Eustathius

(Εὐστάθιος.)

1. Bishop of ANTIOCH, was a native of Side, a town in Pamphylia, but according to Nicetas Choniates (5.9), he was descended from a family of Philippi in Macedonia. He was a contemporary of the emperor Constantine the Great, and was at first bishop of Beroea in Syria, but the council of Nicaea appointed him bishop of Antioch. (Nicet. Chon. 5.6.) At the opening of the council of Nicaea he is said to have been the first who addressed the emperor in a panegyric. (Theodoret, 1.7 ) Eustathius was a zealous defender of the Catholic faith, and a bitter enemy of the Arians, who therefore did everything to deprive him of his position and influence. A synod of Arian prelates was convened at Antioch, at which such heavy, though unfounded, charges were brought against him, that he was deposed, and the emperor sent him into exile to Trajanopolis in Thrace, in A. D. 329 or 330. (Socrat. 1.24; Sozomen, 2.19; Theodoret, 1.21; Philostorg. 2.7.) A long time after, his innocence and the calumnies of his enemies became known through a woman who had been bribed to bear false witness against him, and who, on her death-bed, confessed her crime; but it was too late, for Eustathius had already died in his exile. He is praised by the ecclesiastical writers as one of the worthiest and holiest men. (Athanas. Ep. ad Solit p. 629; Sozomen. 2.19.)

Eustathius was the author of several works. A Work against Origen

A work against Origen, entitled Κατὰ Ὠριγένους διαγνωστικὸς εἰς τὸ ἐγγαστρομύθου θεώρημα, is mentioned by Hieronymus (de Script. illustr. 85; comp. Socrat. vi 13), and is undoubtedly genuine. Editions

It is printed at the end of Allatius's edition of the commentary on the Hexaemeron. Homilies and Interpretations of the Psalms

Eustathius wrote further Homilies, Epistles, and an Interpretation of the Psalms, of which some fragments are still extant. Editions

These fragments are collected in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ix. pp. 135-149. Spurious works

Among those which now bear his name, there are two which can scarcely have been his productions. 1. Address to the Emperor Constantine

He is said to have delivered an address to the emperor Constantine at the council of Nicaea. Editions

This is printed with a Latin version in Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. ix. p. 132, &c. 2. A Commentary on the Hexaemeron

A commentary, or ὑπόμνημα, on the Hexaemeron. This work is not mentioned by any ancient writer, and the only authority for ascribing it to Eustathius, is the MS. used by Allatius, in which it bears his name. But the work itself also contains proofs that it cannot have been written by Eustathius. Editions

This was edited, with a Latin translation and copious notes, by Leo Allatius, Lugdun. 1629, 4to. Further Information

Comp. Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 138, &c.

2. Bishop of Berytus, was present at the council of Chalcedon in A. D. 451, and had been one of the presidents at the council of Berytus, held in A. D. 448. (Acta Concil. ii. p. 281. ed. Binian.; Zacharias Mitylen.de Mund. Opif p. 166, ed. Barth.)

3. Of Cappadocia, a New Platonist, was a pupil of Iamblichus and Aedesius. When the latter was obliged to quit Cappadocia, Eustathius was left behind in his place. Eunapius, to whom alone we are indebted for our knowledge of Eustathius, declares that he was the best man and a great orator, whose speech in sweetness equalled the songs of the Seirens. His reputation was so great, that when the Persians besieged Antioch, and the empire was threatened with a war, the emperor Constantius was prevailed upon to send Eustathius, although he was a pagan, as ambassador to king Sapor, in A. D. 358, who is said to have been quite enchanted by the oratory of the Greek. this countrymen and friends who longed for his return, sent deputies to him, but he refused to come back to his country on account of certain signs and prodigies. His wife Sosipatra is said to have even excelled her husband in talent and learning. (Eunap. Vit. Soph. pp. 21, 47, &c. ed. Hadr. Junius; comp. Brucker, Hist. Crit. Philos. vol. ii. p. 273, &c.)

4. Of Epiphaneia in Syria, a rhetorician of the time of the emperor Anastasius. He wrote an historical work in nine books, intitled Χρονικὴ ἐπιτομή. It consisted of two parts, the first of which embraced the history from the creation to the time of Aeneias; and the second from the time of Aeneias down to the twelfth year of the reign of the emperor Anastasius. With the exception of a few fragments, the whole work is lost. (Evagrius, 3.37, vi. in fin.; Nicephor. Prooem. and 14.57; Suidas, s. v. Εὺστάθιος.) There is another Eustathius of Epiphaneia, who belongs to an earlier date, and was present among the Arians at the synod of Seleuceia, in A. D. 359. (Epiphan. 73.26; Chron. Alexandr. p. 296. ed. Cange.)

5. An Erotic writer, or novelist whose name is written in some MSS. " Eumathius."

With regard to his native place, he is called in the MSS. of his work Μακρεμβολίτης, which is usually referred to Constantinople, or Παρεμβολίτης, according to which he would be a native of the Egyptian town of Parembole. He appears to have been a man of rank, and high in office, for the MSS. describe him as πρωτονωβελέσιμος and μέγας χαρτοφύλαε, or chief keeper of the archives. The time at which he lived is uncertain, but it is generally believed that he cannot be placed earlier than the twelfth century of our era, so that his work would be the latest Greek novel that we know of. Confusion with Eustathius, the archbishop of Thessalonica

Some writers, such as Cave, confound him with Eustathius, the archbishop of Thessalonica, from whom he must surely be distinguished. Works The Story of Hysminias and Hysmine

The novel which he wrote, and through which alone his name has come down to us, bears the title, Τὸ καθʼ Ὑσμίνην καὶ Ὑσμινίαν δρᾶμα, and consists of eleven books, at the end of the last of which the author himself mentions the title. It is a story of the love of Hysminias and Hysmine, written in a very artificial style. The tale is monotonous and wearisome; the story is frigid and improbable, and shews no power of invention on the part of its author. The lovers are of a very sensual disposition. Editions

It was first edited with a Latin translation by Guilbert Gaulmin, Paris, 1617, 8vo., who published, the year after, his preface and notes to it.

The Latin translation is reprinted in the Leiden edition of Partheniis. (1612,12mo.)

Somewhat improved reprints of Gaulmin's edition appeared at Vienna, 1791, 8vo. and Leipzig, 1792, 8vo. Translations

There is a very good French translation by Lebas, Paris, 1828, 12mno., with a critical introduction concerning the author and his novel. Further Information

Comp. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 136, &c.; Th. Grässe. in Jahn's Jahrbücher for 1836, fourth supplement. vol. p. 267, &c.

6. Bishop of Sebastia in Armenia, who, together with Basilius of Ancyra, was the author of the sect of the Macedonians. (Suid. s. v. Εὐστάθιος.) He was originally a monk, and is said to have been the first who made the Armenians acquainted with an ascetic life. For this reason some persons ascribed to him the work on Ascetics, which is usually regarded as the production of St. Basilius. He must have been a contemporary of Constantine the Great, for Nicephorous states, that although he had signed the decrees of the council of Nicaea, he yet openly sided with the Arians. (Epiphan. 75.1, &c.; Sozomen. 3.13; Nicephor. 9.16.)

7. Archbishop of Thessalonica, was a native of Constantinople, and lived during the latter half of the twelfth century. At first he was a monk in the monastery of St. Florus, but afterwards he was appointed to the offices of superintendent of petitions (ἐωὶα τῶν δεήσεων), professor of rhetoric (μαἰ̈στωρ ῥητόρων), and diaconus of the great church of Constantinople. After being bishop elect of Myra, he was at once raised to the archbishopric of Thessalonica, in which office he remained until his death in A. D. 1198. The funeral orations which were delivered upon him by Euthymius and Michael Choniates are still extant in MS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Works

The praise which is bestowed upon him by Nicetas Choniates (viii. p. 238 x. p. 334) and Michael Psellus (Du Cange, Glossar. s. v. ῥήτωρ) is perfectly justified by the works of Eustathius that have come down to us: they contain the amplest proofs that he was beyond all dispute the most learned man of his age. His works consist of commentaries on ancient Greek poets, theological treatises, homilies, epistles, &c., the first of which are to us the most important. These commentaries shew that Eustathius possessed the most extensive knowledge of Greek literature, from the earliest to the latest times; while his other works exhibit to us the man's high personal character, and his great power as an orator, which procured him the esteem of the imperial family of the Comneni. The most important of all his works is, 1. Commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey

His commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey (Παρεκβολαὶ εἰς τὴν Ὁμήρου Ἰλιάδα κσὶ Ὀδυσσείαν), or rather his collection of extracts from earlier commentators of those two poems. This vast compilation was made with the most astonishing diligence and perseverance from the numerous and extensive works of the Alexandrian grammarians and critics, as well as from later commentators; and as nearly all the works from which Eustathius made his extracts are lost, his commentary is of incalculable value to us, for he has preserved at least the substance of their remarks and criticisms. The number of authors whose works he quotes, is prodigious (see the list of them in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 457, &c.); but although we may admit that he had not read all of them, and that he quoted some at second-hand, yet there seems to be no sufficient reason for believing that he was not personally acquainted with the greatest of the ancient critics, such as Aristophanes of Byzantium, Aristarchus, Zenodotus and others, whose works were accessible to him in the great libraries of Constantinople. If, on the other hand, we look upon the work as a commentary, and estimate it by the standard of what a good commentary should be, we find it extremely deficient in plan and method; the author, however, cannot be blamed for these deficiencies, as his title does not lead us to expect a regular commentary. His remarks are, further, exceedingly diffuse, and frequently interrupted by all kinds of digressions; the many etymological and grammatical fancies which we meet with in his work are such as we might expect. There is very little in the commentary that is original, or that can be regarded as the opinion of Eustathius himself. He incorporated in it everything which served to illustrate his author, whether it referred to the language or grammar, or to mythology, history, and geography. Editions

The first edition of it was published at Rome, 1542-1550, in 4 vols. fol., of which an inaccurate reprint appeared at Basle in 1559-60. The Florence edition by A. Potitus (1730, 3 vols. fol.), contains only the commentary to the first five books of the Iliad with a Latin translation. A tolerably correct reprint of the Roman edition was published at Leipzig in two sections; the first, containing the commentary on the Odyssey in 2 vols. 4to., appeared in 1825-26, and the second, or the commentary on the Iliad, in 3 vols. 4to. was edited by G. Stalbaum, 1827-29. Useful extracts from the commentary of Eustathius are contained in several editions of the Homeric poems. 2. Commentary on Dionysius Periegetes

A commentary on Dionysius Periegetes, dedicated to Joannes Ducas, the son of Andronicus Camaterus, is on the whole of the same kind and of the same diffuseness as the commentary on Homer. Its great value consists in the numerous extracts from earlier writers to illustrate the geography of Dionysius. Editions

It was first printed in R. Stephens's edition of Dionysius (Paris, 1547, 4to.), and afterwards also in that of H. Stephens (Paris, 1577, 4to., and 1697, 8vo.), in Hudson's Geograph. Minor. vol. iv., and lastly, in Bernhardy's edition of Dionysius (Leipzig, 1828, 8vo.). 3. A Commentary on Pindar

A commentary on Pindar, which however seems to be lost, at least no MS. of it has yet come to light. The introduction to it, however, is still extant. Editions

The surviving introduction was first edited by Tafel in his Eustathii Thessalonicensis Opuscula, Frankfurt, 1832, 4to., from which it was reprinted separately by Schneidewin, Eustalhiiprooenium commentariorum Pindaricorum, Göttingen, 1837, 8vo. The other works of Eustathius which were published for the first time by Tafel in the Opuscula just mentioned, are chiefly of a theological nature; there is, however, among them one (p. 267, &c.) which is of great historical interest, viz. the account of the taking of Thessalonica by the Normans in A. D. 1185. Other figures by the name of Eustathius

The name Eustathius is one of very common occurrency during the Byzantine period, and a list of all the known Eustathii is given by Fabricius. Further Information

Bibl. Graec. vol. ix. p 149, &c. [L.S]

He was an African by birth, flourished about the middle of the fifth century, and was the brother of the Syncletica Diaconissa, so lauded by Sedulius. Works Latin Translation of the nine discourses of St. Basil on the Creation

He was the author of a Latin translation of the nine discourses of St. Basil on the Creation. Editions

This version, which bears the title Novem S. Basilii Sermones in principium Geneseos, is given in the edition of St. Basil, published at Paris by Garnier, fol. 1721, vol. i. pp. 631-676. [W.R]

1. A celebrated Graeco-Roman jurist.

Of the noble family of the Maleini, he was honoured with the rank of Patricius, and filled various high offices at Constantinople. He was first a puisne judge (λιτὸς κριτής) under Romanus junior (Basil. vii. p. 677, schol.), and continued to fill the same office under Nicephorus Phocas (reigned A. D. 963-969), then was made Quaestor, and was afterwards made Magister Officiorum under Basileius Bulgaroctonus (reigned 975-1025). Basileius Porphyrogenitus, in a novell inserted in the collection of Leunclavius (J. G. R. ii. p. 173), speaks of the uninterrupted prosperity of his family for 100 or 120 years. (Zachariae, Hist. Jur. Gr. Rom. Delin. p. 58; Heimbach, de Basil. Orig. p.79.) Works

He is quoted by the four appellations, Eustathius, Patricius, Romanus, and Magister. Romaica

Harmenopulus, in the Prolegomena to his Hexabiblon (§ 20), mentions his obligations to the Romaica, of Magister, who was evidently a judge as well as an interpreter of law, for Harmenopulus frequently cites his decisions and decrees: Harmenopulus also several times cites Patricius, and, wherever such a citation occurs, there is always a marginal reference in manuscripts to the Biblion Romaicum, which appears to be the same as the Romaica of Magister. In Harmenopulus (4. tit. 12.10), is a passage cited from Patricius, with a marginal reference to the Biblion Romaicum, and the same passage is attributed in a scholium on the Basilica (60. tit. 37, vol. vii. p. 678) to Romanus.

This work of Magister was divided into titles, and the titles Περὶ Γυναικῶν, Περὶ Κληρονομίας and Περὶ Διαθηκῶν, are cited in the Hexabiblon (5. tit. 9. §§ 11, 12, 13). Mortreuil (Histoire du Droit Byzantin, ii. p. 503, Paris, 1844,) identifies the Biblion Romaicum with the Practica of Eustathius. Σημειώματα, or Observations

The Σημειώματα, or observations of Magister, are also mentioned in the Hexabiblon (3, tit. 3. 111). Μικρον κατα Στοιχεῖον, or Synopsis Minor

Sometimes, when Magister is cited in Harmenopulus, there is a marginal reference to the Μικρον κατα Στοιχεῖον, and in Basil. vii. p. 22, mention is made of the Στοιχεῖον τοῦ Μαΐστορος; but the work which now exists in manuscript, and passes under the name of the Μικρὸν κατὰ Στοιχεῖον, or Synopsis Minor, has been usually attributed to Docinmus, or Docimius, and is of a later date than Eustathius. (Reiz. Index Nom. Prop. in Harmenop. s. vv. Masister; Patricius, Μικρὸν, in Meerman. Thes. Suppl. pp. 389-400; Zachariae, Hist. Jur. Gr. Rom. Delin. § 47.) Ὑπόμνημα

The names of Eustathius and Romanus occur several times in the Scholia on the Basilica, e. g. Basil. iv. p. 489, iii. p. 340. 56. 480, 7.678. 694. The Ὑπόμνημα of Eustathius is cited Basil. iii. p. 116. It is a tract of the date A. D. 1025, de Duobus Consobrinis qui Duas Consobrinas duxerant. Editions

It is printed in the collection of Leunclavius (J. G. R. i. p. 414). Ὑπόμνημα Εὐσταθίου περὶ Βίου (sic) τοῦ Ῥωμαίου

Heimbach (Anecdota, i. p. lxvi.) mentions a manuscript in the Vatican at Rome (cod. 226, fol. 294-300) under the title Ὑπόμνημα Εὐσταθίου περὶ Βίου (sic) τοῦ Ῥωμαίου. He supposes that the title ought to be read Ὑπόμνημα περὶ βίου Εὐσταθίου τοῦ Ῥωμαίου. Πεῖρα, or Practica

In the last-cited passage, the Scholium gives an extract from the Practica, and mentions Patricius as the author. Eustathius is here to be understood, and not, as Heimbach and Fabricius supposed, the earlier Patricius Heros. The Πεῖρα, or Practica, of Eustathins is cited in the Scholia, Basil. vii. p. 516. 676-7. The Practica is a work written not by Eustathius himself, but by some judge or assessor of the judgment-seat. It conists of 75 titles, under which are contained extracts from proceedings in causes tried at Constantinople, and determined by various judges, espacially by Roimanus. Most of these causes were heard in the Hippodromus. a name of a court paralleled by our English Cockpit. Πεῖρα (which appears better to deserve publication than some of those remains of Graeco,-Roman Jurisprudence which have been lately given to the world by Heimbach and Zachariae) exists in manuscript in the Medicean Library at Florence (Cod. Laurent. lxxx. fol. 478, &c.), with the title Βιβλίον, ὅπερ παρὰ μέν τινων ονομάζετα; Πε͂ρα, παρα δέ τινων Διδασκαλια ἐκ τῶν πράξεων τοῦ μεγάλου κυροῦ Εὐσταθίου του Ρωμαίου. (Zachariae, Hist. Jur Gr. Rom. Delin. § 41.) Περὶ Ὑποβόλου

Another unpublished work of Eustathius is his treatise Περὶ Ὑποβόλου, which is in manuscript at Paris. The meaning of the word ὑποβόλου has been a subject of much dispute. (Du Cange Gloss. Med. et Inf. Graec. s. v.) It seems ordinarily to mean that to which the wife is entitled by agreement or particular custom upon the deatll of her husband, over and above the dowry she brought him. De Temporum Intervallis

2. To Eustathius Romanus has been falsely ascribed a work concerning prescription and the legal effect of periods of time from a moment to a hundred years. Attributed to other authors

The work is commonly attributed to Eustathius, Antecessor Constantinopolitanus. If this inscription be correct, the Professor must have been of earlier date than Eustathius Romanus, for the treatise De Temporum Intervallis appears to have been originally compiled in the seventh century. Editions

This work was published with a Latin version by Schardius (Basil. 1561), and immediately afterwards in Greek only by Cujas, along with his own treatise on the same subject.

It has since been often reprinted under various names. It may be found in the collection of Leunclavius (ii. p. 297) with the title De Temporum Intervallis, with Scholia of Athanasius and others.

The last edition is that by Zachariae. (Αἱ Ῥοπαί, oder die Schrift über, die Zeitabschnitte, 8vo. Heid. 1836.) Eleventh century revisions

The edition of Schardius gives the work nearly in its original form; Cujas, Leunclavius, and Zachariae present us with a second edition of the same work as revised about the eleventh century by some editor, who has added scholia of his own, and introduced references to the Basilica. (Biener, Gesch. der Novellen, p. 124.) Αἱ ἀγωγαὶ ἐν συνόψει

Nessel (cited by Sammet. Diss. de Hypobolo in Meerm. Thus. Suppl. p. 382) attributes, not to Eustathius Romanus, but to the earlier professor Eustathius, a synopsis of juridical actions, entitled Αἱ ἀγωγαὶ ἐν συνόψει, which is found appended in manuscript to the Procheiron auctum. Further Information

Zachariae, Hist. Jur. Gr. Rom. Delin. § 48; Heimbach, de Basil. Orig. p. 144. 3. Edict of Eustathius

An Edict of the Eustathius who was Pr. Pr. Orientis under Anastasius in A. D. 506, is published by Zachariae (Anecdota, p. 270). [J.T.G]

(Εὐστάθιος), a Greek physician in the latter half of the fourth century after Christ, to whom two of the letters of St. Basil are addressed. A. D. 373, 374. (vol. iii. Epist. 151, 189, ed. Bened.) In some MSS. he is called by the title "Archiater." The second of these letters is by some persons attributed to St. Gregory of Nyssa, and is accoringly printed in the third volume of his works, p. 6, &c., ed. Bened. [W.A.G]

(Εὐστάθιος). (1) An archbishop of Thessalonica, who flourished in the twelfth century under the emperors Manuel, Alexius, and Andronicus Comnenus. He is celebrated for his erudition as a grammarian, and is especially known as a commentator on Homer and Dionysius the geographer. It is evident, however, that in the former of these commentaries (Παρεκβολαί) he is largely indebted to the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus. The commentary of Eustathius was united to the edition of Homer which appeared at Rome (1542-50) in 3 vols., and was reprinted at Basle (1560), also in 3 vols. The best edition is the Leipzig one of 1825-30, 6 vols., by G. Stallbaum; for that of Politus, undertaken in 1730, with a Latin version, was never finished. The three volumes of it which appeared at Florence (1730-35) extend only to the end of the fifth book of the Iliad. Müller and Baumgarten-Crusius have performed a valuable service for the student, in publishing extracts from Eustathius along with the text of the Iliad and Odyssey. The commentary on Dionysius is less valuable, from the scanty nature, most probably, of the materials employed. A commentary on Pindar is lost, with the exception of the Prooemium, which has been edited by Schneidewin (Göttingen, 1837). Some letters of the archbishop are to be found in the public libraries of Europe, of which a part was edited by Tafel in 1832. Eustathius died about the year 1194.

(2) A native of Egypt, called by some Eumathius, and styled in one manuscript Πρωτονοβιλίσσιμος καὶ μέγας χαρτοφύλαξ, “Protonobilissimus and great archivist.” He was the author of a romance, entitled, Τὸ καθ' Ὑσμίνην καὶ Ὑσμινίαν Δρᾶμα, “Hysminé and Hysminias.” It is a lifeless performance. The work has been twice published—first at Paris (1618), with the version, and under the care, of Gaulmin, and again by Teucher (Leipzig, 1792). This last contains merely the text and the version of Gaulmin, without either preface or notes.

(3) An ancient jurist, called Eustathius Romānus, who wrote a work called Ὑπόμνημα and another (Περὶ Ὑποβόλου). The so-called Practica is not his.