Cassius

Cassĭus, a [old form Casseius; hence, Cassīus, and from this Cassĭus is formed; cf. Ritschl de Sepulcro Fur.], the name of a Roman gens; esp. distinguished,

• I L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla, a very severe judge; from him the Lex tabellaria Cassia proceeded, A. U. C. 617, by which the judges were obliged to vote with little tablets, Cic. Leg. 3, 16, 35; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Brut. 25, 97; 27, 106; and Ascon. Cic. Verr. 1, 1, 10, § 30.—
• • B Hence, Cassĭānus, a, um, adj., of Cassius, Cic. Mil. 12, 32; id. Phil. 2, 14, 35.—
• II The consul L. Cassius, who, A.U.C. 647, was conquered and slain by the Helvetii, Caes. B. G. 1, 7 and 12.—Hence, bellum Cassianum, Caes. B. G. 1, 13.—
• III C. Cassius Longinus, one of the murderers of Caesar, Vell. 2, 46; 2, 56 sq.; Suet. Caes. 80 sq.; id. Aug. 10; Tac. A. 1, 2; 1, 10; 4, 34; id. H. 2, 6 al. To him were addressed Cic. Fam. 12, 1-10; from him to Cic., ib. 12, 11-13.—Hence, Cassianae partes, his adherents, Vell. 2, 74.—
• IV C. Cassius Longinus, a distinguished jurist under Claudius; his adherents were Cassiani and Cassiana schola, Dig. 1, 1, 2; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 8; Tac. A. 12, 12.—
• V After a Cassius not now known was named the Cassia Via, a branch of the Via Flaminia, Cic. Phil. 12, 9, 22; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 48 Müll.

Cassius, a, um, Name eines urspr. patriz., dann plebej. röm. Geschlechts, familia, Tac. ann. 12, 12: via, eine Abzweigung der flaminischen Straße, Cic. Phil. 12, 22 sq.: lex Cassia (tabellaria), Cic. de legg. 3, 37: lex Terentia et Cassia frumentaria, Cic. Verr. 3, 163 u. 5, 52. – Bes. bekannt: I) L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla, der strenge, aber sehr wahrheitsliebende u. weise Richter, Cic. Rosc. Am. 84. Val. Max. 3, 7, 9 (cuius tribunal scopulus reorum dicebatur; dah. Plur. appellat. = strenge usw. Richter, Lycurgos invenisse se praedicabat et Cassios, columina iustitiae prisca, Amm. 30, 8, 13); Verfasser der lex tabellaria Cassia, nach der die Richter mit Täfelchen stimmen sollten, Cic. de legg. 3, 35 sqq.; Sest. 103 (dazu Schol. Bob. p. 303 B.) u. ö. – Dav. Cassiānus, a, um, kassianisch, iudex, ein strenger Richter wie Kassius, Cic. Verr. 3, 137: Cassianum illud (sc. dictum), Spruch des Kassius, Cic. Mil. 32. Phil. 2, 35; vgl. Cic. Rosc. Am. 84. – II) der Konsul L. Cassius, der im J. 107 v. Chr. von den Helvetiern besiegt u. getötet wurde, Caes. b. G. 1, 7, 4 u. 12, 5. – Dav. Cassiānum bellum, der kassianische Krieg, Caes. b. G. 1, 13, 2. – III) C. Cassius Longinus, einer der Mörder Cäsars, Cic. ad Att. 5, 21, 2. Vell. 2, 46, 6, bes. 2, 68 sqq.; an ihn gerichtet, Cic. ep. 12, 1–10: von ihm an Cicero, Cic. ep. 12, 11–13. – Plur. Cassiī, Männer wie Kassius, Plin. ep. 1, 17, 3. – Dav. Cassiānae partes, die kassianische Partei, die Anhänger des Kassius, Vell. 2, 74, 1. – IV) Cassius Parmensis, einer der Mörder Cäsars, ausgezeichnet als Dichter, Vell. 2, 87, 3. Hor. ep. 1, 4, 3. – nicht zu verwechseln mit Cassius Etruscus, einem frühern Dichter, dessen nicht vorteilhaft gedacht wird von Hor. sat. 1, 10, 61 sqq. – V) C. Cassius Longinus, ein großer Rechtsgelehrter unter Tiberius, Nachfolger des Sabinus, Tac. ann. 12, 12, 1; 16, 7. Suet. Ner. 37, 1. Plin. ep. 7, 24, 8: nach der Insel Sardinien verbannt, Tac. ann. 16, 9. Pomp. dig. 1, 2, 2. § 47; vgl. Iuven. 10, 16 sq. (wo clausit = sperrte ein [auf der Insel S.]). – seine Nachfolger Cassiāna schola, Plin. ep. 7, 24, 8, u. Cassiānī, Pompon. dig. 1, 2, 2. § 47. – VI) T. Cassius Severus, latein. Redner u. Dichter unter Augustus u. Tiberius, Sen. suas. 6, 11. Quint. 10, 1, 116. Suet. gr. 22. Tac. dial. 19 u. 26.

1 Cassĭus, (8) ĭī, m. , nom romain ; en part. : a) C. Cassius, meurtrier de César : Cic. Att. 5, 21, 2 ; b) Cassius de Parme, poète : Hor. Ep. 1, 4, 3 ; c) Cassius Longinus, jurisconsulte : Tac. Ann. 12, 12 ; d) Cassius Severus, rhéteur : Sen. Rhet. Suas. 6, 11 ; Quint. 10, 1, 116 || Cassius, a, um, de ou des Cassius : Tac. Ann. 12, 12 || ou Cassĭānus, a, um, v. ce mot.

cassius, ii. m.
人名。嚴官。

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Ca'ssius

1.C. Cassius, tribune of the soldiers, B. C. 168, to whose custody the Illyrian king Gentius was entrusted by the praetor Anicius, when he fell into the hands of the latter in the Illyrian war. (Liv. 44.31.)

Ca'ssius

2. L. Cassius, proconsul in Asia in B. C. 90, which province he probably received after his praetorship with the title of proconsul, as we know that he never obtained the consulship itself. In conjunction with M'. Aquillius he restored Ariobarzanes to Cappadocia, and Nicomedes to Bithynia; but when Ariobarzanes was again driven out of his kingdom by Mithridates in the following year, Cassius made preparations to carry on war against the latter. He was, however, obliged to retire before Mithridates, and fled to Rhodes, where he was when Mithridates laid siege to the place. He afterwards fell into the hands of the king of Pontus, though on what occasion is not mentioned, but was restored to freedom at the end of the first Mithridatic war. (Appian, App. Mith. 11, 17, 24, 112.)

Ca'ssius

3. L. Cassius, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 89, at the time of the Marsic war, when the value of landed property was depreciated, and the quantity of money in circulation was comparatively small. Debtors were thus unable to pay the money they owed, and as the praetor A. Sempronius Asellio decided against the debtors in accordance with the old laws, the people became exasperated, and L. Cassius excited them still more against him, so that he was at length murdered by the people while offering a sacrifice in the forum. (V. Max. 9.7.4; comp. Liv. Epit. 74.)

Ca'ssius

4. Q. Cassius, legate of Q. Cassius Longinus in Spain in B. C. 48, and probably the same to whom Antony gave Spain at the division of the provinces at the end of B. C. 44. (Hirt. B. Alex. 52, 57; Cic. Philipp. 3.10.)

Ca'ssius

(Κάσσιος), a Sceptic philosopher, who wrote against Zeno the Stoic. (D. L. 7.32, 34; Galen, Hypothes. Empir. 3.) [L.S]

Ca'ssius, Agrippa

is called a most learned writer. He lived about A. D. 132, in the reign of the emperor Hadrian, and wrote a very accurate refutation of the heresies of Basilides the Gnostic and his son Isidorus. A fragment of this work is preserved in Eusebius. (Hist. Eccles. 4.7; comp. Hieron. Script. Eccles. 21, Indic. Haeres. 2; Theodoret, De Haeret. Fab. 1.4.) [L.S]

Ca'ssius Apronia'nus

[Apronianus, No. 2.]

Ca'ssius Asclepio'dotus

[Asclepiodotus.]

Ca'ssius, Avi'dius

one of the most able and successful among the generals of M. Aurelius, was a native of Cyrrhus in Syria, son of a certain Heliodorus, who in consequence of his eminence as a rhetorician had risen to be praefect of Egypt. While Verus was abandoning himself to all manner of profligacy at Antioch, the war against the Parthians was vigorously prosecuted by Cassius, who closed a most glorious campaign by the capture of Seleuceia and Ctesiphon. He subsequently quelled a formidable insurrection in Egypt, organized by a tribe of marauders who dwelt among the fens; and having been appointed governor of all the Eastern provinces, discharged his trust for several years with fidelity and firmness. The history of his rebellion and his miserable death are narrated under M. Aurelius. If we can believe in the authenticity of the documents produced by Gallicanus, the conduct of Cassius excited the suspicion of Verus at a very early period, but Antoninus refused to listen to the representations of his colleague, ascribing them doubtless, and with good cause, to jealousy. (In addition to the notices contained in Dio Cassius 71.2, 21, &c., we have a formal biography from the pen of one of the Augustan historians, named Vulcatius Gallicanus, but the style of this production is not such as to inspire much confidence in its author.) [W.R]

Ca'ssius Barba

[Barba.]

Ca'ssius Betilli'nus

[Bassus, Betilienus.]

Ca'ssius Chaerea

[Chaerea.]

Ca'ssius Clemens

[Clemens.]

Ca'ssius Dion

[Dion Cassius.]

Cassius , Diony'sius

(Διονύσιος Κάσσιος), a native of Utica, lived about B. C. 40. He translated the great work of the Carthaginian Mago on agriculture from the Punic into Greek, but in such a manner that he condensed the twenty-eight books of the original into twenty, although he made numerous additions to it from the best Greek writers on agriculture. He dedicated this work to the praetor Sextilius. Diophanes of Bithynia, again, made a useful abridgement of the work in six books, which he dedicated to king Deiotarus. The work of Dionysius Cassius is mentioned among those used by Cassianus Bassus in compiling the Geoponica at the command of Constantinus Porphyrogeneta. (Varro, De Re Rust. 1.1; Columella, 1.1; Athen. 14.648; Plin. Nat. 20.44; Geoponica, 1.11.) Cassius also wrote a work ῥιζοτομικά. (Schol. ad Nicand. 520; Steph. Byz. s. v. Ἰτύκη.) With the exception of the extracts in the Geoponica, the works of Cassius have perished. [L.S]

Ca'ssius Iatrosophista

or Ca'ssius FELIX, the author of a little Greek medical work entitled Ἰατρικαὶ Ἀπορίαι καὶ Προβλήματα Φυσικά, Quaestiones Medicae et Problemata Naturalia. Nothing is known of the events of his life, nor is it possible to identify him with certainty with any of the individuals of this name. With respect to his date, it can only be said that he quotes Asclepiades, who lived in the first century B. C., and that he is generally supposed to have lived himself in the first century after Christ. Works Ἰατρικαὶ Ἀπορίαι καὶ Προβλήματα Φυσικά, Quaestiones Medicae et Problemata Naturalia

His title Iatrosophista is explained in the Dict. of Ant. His work consists of eighty-four questions on medical and physical subjects, with the solutions, and contains much curious matter. Editions

It was first published in Greek at Paris, 1541, 12mo., and translated into Latin the same year by Hadrianus Junius, Paris, 4to.

A Greek and Latin edition appeared in 1653, 4to. Lips., together with the work of Theophylactus Simiocatta; and the Greek text alone is inserted in the first volume of Ideler's Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, Berol. 1841, 8vo.

The work is also to be found in various old editions of Aristotle. Further Information

Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 169, ed. vet.; Choulant, Handbuch der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin. [W.A.G]

Ca'ssius Longus

[Longus.]

Ca'ssius Parmensis

so called, it would appear, from Parma, his birth-place, is in most works upon Roman literature styled C. Cassius Severus Parmensis, but erroneously, since there is no authority whatsoever for assigning the praenomen of Caius or the cognomen of Severus to this writer. Works

Horace Serm. 1.10. 61), when censuring careless and rapid compositions, illustrates his observations, by referring to a Cassius Etruscus, whom he compares to a river in flood rolling down a turbid torrent, and adds, that the story ran that this poet, his works, and book-boxes, were all consigned together to the flames. Here Acro, Porphyrio, and the Scholiast of Cruquius agree in expressly declaring that the person spoken of is Cassius Parmensis, and the latter makes mention of a tragedy by him, called Thyestes, as still extant.

Again, Horace (Hor. Ep. 1.4. 3), when writing to Albius, who is generally believed to be Tibullus, questions him with regard to his occupations, and asks whether he is writing anything " quod Cassii Parmensis opuscula vincat." Here the old commentators quoted above again agree in asserting that this Cassius served as tribune of the soldiers in the army of Brutus and Cassius, that he returned to Athens after their defeat, that L. Varus was despatched by Augustus to put him to death, and, after executing the order, carried off his port-folio; whence a report became current, that the Thyestes published by Varus was really the work of Cassius stolen and appropriated by his executioner. To this narrative Acro and the Scholiast of Cruquius add, that he composed in various styles, and that his elegies and epigrams were especially admired.

These two passages and the annotations upon them have been the foundation of a lengthened controversy, in which almost all writers upon Roman literature have taken part. A variety of opinions have been expressed and hypotheses propounded, many of them supported with great learning and skill. A full account of these will be found in the essay of Weichert "De Lucii Varii et Cassii Parmensis Vita et Carminibus," (Grimae, 1836,) who, after patient examination, has shewn by many arguments, that the following conclusions are the most probable which the amount and nature of the evidence at our disposal will enable us to form:

1. Cassius Etruscus and Cassius Parmensis were two separate personages. It is the intention of Horace to hold up the first to ridicule, while his words imply a compliment to the second.

2. Cassius Parmensis was one of the conspirators who plotted the death of Caesar. He took an active part in the war against the triumvirs, and, after the defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius, carried over the fleet which he commanded to Sicily, and joined Sextus Pompeius, with whom he seems to have remained up to the period of the great and decisive sea-fight between Mylae and Naulochus. He then surrendered himself to Antonius, whose fortunes he followed until after the battle of Actium, when he returned to Athens, and was there put to death by the command of Octavianus. These facts are fully established by the testimony of Appian (App. BC 5.2) and of Valerius Maximus (i. 7.7), who tells the tale of the vision by which Cassius was forewarned of his approaching fate, and of Velleius (2.88), who distinctly states, that as Trebonius was the first, so Cassius Parmensis was the last, of the murderers of Caesar who perished by a violent end. The death of Cassius probably took place about B. C. 30; and this fact alone is sufficient to prove that Cassius Parmensis and Cassius Etruscus were different persons; the former had held a high command in the struggle in which Horace had been himself engaged, and had perished but a few years before the publication of the epistles; the former is spoken of as one who had been long dead, and almost if not altogether forgotten.

3. We have seen that two of the Scholiasts on Horace represent that Cassius composed in different styles. We have reason to believe that he wrote tragedies, that the names of two of his pieces were Thyestes and Brutus, and that a line of the latter has been preserved by Varro (L. L. 6.7,ed. Mülller). In like manner, a single line of one of his epigrams is quoted by Quintilian (5.2.24), and a single sentence from an abusive letter addressed to Octavianus is to be found in Suetonius (Suet. Aug. 4); in addition to which we hear from Pliny of an epistle to Antonius. (Plin. Nat. 31.8.) Many persons, and among these Drumann, believe that the letter to be found in Cicero (Cic. Fam. 12.13) is from the pen of Cassius Parmensis, and strong arguments may be adduced in support of this opinion; but, on the whole, we are led to conclude from its tone, that it proceeded from some person younger and holding a less distinguished position than Cassius Parmensis at that time occupied. Orpheus

We have a little poem in hexameters, entitled Orpheus, in which it is set forth, that the Thracian bard, although at first an object of ridicule to his contemporaries, by assiduous study and undeviating perseverance, at length acquired that heavenly skill by which he was enabled to charm the ears of listening rocks and woods, and draw them in his train. Editions

These verses were first published by Achilles Statius in his edition of Suetonius, de Clar. Rhetor, and we are there told by the editor that they were found among the Bruttii and communicated to him by a very learned youth, Suetonius Quadrimanus; they were published again by Fabricius in his notes to Senec. Herc. Oet. 1034, as having been discovered anew at Florence by Petrus Victorius, and are to be found in Burmann's Anthologia (1.112, or n. 112, ed. Meyer), in Wernsdorf's Poetae Latini Minores (vol. ii. p. 310), and many other collections.

An edition in a separate form was printed at Frankfort, 1585, 8vo., and two years afterwards " Cassius of Parma his Orpheus with Nathan Chitraeus his commentarie abridged into short notes translated by Roger Rawlins of Lincoln's Inn, 8vo. Lond. 1587." written by Antonius Thylesius

Various conflicting opinions were long entertained with regard to the author of this piece, which commonly bears prefixed the name of Cassius Parmensis or Cassius Severus, but is now proved to have been written by Antonius Thylesius, a native of Cosenza in Calabria, a distinguished poet of the sixteenth century. Editions of Thylesius

See the edition of his works by F. Daniele, Naples, 1762, and the authorities quoted by Meyer in his edition of the Anthologia. [W.R]

Ca'ssius Scaeva

[Scaeva.]

Ca'ssius Seve'rus

[Severus.]

Cassius

(1) Spurius Cassius Viscellīnus. A Roman distinguished for having carried through the first agrarian law at Rome, by which he gained the enmity of his fellow-patricians, who accused him of seeking regal power and put him to death. He held the consulship in B.C. 502, 493, and 486. From his time, the Cassii are plebeians, having probably abandoned the patriciate. See Agrariae Leges.

(2) Gaius Cassius Longīnus, one of the conspirators against Iulius Caesar. Even when a boy he is said to have been remarkable for his pride and the violence of his temper, if we may believe the anecdotes recorded of him by Plutarch (Brut. 9) and Valerius Maximus (iii. 1). He accompanied Crassus into Parthia as his quaestor, and distinguished himself, after the death of his general, by conducting the wreck of the Roman army back to Syria in safety. At the beginning of the Civil War he was one of the tribunes of the people. We find him after this commanding the Syrian squadron in Pompey's fleet, and infesting the coasts of Sicily. A short time before the battle of Pharsalia he had burned the entire fleet of the enemy, amounting to thirty-five ships, in the harbour of Messana. The news of Pompey's defeat, however, deterred him from pursuing his advantages; and, resigning the contest, he submitted to Caesar in Asia Minor, when the latter was returning from Egypt into Italy. Cicero, however, asserts that at this very time Cassius had intended to assassinate the man whose clemency he was willing to solicit, had not an accident prevented the accomplishment of his purpose (Philipp. ii. 11). He was not only spared by Caesar, but was appointed by him one of his lieutenants, a favour bestowed by magistrates upon their friends, in order to invest them with a public character, and thus enable them to reside or to travel in the provinces with greater comfort and dignity. Even during the last campaign of Caesar in Spain, Cassins wrote to Cicero, saying that he was anxious that Caesar should be victorious, for that he preferred an old and merciful master to a new and cruel one ( Ep. ad Fam. xv. 19). He also, together with Brutus, was appointed one of the praetors for the year 709, at a moment in which he was entirely discontented with Caesar's government; and he is said to have been the person by whose intrigues the first elements of the conspiracy were formed. Cassius had married Iunia, the sister of Brutus, and it was partly through her means that he made his approaches, when seeking to gain over her brother and induce him to join in the plot. After the assassination of Caesar, Cassius, together with Brutus, raised an army, and was met by Octavius and Antony at Philippi. The wing which Cassius commanded being defeated, he imagined that all was lost, and killed himself, B.C. 42. Brutus gave him an honourable burial, and called him, with tears, the last of the Romans.

(3) Parmensis, so called from his having been born at Parma in Italy, was a Latin poet of considerable talent. He sided with Brutus and Cassius in the Civil War, and obtained the office of military tribune. After the defeat of the republican forces he retired to Athens, and was put to death by Q. Varius, who had been sent for that purpose by Octavianus. He must not be confounded with Cassius the Etrurian, who appears to have been a very rapid and poor writer.

(4) Hemīna, an early annalist of Rome, who flourished about B.C. 145.

(5) A Roman lawyer, who reduced to a scientific system the legal principles set forth by Ateius Capito. His school is called Cassiani.

(6) A Roman orator, distinguished for his eloquence, and fond, at the same time, of indulging in satirical composition. He was exiled by Augustus to the island of Seriphus, where he ended his days in wretchedness. His full name was Titus Cassius Severus.

(7) Cassius Longīnus. See Longinus.

(8) Cassius Felix. A Greek physician, who lived in the reign of Tiberius and wrote a treatise with the title Ἰατρικαὶ Ἀπορίαι καὶ Προβλήματα Φυσικά. It is printed in Ideler's Physici et Medici Graeci Minores (Berlin, 1841).

(9) Dion. See Dion.