Alexander

Ălexander, dri, m. [Ἀλέξανδρος, hence, Charis. 64 P. asserts that there is also a nom. Alexandrus, but gives no example], the name of many persons of antiquity; among whom,

• I The most renowned is Alexander, son of Philip and Olympia, surnamed Magnus, the founder of the great Macedonian monarchy extending from Macedonia to the Indus (v. his life in Plut. and Curt.).—
• II Alexander, son of Perseus, king of Macedonia, Liv. 42, 52; 45, 39.—
• III A tyrant of Pherae, in Thessaly; hence also sometimes called Pheraeus, Cic. Div. 1, 25; id. Inv. 2, 49; id. Off. 2, 7; Nep. Pelop. 5, 1.—
• IV A king of Epirus, Liv. 8, 3.—
• V Another name of Paris, son of Priam, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 5, 96; Cic. Fat. 15; Auct. ad Her. 4, 30; hence sometimes, Alexander Paris, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 76 al.

Alexander, drī, m. (Ἀλέξανδρος), im Altertum häufig vorkommender Männername, unter dem am bekanntesten sind: I) Paris, Sohn des Priamus, der den Namen Alexander (Ἀλέξανδρος = Männer beschützend, v. ἀνήρ u. ἀλέξομαι) später erhielt, weil er die Räuber vertrieb u. die Hirten beschützte (vgl. Varr. LL. 7, 82), Enn. tr. 74. Cornif. rhet. 4, 41. Cic. fat. 34: dah. A. Paris, Plin. 34, 77. – II) Alexander von Pherä (dh. Pheraeus), durch seine Grausamkeit berüchtigter Tyrann in Thessalien (reg. v. 370–357 v. Chr.), der durch seine Gemahlin Thebe u. deren Brüder ermordet wurde, Cic. de off. 2, 25. Nep. Pelop. 5, 1 sqq. – III) Alexander I., Sohn des Molosserfürsten Neoptolemus, Bruder der Olympias u. so Oheim Alex. des Gr., gelangte durch Hilfe Philipps, an dessen Hofe er erzogen worden war, zur Herrschaft über die Molosser in Epirus (332 v. Chr.; dah. Molossus gen.), kam durch Verrat um (326 v. Chr.), Iustin. 8, 6; 9, 6 sq.; 12, 2. Liv. 8, 3 u. 1724. – IV) Alexander der Große, Sohn Philipps von der Olympias, geb. 356, gest. 323 v. Chr., reg. seit 336 v. Chr., führte, nachdem er seine abtrünnigen Nachbarn gezüchtigt hatte, den schon von seinem Vater vorbereiteten Heereszug gegen das schon verfallene Perserreich aus u. dehnte als glücklicher Eroberer das mazedonische Reich bis zum Indus aus; sein Leben von Curtius beschr.; vgl. Iustin. lib. 11 u. 12. Liv. 6, 16 sqq. Droysen, Gesch. Alexanders des Gr., 5. Aufl. Gotha 1898. – V) Cornelius Alexander, s. polyhistōr. – ➳ Form Alexandrus, Privil. vet. im Corp. inscr. Lat. 3. p. 848. col. 5. lin. 25: Schreibung Alexanter auf ältern Monumenten zu Rom nach Quint. 1, 4, 16; ebenso Alixenter, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 1501 (vgl. Ritschl opusc. 2, 496 sq.) u. Akk. Alixentrom, Corp. inscr. Lat. 14, 4099.

Davon abgeleitet: A) Alexandrīa od. -ēa, ae, f. (Ἀλεξάνδρεια; über die im klass. Latein wahrsch. gew. Form -ea s. Madvig Cic. de fin. 5, 54. Drak. Liv. 31, 43, 5; vgl. Prisc. 2, 47), Name vieler von Alexander dem Gr. auf seinen Zügen gegründeter Städte (dah. Plur. cognominibus Alexandriis, Auct. itin. Alex. 36), von denen die bekanntesten sind: 1) Alexandria in Ägypten, auch mit dem Bein. Magna, im Westen der kanopischen Nilmündung (332 v. Chr.) erbaut, unter den Ptolemäern Hauptstadt des Reichs u. Residenz prachtliebender u. kunstsinniger Könige, Hauptsitz der von diesen Fürsten ungemein begünstigten Wissenschaften, unter den Römern Mittelpunkt des Welthandels, wegen des dort herrschenden Luxus u. des damit verbundenen ausschweifenden Lebens der Bewohner berüchtigt, noch j. Alexandria u. türk. Skanderia, Plin. 5, 62. Curt. 4, 8 (33), 1 sqq. Amm. 22, 16, 7 sqq. Cic. de fin. 5, 54. Hor. carm. 4, 14, 35. – 2) Alexandria Troas, auch bl. Troas gen., Stadt südl. von Troja an der Küste, zur Zeit der Römer von diesen wegen ihrer Anhänglichkeit sehr begünstigt u. gehoben, Liv. 35, 42; 37, 35. Cic. Acad. 2, 11, aber später bl. Kolonie, Plin. 5, 124. – 3) Alexandria in Syrien, u. zwar in Pieria zwischen Issus u. Antiochien, j. Alexandrette od. Scanderone, Plin. 5, 91. – 4) Alexandria Ariôn, d.h. im Lande der Arier, am Flusse Arius (Ferah) u. an der großen Karawanenstraße nach Indien, j. Herat, Plin. 6, 61 u. 6, 93. Amm. 23, 6, 69. – 5) Alexandria in Arachosia, auch Alexandropolis gen., j. Kandahar, Amm. 23, 6, 72. – 6) Alexandria ad Caucasum, am Kreuzwege zwischen Ariana, Indien u. Baktrien, am Westabhang des Schneegebirges, das gegen NW. die indischen Länder begrenzt, in der Nähe des heutigen »Kabul«, Plin., 46. Curt. 7, 3 (14), 23. – 7) Stadt an der Vereinigung des Acesines und Indus, an der Stelle des heutigen Mittun Kot, Curt. 9, 8 (31), 8. – 8) Alexandria ultima (Ἀλ. ἐσχάτη), Alexanders des Großen äußerste Gründung am Jaxartes in Sogdiana, wahrsch. das jetzige Khodjend, Plin. 6, 49. Curt. 7, 6 (28), 25. Amm. 23, 6, 59.

B) Alexandrēus, a, um (Ἀλεξάνδρειος), alexandrinisch, von Alexandrien, qui istas Alexandreas litteras attulit, Cic. ad Att. 11, 6, 7 ed. Hofm. (mit cod. M.), wo Baiter u.C.F.W. Müller (mit Boot) qui istas Alexandreā (von Alexandrien) litteras attulit.

C) Alexandriānus, a, um, alexandrinisch, Alexanders, purpura, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 40, 6: ficus, ibid. 60, 5: sodales, ibid. 63, 4.

D) Alexandrīnus, a, um, 1) alexandrinisch = Alexanders, a) Alexanders d. Gr., historia, Treb. Poll. XXX tyr. 30, 22. – b) des Alexander Severus. opus. Lamor. Alex. Sev. 25, 7: basilica, ibid. 26, 7: sagittarii, dem Alexander ergeben, ibid. 32, 3. – 2) alexandrinisch = von Alerandrien, a) in Ägypten, rex, König von Ägypten (Ptolemäus Auletes), Cic.: vita et licentia, ausschweifendes Leben, wie es in Alexandrien herrschte, Caes.: panis, Plin.: pueri, Petr., od. deliciae, Quint., alex. (od. ägypt., also Mohren-) Sklaven, ein Luxusartikel der Römer: navis, ein Schiff der von Augustus errichteten ägypt. Handelsflotte, Suet. u. Sen.: bellum, Cäsars Kr. in Ägypten nach der pharsal. Schlacht, Cic.: marmora, Sen. – subst., der Alexandriner, Alexandrinus quidam u. idem Alexandrinus, Augustin. de civ. dei 22, 8, 3: gew. Plur., Alexandrīnī, ōrum, m., die Einw. von Alexandria, die Alexandriner, Cic. u.a. – b) von Alex. Troas (oben no. A, 2), laurus, Plin.

E) Alexandrus, a, um, alexandrisch, Ven. Fort. app. 1, 98.

Ălexandĕr, (7) drī, m. (Ἀλέξανδρος), ¶ 1 Alexandre le Grand, fondateur dʼun empire sʼétendant de la Macédoineà lʼIndus ; v. Philippus et Olympias 2  : Curt. ¶ 2 Alexandre, fils de Persée, roi de Macédoine : Liv. 42, 52, 5 ¶ 3 tyran de Phères : Cic. Div. 1, 53 ; Off. 2, 25 ¶ 4 roi dʼÉpire : Liv. 8, 3 ¶ 5 autre nom de Pâris : Enn. d. Varro L. 7, 82 ; Cic. Fato 34.

Alexander

(Ἀλέξανδρος). (1) Another name for Paris (q. v.).

Alexander

The name of several kings of Macedonia. See Macedonia.

Alexander

known as the Great, son of Philip II., king of Macedon, was born at Pella, B.C. 356. He was educated by Aristotle, who acquired a great influence over his mind and character. He first distinguished himself at the battle of Chaeronea (338), where the victory was mainly owing to his impetuosity and courage. On the murder of Philip (336), he ascended the throne, at the age of twenty, to find himself surrounded by enemies on every side. He first put down rebellion in his own kingdom, and then rapidly marched into Greece. His unexpected activity overawed all opposition; Thebes, which had been most active against him, submitted when he appeared at its gates; and the assembled Greeks at the Isthmus of Corinth elected him to the command against Persia. He now directed his arms against the barbarians of the North, and crossed the Danube (335). A report of his death having reached Greece, the Thebans once more took up arms; but a terrible punishment awaited them. Alexander took Thebes by assault, destroyed all the buildings, with the exception of the house of Pindar, killed most of the inhabitants, and sold the rest as slaves. He now prepared for his great expedition against Persia. In the spring of 334 he crossed the Hellespont with some 35,000 men. Of these 30,000 were foot and 5000 horse, and of the former only 12,000 were Macedonians. Alexander's first engagement with the Persians was on the river Granicus in Mysia (May, 334), where they were entirely defeated by him. In the following year (333) he collected his army at Gordium (q.v.) in Phrygia, where he cut or untied the celebrated Gordian knot, which, it was said, was to be loosened only by the conqueror of Asia. From thence he marched to Issus, on the confines of Syria, where he gained a great victory over Darius, the Persian king. Darius himself escaped, but his mother, wife, and children fell into the hands of Alexander, who treated them with the utmost delicacy and respect. Alexander now directed his arms against the cities of Phoenicia, most of which submitted; but Tyre was not taken till the middle of 332, after an obstinate defence of seven months. He next marched into Egypt, which unresistingly yielded to him. At the beginning of 331 he founded near the mouth of the Nile the city of Alexandria, and about the same time visited the temple of Zeus Ammon, in the desert of Libya, where he was saluted by the priests as the son of Zeus. In the spring of the same year (331) he set out against Darius, who had collected another army. He crossed the Euphrates and the Tigris, and at length met with the immense hosts of Darius, said to have amounted to more than a million of men, in the plains of Gaugamela. The battle was fought in the month of October, 331, and ended in the complete defeat of the Persians. Alexander was now the conqueror of Asia, and began to adopt Persian habits and customs, by which he conciliated the affections of his new subjects. From Arbela he marched to Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis, all of which surrendered to him. He is said to have set fire to the palace of Persepolis, and, according to some accounts, in the revelry of a banquet, at the instigation of Thaïs, an Athenian courtesan. At the beginning of 330, Alexander marched from Persepolis into Media, in pursuit of Darius, whom he followed into Parthia, where the unfortunate king was murdered by Bessus (q.v.), satrap of Bactria. In 329 Alexander crossed the mountains of the Paropamisus (the Hindu Kush), and marched into Bactria against Bessus, who was betrayed to him and put to death. During the next two years he was chiefly engaged in the conquest of Sogdiana. He also crossed the Iaxartes (the Sir), and defeated several Scythian tribes north of that river. By the conquest of a mountain fortress he obtained possession of Roxana, the daughter of the Bactrian chief Oxyartes, whom he made his wife. It was about this time that he killed his friend Clitus in a drunken brawl. He had previously put to death his faithful servant Parmenion, on the charge of treason. In 327 he invaded India, and crossed the Indus, probably near the modern Attock. He met with no resistance till he reached the Hydaspes, where he was opposed by Porus, an Indian king, whom he defeated after a gallant resistance, and took prisoner, subsequently restoring to him his kingdom, and treating him with distinguished honour. He founded a town on the Hydaspes, called Bucephala, in honour of his horse Bucephalus, who died here, after carrying him through many victories. From thence he penetrated as far as the Hyphasis (Garra). This was the farthest point which he reached, for the Macedonians, worn out by long service, and tired of the war, refused to advance farther; and Alexander, notwithstanding his entreaties and prayers, was obliged to lead them back. He returned to the Hydaspes, and then sailed down the river with a portion of his troops, while the remainder marched along the banks in two divisions. He finally reached the Indian Ocean about the middle of 326. Nearchus was sent with the fleet to sail along the coast to the Persian Gulf (see Nearchus); and Alexander marched with the rest of his forces through Gedrosia, in which country his army suffered greatly from want of water and provisions. He reached Susa at the beginning of 325. Here he allowed himself and his troops some rest from their labours; and anxious to form his European and Asiatic subjects into one people, he assigned Asiatic wives to about eighty of his generals. He himself took a second wife, Barsiné, the eldest daughter of Darius. Towards the close of the year 325 he went to Ecbatana, where he lost his great favourite, Hephaestion. From Ecbatana he marched to Babylon, which he intended to make the capital of his empire, as the best point of communication between his eastern and western dominions. His schemes were numerous and gigantic, but he was cut off in the midst of them, being attacked by a fever, which was probably aggravated by the quantity of wine he had drunk at a banquet given to his principal officers, so that he died, after an illness of eleven days, in the month of May or June, B.C. 323, at the age of thirty-two, after a reign of twelve years and eight months. He appointed no one as his successor, but just before his death gave his ring to Perdiccas. Roxana was with child at the time of his death, and afterwards bore a son who is known by the name of Alexander Aegus (q.v.).

The body of Alexander was interred by Ptolemy in Alexandria, in a golden coffin, and divine honours were paid to him, not only in Egypt, but also in other countries. The sarcophagus in which the coffin was enclosed has been in the British Museum since 1802.

No character in history has afforded matter for more discussion than that of Alexander; and the exact quality of his ambition is to this day a subject of dispute. By some he is regarded as little more than an heroic madman, actuated by the mere desire of personal glory; others give him the honour of vast and enlightened views of policy, embracing the consolidation and establishment of an empire, in which commerce, learning, and the arts should flourish in common with energy and enterprise of every description. Each class of reasoners find facts to countenance their opinion of the mixed character and actions of Alexander. The former quote the wildness of his personal daring, the barren nature of much of his transient mastery, and his remorseless and unnecessary cruelty to the vanquished on some occasions, and capricious magnanimity and lenity on others. The latter advert to facts like the foundation of Alexandria, and other acts indicative of large and prospective views of true policy; and regard his expeditions rather as schemes of discovery and exploration than mere enterprises for fruitless conquest. The truth appears to embrace a portion of both these opinions. Alexander was too much smitten with military glory, and the common selfengrossment of the mere conqueror, to be a great and consistent statesman; while such was the strength of his intellect, and the light opened to him by success, that a glimpse of the genuine sources of lasting greatness could not but break in upon him. The history of Napoleon shows the nature of this mixture of lofty intellect and personal ambition, which has seldom effected much permanent good for mankind in any age.

In person this extraordinary individual was of the middle size, with a neck somewhat awry, but possessed of a fierce and majestic countenance. See Plut. Alexander; Arrian, Exped. Alex.; Droysen, Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen (1877); Freeman's Historical Essays, 2d series (1873); and Mabaffy, Alexander's Empire (1887).

After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves, the generals of Alexander laid the foundations of several great empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their kingdom, which subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of King Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so formidable to the successors of Alexander that none of them dared to assume the title of king.

The element of the wonderful in the campaigns of Alexander, and his tragic death at the height of his power, threw an intensely romantic interest around his figure, so that Alexander soon became the hero of romantic story, scarcely more wonderful than the actual, but growing from age to age with the myth-making spirit which can work as freely in fact as in fiction. The earliest form of the story which we know is the great romance connected with the name of Callisthenes (q.v.), which, under the influence of the popular tradition, arose in Egypt about A.D. 200, and was carried through Latin translations to the West, and through Armenian and Syriac versions to the East. It became widely popular during the Middle Ages, and was worked into poetic form by many writers in French and German. Alberich of Besançon wrote in Middle High German an epic on the subject in the first half of the twelfth century, which was the basis of the German Lamprecht's Alexanderbuch (ed. by Hinzel, Halle, 1884), also of the twelfth century. The French poets Lambert li Court and Alexandre de Bernay composed, between 1180 and 1190, a romance of Alexander, the twelve-syllable metre of which gave rise to the name Alexandrines. The German poem of Rudolf of Ems was based on the Latin epic of Walter of Châtillon, about 1200, which became henceforward the prevailing form of the story. In contrast with it is the thirteenth-century Old English epic of Alexander (in vol. i. of Weber's Metrical Romances, 1810), based on the version of Callisthenes. The story appears also in the East, worked up in conjunction with myths of other nationalities, especially the Persian. It appears in Firdusi, and, among later writers, in Nizami. From the Persians both the substance of the story and its form in poetical treatment have extended to Turks and other Mohammedans, who have interpreted Alexander as the Dsulkarnein (“two-horned”) of the Korân, and to the Hindus, which last had preserved no independent traditions of Alexander. See Spiegel, Die Alexandersage bei den Orientalen (Leip. 1851), and Paul Meyer, Alexandre le Grand dans la Littérature Française au Moyen-âge (2 vols. 1886).

Alexander

The name of several kings of Egypt. See Ptolemaeus.

Alexander

The name of several kings of Epirus. (1) Surnamed Molossus, the brother of Olympias, and successor to Arybas. He came into Italy to aid the Tarentines against the Romans, and used to say that while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was warring against women (meaning the effeminate nations of the East), he was fighting against men (Just.xvii. 3; Liv.viii. 17 and 27). He was slain by a Lucanian while crossing the river Acheron in Bruttium (Just.xii. 2).

Alexander

The son of the celebrated Pyrrhus. To avenge the death of his father, who had been slain at Argos, fighting against Antigonus, he seized upon Macedonia, of which the latter was king. He was soon, however, driven out, not only from Macedonia, but also from his own dominions, by Demetrius, son of Antigonus. Taking refuge, on this, among the Acarnanians, he succeeded, by their aid, in regaining the throne of Epirus (Iust. xxvi. 3; id. xxviii. 1; Pyrr. 34).

Alexander

The name of several princes of Indaea. (1) Iannaeus, monarch of Iudaea, son of Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristobulus, to whom he succeeded, B.C. 106. He was a warlike prince, and displayed great ability in the different wars in which he was engaged during his reign. Driven from his kingdom by his subjects, who detested him, he took up arms against them, and waged a cruel warfare for the space of six years, slaying upwards of fifty thousand of his foes. Having at last re-entered Jerusalem, he crucified, for the amusement of his concubines, eight hundred of his revolted subjects, and at the same time caused their wives and children to be massacred before their eyes. Being re-established on the throne, he made various conquests in Syria, Arabia, and Idumea, and finally died of intemperance at Jerusalem, B.C. 76, after a reign of twenty-seven years (Josephus, Ant. Iud. xvii. 22, etc.).

Alexander

The son of Aristobulus II., was made prisoner, together with his father, by Pompey, but managed to escape while being conducted to Rome, raised an army, and made some conquests. Hyrcanus, son of Alexander Iannaeus, being then on the throne, solicited the aid of the Romans, and Mark Autony, being sent by Gabinius, defeated Alexander near Jerusalem. After standing a siege for some time in the fortress Alexandreion, he obtained terms of peace; but not long after, having taken up arms for Caesar, who had released his father, he fell into the hands of Metellus Scipio, and was beheaded at Antioch (Josephus, Ant. Iud. xiv. 13).

Alexander

The son of Herod the Great, put to death by his father, along with Aristobulus his brother, on false charges brought against them by Pheroras their uncle, and Salomé their aunt (Josephus, Ant. Iud. xvi. 17).

Alexander

The name of several kings of Syria. (1) Surnamed Balas, a person of low origin, who pretended to be the son of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, and reigned in Syria B.C. 150-146. He was defeated and dethroned by Demetrius II. Nicator.

Alexander

Surnamed Zebīna or Zabīnas, son of a merchant, was set up by Ptolemy Physcon as a pretender to the throne of Syria, B.C. 128. He was defeated by Antiochus Grypus, by whom he was put to death, 122.

Alexander Alexander, son of Priam

• Hdt. 1.3
• in Egypt: Hdt. 2.113-120
• surname of Paris: Apollod. 3.12.5
• marries Oenone: Apollod. 3.12.5
• warned by her not to fetch Helen: Apollod. 3.12.5
• judges the three goddesses: Paus. 3.18.12, Paus. 5.19.5
• judges the three goddesses and gives the prize to Aphrodite: Apollod. E.3.2
• sails to Sparta: Apollod. E.3.2
• entertained by Menelaus: Apollod. E.3.2
• carries off Helen: Paus. 3.12.6, Apollod. 3.12.5, Apollod. E.2.15, Apollod. E.3.2, Apollod. E.3.3
• first embraces Helen in Cranae: Paus. 3.22.1
• driven by a storm to Sidon: Apollod. E.3.3
• comes to Troy with Helen: Apollod. E.3.3
• fights Menelaus: Paus. 2.13.3, Paus. 5.22.2, Apollod. E.4.1
• shoots Achilles: Apollod. E.5.3
• slays Achilles: Paus. 1.13.9
• shot by Philoctetes: Apollod. 3.12.5, Apollod. E.5.8
• carried to Oenone and dies: Apollod. 3.12.5
• founds sanctuary of Aphrodite: Paus. 3.22.1ff.
• ruins Ilium: Paus. 10.33.2

• Paris

Alexander(2), of Pleuron

• a poet: Paus. 2.22.7

Alexander(3), son of Pyrrhus

• Paus. 4.35.3

Alexander(4), king of Macedonia

• son of Amyntas; his treatment of Persian envoys: Hdt. 5.19-21
• claim to be a Greek: Hdt. 5.22
• advice to Greeks: Hdt. 7.173
• his ancestors: Hdt. 8.137-139
• an intermediary between Persia and Athens: Hdt. 8.140-144
• information given by him to the Greeks before Plataea: Hdt. 9.44-46
• receives some Mycenaeans: Paus. 7.25.6

Alexander(5), son of Alexanderthe Great and Roxana

• Paus. 1.6.3
• poisoned by Cassander: Paus. 9.7.2

Alexander(6), son of Cassander

• deposes and punishes his brother Antipater: Paus. 9.7.3
• assassinated by Demetrius, son of Antigonus: Paus. 1.10.1, Paus. 1.36.6, Paus. 9.7.3

Alexander(7), son of Cleopatra

• brother of PtolemyPhilometor: Paus. 1.9.1
• made king of Egypt: Paus. 1.9.2
• flies from Egypt: Paus. 1.9.3

Alexander(8), son of Eurystheus

• slain by the Athenians: Apollod. 2.7.8

Alexander(9), son of Lysimachus

• flees to Seleucus: Paus. 1.10.4
• buries his father: Paus. 1.10.5

Alexander(10), son of Neoptolemus

• slain in Lucania: Paus. 1.11.3, 7

Alexander(11), son of Philip(Alexander the Great)

• an Epirot and Aeacid by mother's side: Paus. 1.9.8
• reputed son of Ammon: Paus. 4.14.8
• wives and sons: Paus. 9.7.2
• passionate nature: Paus. 6.18.2
• his good fortune: Paus. 4.35.4, Paus. 7.10.3
• Aristotle's influence with him: Paus. 6.4.8
• house at Megalopolis: Paus. 8.32.1
• makes Chaeron tyrant of Pellene: Paus. 7.27.7
• destroys Thebes: Paus. 4.27.10, Paus. 7.6.9, Paus. 7.17.2, Paus. 9.6.5ff., Paus. 9.7.1, Paus. 9.23.5, Paus. 9.25.10
• Greeks suffer at his hands: Paus. 1.4.1
• makes war on Darius: Paus. 6.17.5
• overreached by Anaximenes: Paus. 6.18.2-4
• joins Clazomenae to mainland: Paus. 7.3.9
• wishes to dig through promontory of Mimas: Paus. 2.1.5
• founds later city of Smyrna: Paus. 7.5.1ff.
• founds Alexandria: Paus. 5.21.9, Paus. 8.33.3
• his danger among Oxydracians: Paus. 1.6.2
• sets up no trophies: Paus. 9.40.9
• dedicates cuirass and spear to Aesculapius: Paus. 8.28.1
• death: Paus. 1.25.3
• said to have been poisoned by water of Styx: Paus. 8.18.6
• buried at Memphis: Paus. 1.6.3, Paus. 1.7.1
• ranked as general below Pyrrhus by Procles: Paus. 4.35.4
• epic poem on him: Paus. 6.18.6
• his family extirpated by Cassander: Paus. 9.7.2
• statues: Paus. 1.9.4, Paus. 5.20.10, Paus. 5.25.1, Paus. 6.11.1

Alexander(12), tyrant of Pherae

• seizes Scotusa: Paus. 6.5.2ff.
• imprisons Pelopidas: Paus. 9.15.1ff.