consilium

consiliis nocturnis adesse
to be present at nocturnal deliberations impetu magis quam consilio
on an impulse more than with deliberation consilium cepi ut ante lucem exirem
I decided to go forth before daylight

cōnsilium, iī, n.: counsel, advice, 5.728; plan, purpose, 1.281. (rel. to cōnsulō)

consĭlĭum, ii, n. [from con and root sal-; Sanscr. sar-; cf. consul], deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel (cf. concilium; very freq. in all periods and species of composition).

• I Prop.: consulta sunt consilia, are finished, at an end, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 7 (101): quid in consilio consuluistis? id. Bacch. 1, 1, 6 (40) Ritschl: consilium volo capere unā tecum, Ter. Eun. 614: neque pol consili locum habeo neque ad auxilium copiam, id. And. 320: cum aliquo consilia conferre, Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 38 (v. confero, I. B.): saepe in senatu consilia versata sunt, Quint. 12, 2, 21; 7, 4, 2: quasi vero consilii sit res, et non necesse sit, etc., as if the matter were yet open for deliberation, Caes. B. G. 7, 38; cf. Nep. Con. 4, 2: quid efficere possis, tui consilii est, is for you to consider, Cic. Fam. 3, 2, 2: vestrum jam consilium est. non solum meum, quid sit vobis faciendum, id. ib. 14, 14, 1: quid aetati credendum sit, quid nomini, magni consilii est, id. Att. 15, 12, 2; cf.: nihil mihi adhuc accidit, quod majoris consilii esset, id. ib. 10, 1, 3: in consilio habere, Quint. 8, 2, 23: fit publici consilii particeps, Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 2; cf. Quint. 12, 3, 1; 3, 8, 4: nocturna, Sall. C. 42, 2: arcanis ut interesset, Liv. 35, 18, 2 et saep.—
• II Meton.
• • A In abstr.
  • • 1 A conclusion made with consideration, a determination, resolution, measure, plan, purpose, intention, Quint. 6, 5, 3; cf.: consilium est aliquid faciendi aut non faciendi excogitata ratio, Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 36; 2, 9, 31: certum, Ter. And. 390: callidum, id. ib. 589: ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia, Caes. B. G. 3, 8: aliquid communi consilio agere, id. ib.: consilium communicaverunt perfeceruntque, Suet. Calig. 56: aedificandi consilium abicere, Cic. Att. 5, 11, 6; Liv. 33, 41, 5; Tac. A. 4, 4: deponere, Caes. B. C. 3, 103.—And of the purpose. as opp. to the act, etc.: quod initio scripsi, totius facti tui judicium non tam ex consilio tuo quam ex eventu homines esse facturos, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5: quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia, legibus vindicentur, id. Mil. 7, 19: mentem peccare, non corpus, et unde consilium afuerit culpam abesse, Liv. 1, 58, 9. —Often with epithets characterizing the person who forms the purpose, etc.: amentissimum, Cic. Att. 7, 10 init.: audax, Liv. 25, 38, 18; 35, 32, 13: fortissima cousilia, id. 25, 38, 18: fidele, Cic. Agr. 2, 3, 5; Curt. 6, 4, 8: providens, Gell. 3, 7, 8: malum, id. 4, 5, 5: temerarium, Vell. 2, 120, 2: incautum, Cic. Att. 8, 9, 3: lene, Hor. C. 3, 4, 41: praeceps, Suet. Aug. 8: repudio quod consilium primum intenderam, Ter. And. 733: eo consilio, uti frumento Caesarem intercluderet, Caes. B. G. 1, 48; 2, 9; Cic. Fin. 1, 21, 72 fin.; Sall. C. 57, 1: quo consilio huc imus? Ter. Eun. 1025; also: hoc consilio ut, Nep. Milt. 5, 3: privato consilio, on one's own account (opp. publico consilio, in the name or behalf of the state): qui contra consulem privato consilio exercitus comparaverunt, Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; Caes. B. C. 3, 14; Nep. Pelop. 1, 2.—Sometimes absol. consilio adverbially, intentionally, designedly: casu potius quam consilio, Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 8: consul, seu forte, seu consilio, Venusiam perfugit, Liv. 22, 49, 14; 35, 14, 4; Verg. A. 7, 216.—
    • • b Esp. in the phrases,
      • • α Consilium capere, to form a purpose or plan, to resolve, decide, determine: neque, quid nunc consili capiam, scio, De virgine istac, Ter. Eun. 866: consilium capere with a gen. gerund., Caes. B. G. 3, 2; 5, 29; Cic. Att. 5, 11, 6; Liv. 39, 51, 3; 43, 3, 7; 35, 34, 4; 10, 38, 6; Sall. C. 16, 4; Curt. 8, 6, 8; 8, 7, 1; Tac. A. 6, 26; Suet. Vesp. 6; Quint. 11, 3, 180; Just. 2, 13, 5; 34, 4, 1; cf. with gen.: profectionis et reversionis meae, Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 1.—With inf., Cic. Quint. 16, 53 fin.; Caes. B. G. 7, 71; Nep. Lys. 3, 1; Liv. 44, 11, 6 al.—With ut: capio consilium, ut senatum congerronum convocem, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 8 (1048): consilium ceperunt plenum sceleris, ut nomen hujus deferrent, Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; id. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 140: consilium cepi, ut antequam luceret exirem, id. Att. 7. 10; id. Tull. 14, 34; Liv. 25, 34, 7.—And with inf.: consilium cepit ... iter in urbem patefacere, Liv. 44, 11, 7: hominis fortunas evertere, Cic. Quint. 16, 53: Heraclius capit consilium ... non adesse ad judicium, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 41: ex oppido profugere, Caes. B. G. 7, 26; 7, 71; Just. 35, 1, 3.—
        • β In the same sense, inire consilium, with similar construction: inita sunt consilia urbis delendae, Cic. Mur. 37, 80; 38, 81: regni occupandi consilium inire, Liv. 2, 8, 2; 6, 17, 7; 7, 38, 5: jus gentium cujus violandi causā consilium initum erat, id. 38, 25, 8; 4, 11, 4: sceleris conandi consilia inierat, Vell. 2, 35, 5; 2, 80, 6: Graeci consilium ineunt interrumpendi pontis, Just. 2, 13, 5; Suet. Calig. 48: iniit consilia reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere, Nep. Lys. 3, 1: consilia inibat, quemadmodum, etc., Caes. B. G. 7, 43: de bello consilia inire incipiunt, id. ib. 7, 1: cum de recuperandā libertate consilium initum videretur, id. ib. 5, 27: consilia inita de regno, Liv. 4, 15, 4: atrox consilium init, ut, etc., Tac. H. 3, 41.—
        • γ Freq. consilium est, with and without inf., I purpose: ita facere, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 73 (344); Ter. Hec. 494; Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1; Sall. C. 4, 1; 53, 6; Liv. 21, 63, 2; Sall. H. Fragm. 4, 61, 16 Dietsch. —Rarely with ut: ut filius Cum illā habitet ... hoc nostrum consilium fuit, Ter. Phorm. 934: ea uti acceptā mercede deseram, non est consilium, Sall. J. 85, 8; and absol.: quid sui consilii sit, ostendit, Caes. B. G. 1, 21.—Hence,
      • c In partic., in milit. lang., a warlike measure, device, stratagem: consilium imperatorium quod Graeci στρατήγημα appellant, Cic. N. D. 3, 6, 15; so Caes. B. G. 7, 22; Nep. Dat. 6, 8; id. Iphicr. 1, 2; cf.: opportunus consiliis locus (= insidiis), Quint. 5, 10, 37.—
      • d With special reference to the person for whose advantage a measure is devised, counsel, advice: tu quidem antehac aliis solebas dare consilia mutua, Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 98 (98); so, dare, Ter. And. 309: quid das consili? Ter. Hec. 715: Cethegum minus ei fidele consilium dedisse, Cic. Clu. 31, 85: vos lene consilium datis, Hor. C. 3, 4, 41; 3, 5, 45 et saep.: juvabo aut re aut operā aut consilio bono, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 17 (19); imitated by Ter.: aut consolando aut consilio aut re juvero, Ter. Heaut. 86 (quoted ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 10, 4); cf. Ter. Heaut. 982; Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 2; 15, 2, 2; id. Att. 13, 31, 3: te hortor ut omnia moderere prudentiā tuā, ne te auferant aliorum consilia, id. Fam. 2, 7, 1: sin aliquid impertivit tibi sui consilii, id. ib. 5, 2, 9: consiliis, non curribus utere nostris, Ov. M. 2, 146: facile ratio tam salubris consilii accepta est, Curt. 3, 7, 10: saniora consilia pati, id. 4, 1, 9.—
    • 2 As a mental quality, understanding, judgment, wisdom, sense, penetration, prudence: et dominari in corpore toto Consilium quod nos animum mentemque vocamus, Lucr. 3, 139; 3, 450: acta illa res est animo virili, consilio puerili, Cic. Att. 14, 21, 3; cf. id. Caecin. 7, 18: ut popularis cupiditas a consilio principum dissideret, id. Sest. 49, 103: majore studio quam consilio ad bellum proficisci, Sall. H. 2, 96, 4 Dietsch: res forte quam consilio melius gestae, id. J. 92, 6: quae quanto consilio gerantur, nullo consilio adsequi possumus, Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97: simul consilium cum re amisisti? Ter. Eun. 241; cf.: miseros prudentia prima relinquit, Et sensus cum re consiliumque fugit, Ov. P. 4, 12, 48: mulieres omnes propter infirmitatem consilii majores in tutorum potestate esse voluerunt, Cic. Mur. 12, 27: vir et consilii magni et virtutis, Caes. B. G. 3, 5: cum plus in illo senili animo non consilii modo sed etiam virtutis esse dicerent, Liv. 4, 13, 13; so, tam iners, tam nulli consili Sum, Ter. And. 608: est hoc principium improbi animi, miseri ingenii, nulli consilii, Cic. Rosc. Com. 16, 48: omnes gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid consilii aut dignitatis fuit, Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. Ov. M. 6, 40: misce stultitiam consiliis brevem, Hor. C. 4, 12, 27: quae res in se neque consilium neque modum Habet ullum, eam consilio regere non potes, Ter. Eun. 58. —
    • • b Poet., transf., of inanim. things: consilii inopes ignes, indiscreet, Ov. M. 9, 746: vis consili expers, Hor. C. 3, 4, 65; id. S. 2, 3, 266.—
  • B In concr., the persons who deliberate, a council; of the Roman senate: senatum, id est orbis terrae consilium, delere gestit, Cic. Phil. 4, 6, 14; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; id. de Or. 2, 82, 333; id. Sest. 65, 137: summum consilium orbis terrae, id. Phil. 7, 7, 19; Liv. 1, 8, 7; 23, 22, 2; Vell. 1, 8, 6: di prohibeant, ut hoc, quod majores consilium publicum vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum existimetur, i. e. a court of justice, Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151; cf.: qui ex civitate in senatum propter dignitatem, ex senatu in hoc consilium delecti estis propter severitatem, id. ib. 3, 8.—Of the division of the centumviri, who sat for ordinary cases in four consilia: sedebant centum et octoginta judices, tot enim quattuor consiliis colliguntur, Plin. Ep. 6, 33, 2: omnibus non solum consiliis sed etiam sententiis superior discessit, Val. Max. 7, 7, 1: Galba consilio celeriter convocato sententias exquirere coepit, a council of war, Caes. B. G. 3, 3; cf.: consilio advocato, Liv. 25, 31, 3; 43, 22, 9 al.: castrense, id. 44, 35, 4: mittunt (Carthaginienses) triginta seniorum principes: id erat sanctius apud illos consilium, id. 30, 16, 3; cf. id. 35, 34, 2: consilium Jovis, Hor. C. 3, 25, 6: bonorum atque sapientium, Quint. 3, 8, 2 al.—
  • • • b Facetiously: paulisper tace, Dum ego mihi consilia in animum convoco, et dum consulo, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 44 (199).—
      • c (Acc. to II. A. 1. c.) A counsellor: ille ferox hortator pugnae consiliumque fuit, Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 32: Clymene, Aethraque, Quae mihi sunt comites consiliumque duae, id. H. 16 (17), 268; id. F. 3, 276.

cōnsilium, ī, n. (consulo), der Rat, I) aktiv: A) der Rat = die Beratung, Beratschlagung, Beschlußnahme, 1) eig.: consilium u. consilia principum, Liv.: consilia arcana, consilia nocturna, Sall. – adhibere alqm consilio u. alqm od. (bildl.) alqd in consilium, zu Rate, zur Beratung ziehen, Caes. u. Cic.: ire in consilium, sich beraten, Cic.: mittere in consilium, sich beraten lassen, Cic.: habere consilia principum domi, Liv.: consilium habere od. habere coepisse, utrum... an etc., Curt. u. Sen.: alqm od. alqd habere in consilio, jmd. od. etw. zu R. ziehen, seinen Entschluß abhängig machen von jmd. od. etw., Liv., Curt. u.a. (s. Mützell Curt. 3, 5 [13], 12): vestris od. arcanis consiliis interesse, Cic. u. Liv.: non interesse consiliis, Liv. – consilium est de alqa re Carthagini, man hält über etw. B. zu K., Liv.: est res sane magni consilii, Cic.: nihil mihi adhuc accidit, quod maioris consilii esset, Cic.: quasi vero consilii sit res, als ob die Sache eine B. erlaubte, Caes.: ergo haec consilii fuerunt, war Gegenstand der Beratung (= hätte man beraten, wohl überlegen müssen), Cic.: quod in eo genere efficere possis tui consilii est, Cic.: id arbitrium negavit sui consilii esse, Nep.: vestrum iam consilium est, non solum meum, quid sit vobis faciendum, Cic. – Insbes., die Beratung, Sitzung einer Behörde, a) des Senates, gew. consilium publicum (Staatsrat) gen., zB. ad c. publicum convenire, Liv.: c. publicum habere, Cic.: consilii publici participem fieri, Cic. – b) eines Richterkollegiums, viros primarios civitatis multos in consilium advocare, zu einer B. berufen, Cic.: venire in consilium publicae quaestionis, Cic.: adesse in consilio, Cic.: mittere iudices in consilium, die R. zur B. schreiten lassen, Cael. in Cic. ep.: ire in consilium, zur B. schreiten, Cic.: consurgitur in consilium, Cic. – c) eines Magistrates u. seiner Beistände, eines Feldherrn u. seiner Unterbefehlshaber (»der Kriegsrat«), consilium habere, Cic., Caes. u.a.: consilium habere de Histrico bello, Liv.: consilium habere, omnibusne... an, etc., Liv.: esse, adesse alci in consilio, Cic.: dare alqm alci in consilium, zur B. = als Berater, Nep.

2) meton., der Rat = die Versammlung der beratenden Personen, c. bonorum atque sapientium, Quint.: advocari in consilia amicorum, Quint.: consilium amicorum habere, Nep.: consilium propinquorum (Familienrat) adhibere, Liv.: amicos in consilium rogare, Sen. – bei Dichtern auch v. einer Pers., der Berater, Ratgeber, ille ferox hortator pugnae consiliumque fuit, Ov. trist. 4, 2, 32: v. weibl. Pers., Clymene Aethraque, quae mihi sunt comites consiliumque duae, Ov. her. 17, 268; u. so auch Ov. fast. 3, 276. – Insbes.: a) eine beratende Behörde, ein beratendes Kollegium, ein beratender Ausschuß. So v.Senate = das Ratskollegium, die Ratsversammlung (griech. βουλή), gew. c. publicum, Staatsrat, Cic., od. summum c. orbis terrae, u. erklärend, senatus, id est, orbis terrae c., Reichsrat, Cic.: orbis terrae sanctissimum gravissimumque consilium, Cic.: unum liberae civitatis c., senatus, Cic. – c. sanctius, ein engerer Ausschuß des Senates zu Karthago, Liv., u. (= ἀπόκλητοι) der engere Rat der Ätolier, Liv. – consilia sortiri semestria, engere Ausschüsse des Senates, Kommissionen, Suet. – v. Richterkollegium, c. publicum, Staatsrat, Cic.: c. sanctissimum, v. Areopag, Val. Max.: ex senatu in hoc consilium delecti estis, Cic.: quaesitore consilioque delecto, Cic.: de uno reo consilium cogitur, Quint.: alterna consilia reicere, Cic.: consilium dimittere, Cic. – v. einem engern Rat, Ausschuß der Zentumvirn (da das Richterkollegium der Zentumvirn in vier solcher Ausschüsse zerfiel, die entweder einzeln verschiedene Prozesse od. in Plenarsitzung einen wichtigen Prozeß entschieden), sedebant centum et octoginta iudices; tot enim quattuor consiliis colliguntur, Plin. ep. 6, 33, 3: omnibus non solum consiliis sed etiam sententiis superior discessit, Val. Max. 7, 7, 1. – b) die beratenden Beistände, der Beirat, Rat, des römischen Königs (als Richter), des Prätors (als Einzelrichter), des röm. Feldherrn, des Statthalters, ausländischer Feldherren u. Fürsten, bes. oft Kriegsrat, Kriegsgericht, c. militare, Liv.: c. castrense (Ggstz. patres, der Senat), Liv.: consilii bellici auctores, die Stimmführer im Kriegsrat, Cic. – cum Tatio in regium consilium delegit principes (v. Romulus), Liv.: cognitiones capitalium rerum sine consiliis per se solus exercebat (v. Könige Tarquinius), Liv.: cum consilio causam Mamertinorum cognoscere (v. Prätor), Cic. – consilium convocare, Caes., od. advocare, Liv.: eorum consilium habere, Sall.: consilium dimittere, dimittere atque ablegare, Cic.: rem ad consilium deferre, Caes., od. referre, Nep.: ex consilii sententia in custodiam coniectus, Nep.

B) der Rat = das Vermögen, eine Sache zu überlegen, die Überlegung, besonnene Klugheit, Einsicht (bes. oft die staatsmännische), u. in Tätigkeit = die besonnene, kluge Berechnung, die Absicht (vgl. Ruhnken Ter. Andr. 3, 5, 2), magnitudo cum animi tum etiam ingenii atque consilii, Cic.: vir magni, maximi consilii, Caes. u. Nep.: homo minimi consilii, Cic.: mulier imbecilli consilii, Cic.: consilii plenus, Plaut. u. Nep.: tam iners, tam nulli consili sum, Ter. Andr. 608 (vgl. Cic. Rosc. com. 48): animal hoc plenum rationis et consilii (vom Menschen), Cic.: barbaris consilium non defuit, Caes.: simul consilium cum re amisisti? hast mit dem Gelde auch den Kopf verloren? Ter.: consilio valere, Cic.: aetate et consilio ceteros anteire, Sall. fr.: acta illa res est animo virili, consilio puerili, Cic.: ratio bono consilio a dis immortalibus data, mit reiflicher Überlegung, aus gutem Grunde, Cic.: u. so id fecisse bono consilio, Cic. – in bezug auf lebl. Subjj., vis consilii expers, Hor.: quae res in se neque consilium neque modum habet ullum, Ter.

II) passiv, der Rat, der gefaßt wird u. der jmdm. gegeben wird, a) der Rat, der gefaßt wird, der Ratschluß, Beschluß, Entschluß (die Entschließung), die Maßnahme, Maßregel, Bestrebung, die vorgefaßte Absicht, der gefaßte Gedanke, der Anschlag, der leitende Grundsatz od. die leitenden Grundsätze, der leitende Geist, das leitende Prinzip, das leitende Interesse, auch die getroffene Vorkehrung, das beabsichtigte Beginnen (Ggstz. conatus, factum, u. im Plur. Ggstz. conatus, conata, eventa, acta, facta), α) übh.: consilii auctor, consilii socius, Liv.: administer consiliorum tuorum, Cic. – certus consilii (fest im E.), Sen. de brev. vit. 3, 3. Tac. hist. 2, 46; Ggstz. incertus consilii, Ter. Phorm. 578. Curt. 8, 10 (37), 27, od. dubius consilii, Iustin. 2, 13, 1. – c. amentissimum alcis, Cic.: audax, Liv.: calidum, calidius, Liv. (s. Fabri Liv. 22, 24, 2): u. so consilia calida (Ggstz. quieta et cogitata), Cic.: c. callidum, Ter.: consilia certa (Ggstz. incerta), Ter.: clandestinum (Intrige), Caes.: c. crudele, Cic.: consilia domestica (Kabinettsbefehle), Liv.: c. fidele, aus Treue (Anhänglichkeit) hervorgegangen, Liv.: c. infelix (unseliger Gedanke), Liv.: c. immaturum, Liv.: consilia mala, Sen.: consilia mediocria, gewöhnliche, nicht sonderlich gefährliche, Cic.: c. periculosum, Val. Max.: consilia perniciosa rei publicae, Cic.: c. plenum sceleris et audaciae, Cic.: consilia prava, krumme Wege (Ggstz. recta), Liv.: c. stultum, Cic.: consilia subita et repentina, Caes.: c. temerarium, Vell.: c. urbanum, der Beschluß innerer Politik, Cic. – c. aedificationis od. aedificandi, Bauplan, Cic.: regni consilia, Absichten auf Alleinherrschaft, Liv.: belli pacisque consilia, äußere u. innere Politik, Liv.: consilia caedis (Mordanschläge) adversum (gegen) imperatorem, Tac. ann. 6, 8: consilia eorum de tyrannicidio, Plin. 34, 72. – abicere consilium profectionis, Cic., od. aedificandi, Cic., od. mittendi Hannibalis, Liv.: afferre (erteilen) consilium, Liv. u. Curt. – capere consilium, Cic., u. consilium ex tempore od. ex re et ex tempore, Cic.: capere sibi consilium, Caes., u. sibi separatim a reliquis, Caes.: u. bes. capere consilium m. folg. Genet. Gerundii od. Gerundivi, zB. migrandi, Liv.: belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae, Caes.; od. m. folg. Infin., zB. non adesse, Cic.: ex oppido profugere, Caes.; od. m. folg. ut u. Konj., zB. subito consilium cepi, ut antequam luceret exirem, Cic.: temerarium capit consilium, ut nocte Indebili obviam iret, Liv. (s. Weißenb. Liv. 25, 34, 7). – consilium consistit (steht fest), Cic.: coquere secreto ab aliis consilia, Liv.: concoquere clandestina consilia (Ränke schmieden), Liv.: credere alci consilia omnia, Ter. – denudare alci consilium suum, Liv.: detegere consilium, Liv.: deponere adeundae Syriae consilium, Caes.: desistere consilio, Caes.: deterreri ab eo consilio iniquitate loci, Liv.: in quinquagesimum et sexagesimum annum differre sana consilia, Sen. – enuntiare sociorum consilia adversariis, Cic. – est consilium, non est consilium m. folg. Infin. (s. Fabri Sall. Cat. 4, 1 u. Liv. 21, 63, 2), zB. ibi Pomptinium exspectare, Cic.: consilium erat hiemando continuare bellum, Liv.: quos silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, Sall.: m. folg. ut u. Konj., ut filius cum illa habitet apud te, hoc vostrum consilium fuit, Ter. Phorm. 934: ea uti acceptā mercede deseram, non est consilium, Sall. Iug. 85, 8: consilium esse rati, ut se militibus committerent, Liv. 24, 30, 12. – quid sui consilii sit (was sein Plan sei) proponit od. ostendit, Caes. (s. die Auslgg. zu Caes. b. G. 1, 21, 2): quibus id consilii fuisse, ut etc., Caes. – haesitare inter revertendi fugiendique consilium, Curt.: ipse Romam venirem, si satis consilium quadam de re haberem, hinlänglich mit mir im reinen wäre, Cic. – impedire aedificationis consilium, Cic.: inire consilium multae calliditatis, Ov.: inire consilia occulta, Liv.: inire consilium de morte ac de bonis alcis, Cic.: inire consilia clam de bello, Caes.: inire consilium contra alqm od. contra alcis vitam, Cic.: inire consilium ad eius interfectionem, Lampr. Commod. 4, 1: inire consilium m. folg. Genet. Gerundii od. Gerundivi, zB. occidendi te consilium inivimus, Curt.: inire c. senatus interficiendi, Cic.: inire cum alqo consilia interficiendi Caesaris, Vell.: selten m. folg. Infin., iniit consilia reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere, Nep. Lys. 3, 1: od. m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, consilia inibat, quemadmodum etc., Caes. b. G. 7, 43, 5. – scito labare meum consilium, Cic. – minuere consilium suum, von seinem Pl. abgehen, seinen Pl. ändern, Ter.: mutare consilium, Cic. – omnibus alcis consiliis occurrere atque obsistere, Cic.: perimere alcis consilium, gänzlich vereiteln (v. Umständen), Cic.: patefacere consilia, Caes.: patēre consilia tua sentis? Cic.: perficere consilium, Suet. Cal. 56, 1: non paenitet consilii nostri, Cic. – regere omnem rem publicam consilio quodam (nach gewissen Grundsätzen, nach einem gewissen Prinzip), Cic. – omnia utriusque consilia ad concordiam spectaverunt, Cic.: vel suscipere vel ponere vitae necisque consilium, Plin. ep. – his consiliis uti iisdem, von denselben Grundsätzen sich leiten lassen, Cic. – u. sive casu sive consilio (nach dem Ratschluß) deorum immortalium, Caes. – u. so oft Abl. consilio = mit Absicht, absichtlich, si consilio id fecisset, Cic.: bes. m. Ggstz. casu (zufällig), zB. qui casu peccat... qui consilio est nocens, Phaedr.: qui me in consulatu non casu potius existimaret quam consilio fortem fuisse, Cic.; od. m. Ggstz. forte (von ungefähr), zB. pars forte, pars consilio oblati, Liv. (vgl. Fabri Liv. 22, 49, 14); od. mit Ggstz. suā sponte (aus freien Stücken, von selbst), zB. secutum suā sponte est, velut consilio petitum esset, ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal esset, Liv. – ebenso oft privato consilio, privatis consiliis = im Privatinteresse, aus Sonderinteressen, durch selbstgetroffene Maßregeln, auf eigene Hand (Ggstz. publico consilio, publicis consiliis), zB navis privato consilio aministrabatur, Caes.: privato consilio exercitus comparaverunt, Cic.: id suo privato, non publico fecit consilio, Nep.: non publicis magis consiliis quam privatis munire opes, Liv. – nullo publico consilio, durch keinen Beschluß einer gesetzlichen Staatsgewalt, Cic. – β) als milit. t. t., der listige Kriegsplan, die Kriegslist (vollst. consilium imperatorium, Cic., od. consilium imperatoriae artis, Val. Max., griech. στρατήγημα), c. fallax, Liv.: tali consilio proditores perculit, Nep.: singulari nostrorum militum virtuti consilia cuiusque modi Gallorum occurrebant, Caes.

b) der Rat, der erteilt, die Ansicht, die mitgeteilt wird, die Maßregel, die angeraten wird, der Ratschlag, die Eingebung, inops consilii, Liv.: orba consilio auxilioque (rat- u. hilflos) res Gabina, Liv. – c. bonum, utile, Sen.: fidele, Curt.: minus fidele, Cic.: vetus ac familiare consilium (ein alter R., ein Familienvermächtnis), Liv. – alci consilium dare, Cic.: bonum consilium dare, Sen.: dare alci minus fidele consilium, Cic.: dare alci consilia recta, Ter., Ggstz. prava, Phaedr.: qui dedit mihi consilium ut facerem, Ter. eun. 1045: non deesse alci consilio, Cic.: egere consilii od. consilio (Ggstz. abundare consilio), Cic.: impertire alci aliquid sui consilii, Cic.: iuvare alqm consilio, Cic.: iuvare alqm operā et consilio, operā consilioque, aut opera aut consilio bono, aut consilio aut re, mit Rat u. Tat, Plaut. u. Ter. (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 137); vgl. consilio atque opibus alcis adiuvatur res publica, Cic.: neglegere alcis salutare consilium, Val. Max.: parēre alcis fidelissimis atque amantissimis consiliis, Cic.: petere ab alqo consilium, Cic.: alcis consilia sequi (befolgen), Liv.: spernere alcis consilium, Curt.: alcis consilio uti, Cic.: arbitrio consilioque auris uti, sein Ohr befragen, Gell.: suo consilio uti, seinem Sinne, Kopfe folgen, Caes.

consilium [CL; v. et. concilium] 1 a consultation, discussion. b counsel, advice. c decision, judgement. d plan, course of action. e purpose, intention. f practical wisdom, prudence. a initur ~ium quid optimum decerni debeat Gildas EB 22; habito inter se ~io quid de statu ecclesiae Anglorum esset agendum Bede HE III 29; seorsum cum suis habito ~io Map NC IV 15 p. 197; Romanorum ‥ quotidie consulebant trecenti viginti, ~ium agentes semper de multitudine, ut que digna sunt gerant Ockham Dial. 803.  b hoc [Deus] ‥ non rigido praecepti stimulo sed clementi suggestionis ~io suadere videtur Aldh. VirgP 18; oblata sibi perpetuae salutis ~ia spreverant Bede HE II 2; [rex] decreta ‥ cum ~io sapientium constituit Ib. 5; 811 placuit ‥ regi ‥ cum ~io et consensu concilii illius CS 335; 8‥ ~ia, geðeaht ‥ , 9‥ †consultas, ~ia, rædas WW; hoc ~ium [AS: geþeaht] do omnibus operariis ut unusquisque artem suam diligenter exerceat Ælf. Coll. 100; quoniam agenda sunt omnia ~io sed non omni ~io, sicut scriptum est ‘omnia fac cum ~io’ [Sirach xxxii 24] et ‘consiliarius sit tibi unus de mille’ [ib. vi 6] Anselm (Mon. pref.) I 5; consilio patris assensum prebet H. Avr. Hugh 99; 1331 sequimini concilium S. Pauli: ‘sol non occidat super iracundiam vestram’ [Eph. iv 26] Let. Ch. Ch. xvi; 1419 (v. capere 10e); s1454 (v. 2 consiliare a).  c decretum est communi ~io quia satius esset ut ‥ Bede HE II 5; mentis intelligentia seu propositum seu ~ium seu quoquo modo motus ille noster intimus et primus dici possit Eriug. Per. 454C; 9‥ decretum, i. institutum ‥, ~ium, placitum, geþoht ‥ WW; Goduuinus [habet] ij domus et vj acras ~io [(?) sc. curiae] DB II 104b; aliquando ‥ in curia domini regis de ~io curie ita ex equitate consideratum est quod terra sic donata filio primogenito remaneat Glanv. VII 1; 1200 per commune ~ium villate ‥ eligatur unus probus ‥ homo ut aldermannus gilde mercatorie (Ch. Ipswich) Gild Merch. II 119; preceptum est ad quod tenemur, ~ium vero ad quod non tenemur Hales Qu. 282 (cf. ib.: ~ium ‥ majoris perfectionis est); a1265 licenciam duo paria prepositorum in anno eligendi ‥ ex communi ~io eorundem [burgensium] (Ch. Tenby) EHR XVI 102; 1228 per ~ium curie summoneantur CurR XIII 423; 1235 non ero in ~io aut consensu vel in facto ut vitam perdant. ‥ ~ium vero quod mihi credituri sunt per se aut per nuncios suos ‥ nemini pandam (Professio Abbatis) G. S. Alb. I 311; ~ium regium nemini revelabunt Fleta 18 (cf. BBAdm I 221); 1312 nam proprium consilium / post Ade primi vicium / nobis juste secluditur (In Lollardos 27) Pol. Poems I 240; 1542 si ‥ aliquis ‥ sociorum ‥ ~io, decreto, ordinacioni et determinacioni obedire recusaverit Deeds Balliol 322.  d insultatores catholicae fidei, qui cogitaverunt ~ium quod non potuerunt stabilire Aldh. VirgP 45 (cf. ib. 52: fraudulento ~io); s1016 id ~ii equi fore decernunt Chr. Abingd. I 432; s1173 littere ‥ exortantes ut de ~io Cantuariensis ecclesie communiter ageretur Diceto YH 368 (cf. ib. 369: die qua de ~io ‥ ecclesie pertractatum est); ~ium salubre nemo ambigit ut semper in occulto colatur Trinitas Map NC IV 13 p. 187; cum ‥ rex ‥ iniisset ~ium qualiter fortitudini tante ‥ poni posset obsidio G. Hen. V 5.  e 693 (8c) propria v[o]luntate, sana mente int[e]groque ~io tibi ‥ trado ‥ terram ‥ CS 81; quod sententia Dei moveri potest, quod ~ium Dei immutabile est J. Sal. Pol. 459A rub.; 1222 non habemus ~ium quod illud [castrum] ultra terminum predictum teneatis Pat 363; 1255 rex tunc habebit ~ium †quod [MS: quid] de assarto illo duxerit faciendum Cl 53; 1297 rex ‥ non habet ~ium ea alicui concedere RGasc III cxci.  f laudare debemus ‥ potentiam Creatoris et ~ium ejus [AS: his modgidanc] (Cædmon) Bede HE IV 22 p. 260; hoc argumentum adversus eos valet qui dicunt mundum casu agi, non ~io regi Alcuin Rhet. 31; divini ~ii propositum Eriug. Per. 532C; ~ium forsitan dici poterit quicquid honestum et utile propositum ‥ promoverit (Leg. Hen. 3. 2) GAS 547 (cf. (v. concausare 1)); c1265 ~ium apponere velitis ut illud quod ‥ facere intendimus ‥ expleatur Cl 136; 1435 nonnullis summe auctoritatis et magni concilii viris Lit. Cant. III 168. 2 (leg): a instigation, abetment. b counsel (advice or advisers). c time allowed for defendant to take counsel. a 1202 juratores dicunt quod ‥ ipsi [appellati] hoc fecerunt per ~ium et voluntatem Willelmi. ‥ et Willelmus venit et defendit quod per ejus ~ium nunquam hoc fecerunt SelPlCrown 25; 1221 bene credunt quod ipsi W. et J. eum occiderunt et per ~ium et voluntatem ipsius M. et per ejus purchacium PlCrGlouc 32; Bracton 105 (v. conjuratio 1); Ib. 128 (v. conspiratio); 1309, 1397 (v. abettamentum); ‘impendentes scienter ~ium, auxilium vel favorem’ ‥ intellige de ~io non nudo sed fraudulento Lyndw. 98 l; 1475 (v. abettatio).  b in aliis querat accusatus ~ium et habeat ab amicis et parentibus suis ‥; et in ~io suo fiducialiter rerum veritatem fateatur (Leg. Hen. 46. 4) GAS 570; cum R. licentiam, ut moris est, eundi ad ~ium cum suis postulasset, eademque accepta egressus purgari se de objectis criminibus non posse agnovisset Ord. Vit. XI 3 p. 170; 1200 debent ire ad ~ium suum CurR I 372; 1224 exivit loqui cum ~io suo Ib. XI 2705; 1236 comes ‥ respondit quod non habuit ibi ~ium per quod inde plenius respondere posset Cl 509; 1275 supplicavit eidem ‥ ut esset de ~io et in auxilium cujusdam S. SelPlMan 153; inhibuit narratoribus ne essent de ~io ‥ Rogeri State Tri. Ed. I 21; 1282 eadem venit et per serjantum respondendo defendit vim et injuriam et petit concilium et intrando venit et defendit verbo in verbum et vadiat legem Hund. Highworth 202; c1300 rogo vos quod possum [sic] habere ~ium ne subripiar in curia regis pro defectu ~ii Year Bk. 30 & 31 Ed. I app. 530; s1380 episcopus ‥ misit mox ~ium suum coram ~io regis, qui diutius de hac materia tractaverunt G. S. Alb. III 284 (cf. (v. 4a infra)); s1455 [abbas] mittens Londoniis et aperiens suo concilio, prout veritas eum docuit, tam factum rerum quam eciam sui genus responsi, damnaverunt multum militis ingressum, laudaverunt tamen magis abbatis responsum Reg. Whet. I 205.  c 1243 roberia et pax fracta ‥ et talia defendenda sunt ante ~ium captum et post ~ium MGL I 114. 3 (med.) attention, treatment. (M. Scot Intr.) Med. Sci. 289 (v. chirurgus). 4 advisory body, council (cf. concilium): a king’s council developing into Privy Council or sim.; cf. a, ab 8b; b council of the realm, developing into Parliament (Eng); c (Scot); d (eccl. or mon); e (municipal); f (baronial). a 1218 venit postea apud Westmonasterium coram ~io domini regis et magnatibus terre Eyre Yorks 137; 1219 assisa ‥ ponitur in respectum ‥ per preceptum ~ii domini regis CurR VIII 40; 1235 magnates de ~io [regis] Ib. XV 1031; 1279 idem rex ‥ de ~io magnatum tunc existencium de ~io (CoramR) SelCKB I 52; 1324 justiciario et ~io regis privato [Hib.] separatim existentibus Proc. A. Kyteler 17; 1367 expense facte ‥ pro jantaculo dominorum cancellarii thesaurarii ‥ et aliorum de ~io secreto domini regis Londonie (KR Ac 96/8) EHR XXI 13; 1375 (v. camera 4a); 1379 [patent warranted] per ipsum regem et per peticionem indorsatam per magnum ~ium (Pat) Great Seal 185 (cf. FormOx 250); s1380 (v. 2b supra); s1382 rex nempe cum privato ~io cuncta vel mutare vel delere solebat que in Parliamentis antehabitis tota regni non solum communitas sed et ipsa nobilitas statuebat Wals. HA II 48; 1393 (v. clericus 2a); quamvis pars maxima regalis ~ii dissuaserant hujusmodi propositum G. Hen. V 9; 1555 (v. consiliarius 2b).  b 1131 apud N. data et concessa sed apud Westmonasterium confirmata, communi celebrato ~io MonA IV 538 (cf. EHR XXXIV 565); 1136 apud Westmonasterium in generalis ~ii celebratione ‥ hoc actum est Regesta III 46; Magna Carta 14 (v. communis 6f); a1232 quando scutagium datur in regno per commune ~ium regni DL Cart. Misc. 2 no. 53; 1236 donec per commune ~ium regni aliter inde sit provisum BNB III 187; 1290 tandem coram ipso domino rege et ejus ~io ad Parliamentum ‥ contenciones ‥ in hunc modum conquieverunt MunAcOx 46; 1356 assignavimus vos ad ordinacionem et statutum ‥ in ~io nostro de Parliamento ‥ facta ‥ custodienda (Pat 248 m. 17d.) EHR XXI 523; 1426 in ultimo parliamentali ~io EpAcOx 23.  c 1369 (v. consiliarius 2c); 1397 pro expensis regis factis ‥ apud Strivelyn tempore ~ii generalis ExchScot 428; 1405 per solucionem factam ‥ ex ordinacione ~ii generalis pro communibus negociis regni Ib. 615; 1442 cum avisamento et deliberacione ~ii nostri Melrose II 563; 1565 publicus per dominos ~ii notarius admissus Inchaffray 164.  d 1265 citavit ‥ peremptorie ‥ dominum abbatem, priorem, cellerarium et ~ium domus quod comparerent ‥ coram domino legato (Adventus O. Legati) EHR XXXIII 217; 1400 ductus sum ante conspectum magistri A. ‥ et ~ii episcopi Wyche Ep. 532.  e 1314 ~ium et communitatem ‥ civitatis [Agenni] RGasc IV 1247; 1370 [Genoa] (v. communis 12b); 1384 sacramentum hominum ad commune ~ium electorum MGL I 41 (cf. Cal. LBLond. H 240); 1440 (v. 1 assisa 2d).  f 1197 cum dominus suus [R. de Molbray] secrete tractavit de negotiis cum ~io suo MonA V 350a.

cōnsĭlĭum, (5) ĭī, n. (consulo).

I ¶ 1 délibération, consultation : cum aliquo consilia conferre Cic. Phil. 2, 38, échanger des vues avec qqn, tenir conseil avec qqn ; adhibere aliquem in consilium Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 74, appeler qqn en consultation (en conseil) [sibi in consilium Cic. Off. 2, 82 ] ; in consilia publica adhibere Liv. 1, 54, 1, appeler aux délibérations publiques ; mittam in consilium Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26, je laisserai délibérer [les juges] ; in consilium itur Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 100, on prend une délibération, on passe au vote ; nullo (= nulli) adhibetur consilio Cæs. G. 6, 13, 1, [la plèbe] ne prend part à aucune délibération (ad consilium Cæs. G. 7, 77, 3 ) ; hæc consilii fuerunt, reliqua necessaria Cic. Fam. 9, 6, 2, sur cela nous pouvions délibérer, le reste était imposé par la nécessité ; quasi consilii sit res ac non necesse sit nobis... Cæs. G. 7, 38, 7, comme si la situation comportait une délibération et comme si bien plutôt ce nʼétait pas une nécessité pour nous de...; quid efficere possis, tui consilii est Cic. Fam. 3, 2, 2, ce que tu peux faire, à toi de le voir ; vestrum consilium est, non solum meum, quid sit vobis faciendum Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 1, à vous et non point seulement à moi de délibérer sur le parti que vous devez prendre || consilium habere utrum... an... Sen. Ep. 70, 10, délibérer pour savoir si... ou si.. ¶ 2 [sens abstrait et concret à la fois] consultation et assemblée consultative, conseil [juges, magistrats, sénat, etc.] : venire in consilium publicæ quæstionis Cic. Cæc. 29, venir siéger pour juger dans une affaire criminelle ; ire in consilium Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, tenir conseil, se réunir pour délibérer [juges] ; in consilio habebat homines honestos Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, il avait en consultation (dans son conseil) des hommes honorables [conseil dʼun gouverneur de province, cf. Verr. 2, 5, 10 ; 5, 114, etc. ], v. adesse ; consilium habere Cæs. G. 4, 14, 2, tenir un conseil de guerre (délibérer) ; dimissa contione consilium habitum omnibusne copiis Luceriam premerent an... Liv. 9, 15, 1, lʼassemblée dissoute, on tint conseil pour savoir sʼil fallait avec toutes les forces accabler Lucérie ou si...; ad consilium publicum aliquid deferre Cic. Cat. 3, 7, soumettre qqch. au conseil public [= à la délibération du sénat]; publici consilii auctor Cic. de Or. 3, 63 (1, 211 ; 1, 215, etc.), lʼhomme prépondérant dans les conseils de la cité [= au sénat]; fit publici consilii particeps Cic. Cat. 1, 2, il a voix délibérante dans le conseil de lʼÉtat || [en gén.] toute commission consultative : Liv. 29, 20, 4 ¶ 3 conseil, assemblée : in eo consilio, in quo ex cunctis ordinibus amplissimi viri judicarent Cic. Mil. 5, dans cette assemblée où sont appelés à juger les personnages les plus considérables de tous les ordres ; consilium dimittere Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 163, renvoyer le jury || patrum consilium Cic. Tusc. 4, 1, le sénat ; in senatu ; sapiens enim est consilium Cic. de Or. 2, 333, dans le sénat ; car cʼest une assemblée sage (3, 2 ; Sest. 137, etc.) || consilio convocato Cæs. G. 3, 3, 1, ayant convoqué un conseil de guerre (consilio advocato Liv. 25, 31, 3) ¶ 4 résolution, plan, mesure, dessein, projet : ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia Cæs. G. 3, 8, 3, étant donné que les Gaulois ont des résolutions soudaines et inattendues ; consilium inire Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 103, prendre une résolution ; consilium capit primo stultum Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 101, il prend sur le premier moment une résolution extravagante ; ex aliqua re consilium capere Cæs. C. 3, 43, 1 ; trahere Sall. J. 98, 3, prendre une résolution en sʼinspirant de qqch. ; ædificandi consilium abjicere Cic. Att. 5, 11, 6, renoncer à un projet de construction ; quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia legibus vindicentur Cic. Mil. 19, comme si les lois punissaient le fait accompli et non les desseins des hommes ; consociare se in consilia alicujus Liv. 42, 29, 4, sʼassocier à la politique de qqn ; communi consilio Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 15, par une mesure prise en commun (officielle) ; privato consilio exercitus comparaverunt Cic. Phil. 3, 14, par une mesure privée (de leur chef) ils ont réuni des armées ; id est gestum consilio urbano Cic. Off. 1, 76, cet acte fut le résultat dʼune mesure dʼordre civil || consilio, à dessein, avec intention : Cic. Lig. 34 ; Br. 276 ; Tusc. 4, 64 ; consilio deorum immortalium Cæs. G. 1, 12, 6, par la volonté des dieux immortels || former le projet (prendre la résolution) de faire qqch., consilium capere : [avec gérondif] Cic. Ac. 2, 100 ; Cæs. G. 3, 2, 2 ; [avec inf.] Cic. Off. 3, 40 ; Cæs. G. 7, 26, 1 ; [avec ut subj.] Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 140 ; Clu. 71 || consilium inire : [avec gér.] Cic. Mur. 80 ; Cat. 4, 13 ; [avec inf.] Nep. Lys. 3, 1 ; [avec ut ] Cic. Cat. 4, 4 || consilium est, lʼintention est de : [avec gér.] Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 4 ; Liv. 33, 6, 8 ; [avec inf.] Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1 ; Cæs. G. 7, 77, 12 ; [avec ut subj.] Cic. Sest. 31 ; Cæs. G. 5, 6, 5 || hoc (eo) consilio ut subj., avec lʼintention de : Cic. Cat. 3, 8 ; Mil. 47, etc.; Cæs. G. 1, 30, 3 ; 2, 9, 4 ; 7, 72, 2, etc. || [en part.] plan de guerre, stratagème : consilium imperatorium quod Græci στρατήγημα appellant Cic. Nat. 3, 15, un plan de général que les Grecs appellent stratagème ; consilia cujusque modi Gallorum Cæs. G. 7, 22, 1, expédients de toute espèce imaginés par les Gaulois.

II conseil, avis : fidele consilium dare Cic. Clu. 85, donner un conseil loyal ; consilio alicujus parere Cic. Off. 1, 84, suivre les conseils de qqn ; mihi consiliis opus est tuis Cic. Att. 2, 22, 4, jʼai besoin de tes conseils ; de meo consilio Cic. Att. 6, 3, 8, sur mon avis ; contra meum consilium Cic. Att. 7, 12, 3, contre mon avis ; ex consilio tuo Cic. Att. 9, 18, 1 (consilio tuo Att. 13, 3, 1), dʼaprès tes avis ; consilio uti Cæs. G. 7, 78, 2, adopter un avis ; suo consilio uti Cæs. C. 1, 51, 2, agir à sa guise.

III sagesse dans les délibérations, les résolutions, les conseils ; réflexion, prudence, habileté : casu magis et felicitate quam virtute et consilio Cic. Sulla 83, par hasard et par chance plutôt que par une action personnelle et réfléchie ; res virtute et consilio alicujus factæ Liv. 30, 28, 11, exploits accomplis par lʼénergie personnelle et par lʼinitiative prudente de qqn ; mulieres omnes propter infirmitatem consilii... Cic. Mur. 27, toutes les femmes à cause de la faiblesse de leur jugement... ( Off. 1, 117 ); acta illa res est animo virili, consilio puerili Cic. Att. 14, 21, 3, toute lʼaffaire a été menée avec un courage dʼhommes, mais avec une prudence dʼenfants.

consilium , ii. n.
主意。意見。計謀。理。會議。— est ita facere 想如此行。— deorum immortalium 諸神之照管。 De consilio ejus 隨其益。Res est consilii 是宜商量之事。Vir magni consilii 大見識之人。Explicare consilium 行此主意。

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cōnsilium ī, n

• com- + 2 SAL-, a council, body of counsellors, deliberative assembly: senatum, orbis terrae consilium: senatūs: Iovis, H.: consilium viribus parat, L.: publicum, i. e. a court of justice: hac re ad consilium delatā, a council of war, Cs.: sine consiliis per se solus, without advisers, L.: Illa Numae coniunx consiliumque fuit, counsellor, O.—Deliberation, consultation, considering together, counsel: capere unā tecum, T.: summis de rebus habere, V.: quasi vero consili sit res, ac non, etc., a question for discussion, Cs.: arbitrium negavit sui esse consili, for him to decide, N.: quid efficere possis, tui consili est, for you to consider: nihil quod maioris consili esset: nocturna, S.: in consilio est aedilibus, admitted to the counsels, Iu.—A conclusion, determination, resolution, measure, plan, purpose, intention, design, policy: unum totius Galliae, Cs.: callidum, T.: arcanum, H.: saluberrima, Ta.: adeundae Syriae, Cs.: consili participes, S.: superioris temporis, former policy, Cs.: consilium expedire, resolve promptly, L.: certus consili, in purpose, Ta.: incertus consilii, T., Cu.: Consilia in melius referre, change her policy, V.: quod consilium dabatur?resource, V.: unde consilium afuerit culpam abesse, L.: eo consilio, uti, etc., their object being, Cs.: quo consilio huc imus?T.: omnes uno consilio, with one accord, Cs.: cum suo quisque consilio uteretur, pursued his own course, Cs.: publico factum consilio, by the state, Cs.: alqm interficere publico consilio, i. e. by legal process, Cs.: privato consilio exercitūs comparare, on their own account: audax, L.: fidele: sapiens, O.: plenum sceleris.—In phrases with capere or suscipere, to form a purpose, plan, resolve, decide, determine: neque, quid nunc consili capiam, scio, De virgine, T.: legionis opprimendae consilium capere, Cs.: obprimundae rei p., S.: hominis fortunas evertere: ex oppido profugere, Cs.: consilium ceperunt, ut, etc.: capit consilium, ut nocte iret, L.—With inire, to form a plan, resolve, conspire, determine: inita sunt consilia urbis delendae: iniit consilia reges tollere, N.: consilia inibat, quem ad modum discederet, Cs.: de recuperandā libertate consilium initum, Cs.—With est, it is intended, I purpose: non est consilium, pater, I don't mean to, T.: non fuit consilium otium conterere, S.: ea uti deseram, non est consilium, S.: quibus id consili fuisse cognoverint, ut, etc., who had formed the plan, etc., Cs.: quid sui consili sit, ostendit, Cs.—In war, a plan, device, stratagem: consilia cuiusque modi Gallorum, Cs.: tali consilio pro fligavit hostīs, N.: Britannorum in ipsos versum, Ta.: te consilium Praebente, H.—Counsel, advice: recta consilia aegrotis damus, T.: fidele: lene, H.: consilio uti tuo, take your advice: consilium dedimus Sullae, ut, etc., Iu.— Understanding, judgment, wisdom, sense, penetration, prudence, discretion: neque consili satis habere: a consilio principum dissidere: res forte quam consilio melius gestae, S.: Simul consilium cum re amisti?T.: pari consilio uti: vir consili magni, Cs.: plus in animo consili, L.: catervae Consiliis iuvenis revictae, H.: tam nulli consili, T.: tam expers consili: misce stultitiam consiliis brevem, H.: consilii inopes ignes, indiscreet, O.: vis consili expers, H.

CONSILIUM

CONSI´LIUMa select assembly of official persons who sat together (root sed); thus distinguished from concilium, a public meeting of unofficial persons called together (calare). The principle of Roman law, especially in early times, was to entrust large powers to individuals rather than to majorities; in other words, trial by a judge was the rule, trial by jury the exception. This principle was mitigated in practice by requiring the person responsible for the decision, whether in public or private matters, to call in the aid of impartial and intelligent advisers (consiliarii). Family councils were in use among the Romans, as they still are in Latin countries, and the patria potestas was exercised subject to their control. According to tradition, Sp. Cassius, the agrarian reformer, was put to death by his father, adhibito propinquorum et amicorum consilio (Val. Max.). L. Gellius Publicola, the venerable friend of Cicero (Cic. Brut. 47.174), having to try his son on a charge nearly affecting himself, called in almost the whole senate as his consilium, and in consequence of their opinion declared him innocent (Val. Max.). The imperium of the kings and chief magistrates, in itself primarily an extension of the patria potestas, was subject to a like restraint. The tyranny of Superbus was shown in his trying capital charges sine consiliis (Liv. 1.49.4). The senate was the natural consilium of the kings and afterwards of the consuls. Cicero as consul could not think of acting in a time of public danger without his consilium publicum, the senate (in Cat. 3.3.7). The senate-house burnt at the funeral of Clodius is templum consilii publici (pro Mil. 33.90). There are, however, examples of consuls choosing for themselves a consilium for a particular question (Ascon. in Or. in Tog. Cand. p. 89; Mommsen, Staatsr. i.2 p. 297 n.). Other magistrates, as for instance the aediles (Juven. 3.161), likewise summoned a consilium at their own discretion.

2. Consilium of Provincial Governors. In Rome itself the right of appeal (provocatio) enabled the consuls and praetors to act in many cases without a consilium: in the provinces the consilium was almost the only check on the arbitrary power of the governor, and the omission to call it in, as we see from the Verrine orations, of itself afforded a strong presumption of misgovernment. It was consequently expected that every important decision of a proconsul or propraetor should be de consilii sententia (Cic. de Leg. Agr. 2.1. 9, § 51). [For this formula the abbreviation D. C. S. was used, Cic. Ver. 5.2. 1, § 53: the rarer phrase, ex cons. sent., occurs Liv. 45.29.] The conduct of Verres on the occasion of one of his most iniquitous judgments throws a clear light on the authority and position of the consilium of a provincial governor (Cic. Ver. 2.2. 9, § 71). In order to get rid of M. Petilius, the leading member of it, whose integrity he feared, he tells him to go and attend to his function of judex in a res privata. Petilius, who wanted his friends to act as his own consilium in this arbitration, declined to act while Verres required their services on his consilium publicum. Verres kindly and liberally says he will not detain any who wish to go and act with Petilius; they all go; and he is left with his cohors or personal staff (cf. Hor. Sat. 1.7, 23). He then, in spite of the protests of the defendant's counsel, pronounces a hasty decision against him, and rushes from the judgment seat in fear lest Petilius and the other members of his regular consilium should return in time to stop the iniquity. We see that the consilium publicum, headed by a man like Petilius, of equestrian rank, could neither be intimidated nor ignored, even by a hardened oppressor like Verres; that it could only be got out of the way by a stratagem; but that, in its absence, Verres could turn his cohors (which Cicero calls nequissima) into a consilium for the nonce, and colourably declare that he had acted on the best advice he could get. We see, further, that the office of a consilium extended to a judicium privatum; a judex in a res privata was often assisted by the advice of his friends, though he gave the judgment himself. Long calls this a quasi consilium (ad Cic. l. c.).

This consilium must be carefully distinguished from the tres arbitri and the recuperatores so often mentioned in private suits [JUDEX]; and from the assessores or professional experts [ASSESSOR]. To these the powers of the magistrate were delegated, and the decision of the majority was binding; the consilium, on the other hand, was designed as a safeguard against error and partiality on the part of the magistrate, but his decision was his own. As Mommsen puts it, the principle of the consilium and the principle of decision by a majority were mutually exclusive both in theory and practice (l. c. p. 295). This distinction is the more necessary, as the body of the judices is also sometimes loosely called consilium (Div. in Caecil. 4.13; Act. i. in Verr. 6.17).

The consilium of a provincial governor was formed partly from the principal persons in his suite, partly from the leading Roman citizens on the spot; and it is probable that all the latter of equestrian rank had a right to sit, and that no one was admitted who was not rated to the first class in the census (Mommsen, l. c. p. 303). The relation of a governor to his consilium was bound, according to Cicero, to be a friendly and confidential one; he vehemently denounces one Decianus, who had turned against Flaccus after having stood in this relation to him (pro Flacc. 32.78; 33.81). Here, however, Cicero is almost certainly defending a bad case; it may be doubted whether he would have been equally indignant at similar conduct on the part of the consilium of Verres.

3. Councils of War. These are constantly mentioned as matters of course, without its being stated of what officers they were composed. Some discretion was no doubt allowed to the general. The legati and the military tribunes as the highest legionary officers were of course present (Plb. 1.49; 3.41-Z2, &c.), and a varying number of centurions; the primuspilus probably always, as Polybius mentions this privilege in his great description of the Roman army (6.24, ὁ πρῶτος αἱρεθεὶς καὶ συνεδρίου κοινωνεῖ); the centurions primorum ordinum usually (Caes. B. G. 5.28); on one occasion, probably exceptional, the centurions omnium ordinum (ib. 1.40). This, however, was not so much a council of war as a reprimand to the officers for giving way to panic. It is almost needless to say that Rome would not have conquered the world if her generals had been controlled by their councils. When the conquest was practically complete, and the chief object of the now dominant senate was to keep the spoils for their own order, we find generals in the field controlled by senatorian legati (Mommsen, pp. 298, 301). With the commencement of the civil wars this state of things came to an end; revolutionary leaders naturally brooked no such restraint.

4. Under the Empire. The judicial council of the emperors is discussed under CONSISTORIUMa name which, however, was not given to it till the time of Diocletian. For the gradual increase in the emperor's right of interference with the regular course of justice, see also APPELLATIO

There was, besides, an administrative council, the composition of which varied. Augustus on first organising his empire (B.C. 27) set up a committee of the senate consisting of the consuls, one magistrate of each denomination, and fifteen unofficial senators chosen by lot every six months (Suet. Aug. 35; Dio, 53.21). At the end of his life we find his adopted son and colleague, his two grown--up grandsons, the acting and designate consuls, and twenty senators also apparently chosen by lot, meeting in the name of the entire senate within the palace on account of the emperor's age and infirmities (Dio, 56.28; cf. 55.27; Jos. Ant. 17.9.5; Mommsen, Staatsr. ii.2 865). The council of Tiberius included, besides his amici and familiares, twenty principes civitatis; and Suetonius further notes the curious fact that not more than two or three of these escaped destruction at his hands (Suet. Tib. 55). The notices of councils in the succeeding imperial period are less regular (Dio, 60.4; Suet. Nero 15, Vesp. 21, Tit. 7; Plin. Ep. 31, Paneg. 88, for Trajan). For changes under Hadrian, Alexander Severus, &c., see CONSISTORIUM(Mommsen, Staatsr. i.2 293-305; ii.2 865-867, 948-952; Cuq, Le Conseil des Empereurs d'Auguste à Dioclétien, Paris, 1884; Humbert, ap. D. and S. s. vv. Consilium, Consilium Principis, Consistorium.)

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Consilium

A council, or body of advisers. Such councils were called in, according to ancient Roman custom, by the presiding magistrate in civil and criminal cases. Even in the family tribunals, which decided cases affecting the members of the gens, a consilium of kinsfolk was thought necessary. The custom was that the presiding judge bound himself by the decision of his freely chosen consilium, but took the responsibility himself. The expression consilium was afterwards transferred to the regular juries of the courts which decided civil and criminal cases. (See centumviri; iudices.) The emperors, too, made a practice of inviting a consilium of friends to assist them in their judicial decisions. After the time of Hadrian, the members of the imperial consilium or consistorium appear as regularly appointed and salaried officers, the Consiliarii Augusti. These were generally, though not exclusively, selected from the body of professional jurists. See consistorium.