which a yoke of oxen could plough in a day (Varr. R. R. 1.10). It was used for a pair of animals, Greek ζεῦγος, Latin usually, par, as in aquilarum jugum (Plin. Nat.10.16). By another figure common to all languages it is the yoke of slavery (Aesch. Agam. 953, 1071; Hor. Sat. 2.7, 92; Tac. Agric. 31; Florus (Flor. 2.14= 1.30 Jeep). The yoke under which the Romans made their conquered enemies to pass, and sometimes, as at Caudium, passed under it themselves (Liv. 9.4.3; 6, § § 1, 3), was composed of a spear supported transversely by two others placed upright (Liv. 3.28.11).
[J.Y] [W.W]