nervus

emicuit nervo penetrabile telum
the piercing arrow sprang forth from the string

nervus , ī, m.: a nerve; sinew, tendon, 10.341; bow-string, 5.502; string of the lyre, 9.776.

nervus, i, m. [root snar-; Old Germ. snara, a snare; Gr. νεῦρον; cf. parvus and παῦρος], a sinew, tendon, nerve.

• I Lit.: his adde nervos, a quibus artus continentur, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 139: hoc nervos confirmari putant, Caes. B. G. 6, 20: nervus qui platys appellatur, Plin. 26, 8, 58, § 90: hic primum nervos et venas expressit (of Pythagoras the painter), id. 34, 8, 19, § 59: nervorum contractio, Sen. Ep. 66, 40: nervi quos τένοντας Graeci appellant, Cels. 8, 1: condamus alter alterum in nervum bracchialem, let us embrace, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 99 (1272).—
• • B Transf.
  • • 1 I. q. membrum virile, Hor. Epod. 12, 19; Juv. 10, 205; 9, 35; pl. nervi, Petr. 131, §§ 4 and 6.—
    • 2 A string of a musical instrument: omnes voces, ut nervi in fidibus, ita sonant, ut, etc., Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216: cotidiano cantu vocum et nervorum et tibiarum tota vicinitas personat, id. Rosc. Am. 46, 134; Verg. A. 9, 776; Hor. C. 3, 11, 4.—
    • 3 A bowstring: reciproca tendens nervo equino concita tela, Att. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 80 Müll. (Trag. Rel. p. 176 Rib.): nervoque obversus equino Contendit telum, Verg. A. 9, 622: nervo aptare sagittas, id. ib. 10, 131: erumpit nervo pulsante sagitta, id. G. 4, 313; so Val. Fl. 6, 376; 1, 437; Luc. 7, 141.—
    • • b A bow: aliquem fallere nervo, Val. Fl. 3, 182.—
    • 4 The leather with which shields were covered: scuta nervo firmata, Tac. A. 2, 14; Sil. 4, 293.—
    • 5 A thong with which a person was bound, Plaut. Curc. 5, 3, 11 (689); Veg. Mil. 4, 9.—
    • 6 The cords or wires by which a puppet is moved: duceris ut nervis alienis mobile lignum, Hor. S. 2, 7, 82.—
    • 7 A fetter: nervum appellamus etiam ferreum vinculum, quo pedes impediuntur: quamquam Plautus eo etiam cervices vinciri ait: Perfidiose captus edepol nervo cervices probat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 165 Müll.: VINCITO AVT NERVO, AVT COMPEDIBVS, Lex XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1: in nervo atque compedibus aetatem agunt, Cato ap. Gell. 11, 18, 18; cf. Plaut. As. 3, 2, 5 (549): posuit in nervo pedes meos, Vulg. Job, 33, 11.—
    • • b A prison: in nervum aliquem rapere, Plaut. Capt. 5, 3, 45 (1022): in nervo jacebis, id. Curc. 5, 3, 40 (718); cf. id. Capt. 3, 5, 71 (729): vereor ne istaec fortitudo in nervum erumpat denique, will lay you by the heels, bring you into durance, Ter. Phorm. 324; 696: eximere de nervo aliquem, Liv. 6, 15, 9: misit in nervum, Vulg. Jer. 20, 2.—
• II Trop.
• • A Nerve, vigor, force, power, strength: digna res est ubi tu nervos intendas tuos, Ter. Eun. 311: onus ... dignum, in quo omnes nervos aetatis industriaeque meae contenderem, Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35: omnibus nervis mihi contendendum est, ut, etc., id. ib. 2, 3, 56, § 130: opibus ac nervis ad perniciem suam uti, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; Cic. Phil. 5, 12, 32: nervi belli pecunia, id. ib. 5, 2, 5: vectigalia nervos esse rei publicae, id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17: legionum nervos incidere, id. Phil. 12, 3, 8: poëtae molliunt animos, nervos omnes virtutis elidunt, id. Tusc. 2, 11, 27: video, fore nervis opus sapientiāque tuā, id. Fam. 3, 10, 1: loci inhaerentes in nervis causarum, intimately connected with them, id. de Or. 3, 27, 106: nervi conjurationis, the leaders, Liv. 7, 39, 6.—
  • B In partic., of expression, force, energy: horum oratio neque nervos, neque aculeos oratorios ac forenses habet, Cic. Or. 19, 62; cf. id. de Or. 3, 21, 80: nervi in dicendo, id. ib. 2, 22, 91: sectantem levia nervi Deficiunt, Hor. A. P. 26.

nervus, ī, m. (νεῦρον), die Sehne, Flechse, gew. Plur. nervi, die Sehnen u. Flechsen (ligamenta), die Muskeln, die Nerven (die jedoch die Alten noch zu Celsus' Zeit nicht als Organe der Empfindung u. Bewegung gekannt zu haben scheinen), I) eig. u. übtr.: A) eig.: nervorum distentio, Nervenzufälle (Krämpfe), nervorum resolutio, Lähmung der Nerven, Cels.: nervi, a quibus artus continentur, Cic.: nervi in omne corpus ducuntur, Cels.: nervus umbilicaris, die Nabelschnur, Tert.: nervos et venas exprimere (v. einem Maler), Plin.: digitorum nervos incīdere, Lampr.: scherzh., condamus alter alterum ergo in nervom bracchialem, umarmen wir einander, Plaut. Poen. 1269. – B) übtr.: 1) das männliche Glied, Hor. epod. 12, 19: dass. Plur. nervi, Petron. 131. § 4 u. 6. – 2) die aus Tiersehnen, aus Därmen gemachte Saite, Darmsaite, nervorum sonus in fidibus, Cic.: nervos pellere (rühren), Cic.: numeros intendere nervis, Verg.: cantu nervorum et tibiarum tota vicinitas personat, Cic.: tu... duceris ut nervis alienis mobile lignum, du bist eine bloße Marionette, Hor. sat. 2, 7, 82. – 3) die Sehne des Bogens, Verg. u. Ov.: dah. meton., der Bogen, Val. Flacc. 3, 182. – 4) die Rindshaut, das Leder, womit die Schilde überzogen waren, Tac. ann. 2, 14. Sil. 4, 291 (293). – 5) ein Riemen, mit dem jemand gefesselt wird, Plaut. u. Veget. mil. – dah. übh. = Bande, Fesseln, nervo vinctus, Plaut.: nervo aut compedibus vinciri, mit Hand- od. Fußfesseln, Gell. – u. = Gefängnis, Haft, in nervo iacēre, Plaut.: in nervis teneri, Liv.: eximere de nervo cives vestros, Liv.: vereor, ne istaec fortitudo in nervum erumpat denique, daß du mit deiner Tapferkeit ins Loch gesteckt wirst, Ter. – II) bildl.: A) die Sehne, der Nerv als Sitz der Kraft u. Stärke, 1) im allg.: dignum onus, in quo omnes nervos aetatis industriaeque meae contenderem, Cic.: omnibus nervis mihi contendendum est, ut etc., Cic.: quibus opibus ac nervis ad gratiam minuendam uteretur, Caes.: experietur consentientis senatus nervos atque vires, Cic.: qui si attulerint nervos et industriam excutient tibi istam verborum iactationem, Cic. – 2) insbes., die Kraft, der Nachdruck der Rede, nervi oratorii, Cic., sectantem levia nervi deficiunt atque animi, bleibt kraft- u. geistlos, Hor. – B) die Sehnen, Nerven als Spannkraft, Lebenskraft, Haupttriebfedern, Hauptorgane, das innerste Wesen, omnes nervos virtutis elidere, Cic.: nervos omnes urbis exsecare, Cic.: legionum nostrarum nervos nonne his consiliis incīdimus? Cic.: vectigalia esse nervos rei publicae, Cic.: hosti largiri... nervos belli, pecuniam infinitam, quā nunc eget, Cic.: nervos coniurationis eiectos, Liv.: illi loci, qui inhaerentes in earum (causarum) nervis esse debent, einen organischen Bestandteil derselben bilden müssen, Cic.

nervus [CL] 1 nerve. b (~us audibilis) auditory nerve. c (~us concavus or opticus) optic nerve. d (understood as) vein or penis. ‘tetigit ~um’; putabatur ‥ quod in capite eum ferierit et postea, quia ~us inde derivatus est, emarcuit in femore Comm. Cant. II 14; ~i vero instrumenta sunt sentiendi et motus Alf. Angl. Cor 16. 4; a cerebro ‥ ~i, a corde arterie, ab epate vene oriuntur Ib. 16. 5; notandum est quod omnes ~i principium habent a cerebro Quaest. Salern. B 85; tactus est vis ordinata in ~is cutis totius corporis extensis fere per totam carnem animalis ad apprehendendum calidum, frigidum, siccum, humidum J. Blund An. 217; ~i [Trevisa: þe synewes] qui suscipiunt spiritum animalem a cerebro et deferunt ad singula membra, ad motum et sensum faciendum Bart. Angl. V 1; videri potest quod sonus esse habeat in aere tantum et non in ~o sensibili Ps.-Gros. Summa 509.  b pertransit aer inmutatus ad ~um audibilem, et sic fieri auditum contingit J. Blund An. 115; in illa concavitate [auris] fit reflexio inmutationis ad ~um audibilem, et fit auditus Ib..  c spiritus visibilis ‥ habet ‥ egressum per duos ~os concavos quos Greci vocant opticos a cerebro usque ad oculos protensos Adel. QN 23; per nervos liquet opticos lucem radiosam / mitti Neckam DS IX 379; visus est vis ordinata in ~o concavo J. Blund An. 24; oritur ‥ a fantastica cellula ‥ ~us opticus Ric. Med. Anat. 215; ~um opticum, in quo conveniunt duo nervi, in quorum extremitatibus situati sunt oculi R. Marston QD 385.  d ‘tetigit ~um’; dicunt alii virilem, alii autem ipsam [venam] quae de capite descendit tetigisse Comm. Cant. I 184. 2 muscle, sinew, tendon. b (~os succidere) to hamstring (also fig.). genu tumente adstrictis ~is claudicans V. Cuthb. I 4; mortua contractis fluitabant viscera nervis Frith. 864; qui grossos tibiarum ~os truncaverit alicui ‥ xij solidos emendabit (Leg. Hen.) GAS 610; ea sit natura conditorum corporum ut carne tabescente cutis exterior ~os, ~i ossa contineant W. Malm. GR II 206; spasmus est extensio vel contracio ~orum et lacertorum ex inanicione vel replecione proveniens SB 40; Fortescue LLA 22 (v. 2 eculeus 2a).  b provintie quondam fertiles ‥ incendio, preda, sanguine, ~i succisi W. Malm. GR III 249; adhortans ne clarissime olim patrie ~os dissimulatione sua succidi sineret Ib. V 405. 3 bowstring. 1204 ~os et cornu ad balistas faciendas Liberate RC 79; in ~is et cordis et clavibus balistarum nostrarum Ib. 100; 1284, 1337 (v. ballista 2); 1303 Willelmo C., atillatori turris London’, pro ‥ iiij lib. ~orum, pellibus ‥ pro balistis et arcubus ‥ inde reparand’ ‥ xiij s. ij d. KR Ac 363/18 f. 7; ~os arcuum doliis plenis rex fecit congragari [sic MS] una cum infinitis securibus, sarris et cuneis pro silvis prosternendis et lignis secandis et findendis Strecche Hen. V 150. 4 string of a musical instrument; b (w. ref. to vocal cords). habet chitaram, id est orationem rethoricam, in qua diversi colores quasi diversi ~i sonant Bern. Comm. Aen. 54; non carmina nervi / ad vocis mendicat opus J. Exon. BT II 96; invenit lyram ‥ inventa concha testudinis ‥ cujus ~e arefacte ‥ ad aurem ‥ sibilum reddiderunt Eul. Hist. I 41.  b ad apostolicum ‥ misit, justitiam suscepti belli quantis poterat facundie ~is allegans W. Malm. GR III 238; contentaque nervis arterie non artis opem ‥ mendicat J. Exon. BT II 95. 5 artefact that restrains: a leather thong. b fetter, stock. c (fig.). a in torrido solis caumate sensim siccantibus ~is Aldh. VirgP 35 p. 279; dum crudis ~orum flagris truciter caederetur Ib. 43.  b narravit ‥ nobis Aelfegus episcopus ‥ quod ipse quendam furem flagellatum misisset in ~um Ælf. Æthelwold 28 (cf. Wulf. Æthelwold 46: cippum); in ~um, quod est genus carceris. ‥ unde Job: posuisti in ~o p[edem] m[eam] S. Langton Chron. 167; stokkys of presonment cippus ~us PP; ~i, fotcopsas WW.  c coram te exhibeo animam meam ~is virtutum dissolutam, catenis vitiorum ligatam Anselm (Or. 9) III 32; 1285 ~um ‥ discipline (v. dissolvere 4a).

nervus, (9) ī, m. (νεῦρον), ¶ 1 tendon, ligament, nerf : Cic. Nat. 2, 139 ¶ 2 membre viril : Hor. Epo. 12, 19 ; Juv. 10, 205 ¶ 3 cordes de boyau [dans la lyre] : Cic. de Or. 3, 216 || corde dʼun arc : Virg. En. 9, 622 || arc : Val. Flacc. 3, 182 || lanière de cuir : Tac. Ann. 2, 14 ¶ 4 liens [même de fer, quʼon attachait au cou et surtout aux pieds] : Fest. 165, cf. Gell. 20, 1 ; 11, 18, 18 ; Pl. Capt. 729, etc. || [dʼoù] fers, prison, cachot : Pl. Curc. 718 ; Rud. 872 ; Ter. Phorm. 325 ; Liv. 6, 15, 9 ¶ 5 [fig.] nerf, force : vectigalia nervos esse rei publicæ semper duximus Cic. Pomp. 17, nous avons toujours considéré les revenus publics comme le nerf de lʼÉtat, cf. Cic. Phil. 5, 5 || énergie, vigueur : Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 35 ; 3, 130 ; Tusc. 2, 27 ; Att. 15, 4, 1 ; [en parl. du style] Cic. de Or. 2, 91 ; 3, 80 ; Or. 62, etc. ; Hor. P. 26 || partie essentielle dʼune chose : nervi causarum Cic. de Or. 3, 106, contexture intime des causes ; nervi conjurationis Liv. 7, 39, 6, les chefs dʼune conspiration.

nervus , i. m.
筋。引絃。琵琶絃。壯力。犯人鎍。屌。Incidere nervos virtutis 斷德行之精神。Nervos omnes contendere vel contendere omnibus nervis 盡心竭力。

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nervus ī, m

• cf. νεῦρον, a sinew, tendon, muscle: nervi, a quibus artūs continentur: hoc nervos confirmari putant, Cs.—A cord, string, wire(of a musical instrument): ut nervi in fidibus sonant: cantu vocum et nervorum et tibiarum personare, stringed instruments.—The leather covering of a shield, Ta.—A bow-string: adductus, O.: nervo aptare sagittas, V.—A wire, string(controlling a puppet): Duceris ut nervis alienis mobile lignum, H.—A prison: ne istaec fortitudo in nervom erumpat, bring you into durance, T.: eximere de nervo civīs, L.—The penis, H., Iu.—Fig., a sinew, nerve, vigor, force, power, strength: digna res est ubi tu nervos intendas tuos, T.: omnibus nervis mihi conitendum est, ut, etc.: opibus ac nervis ad perniciem suam uti, Cs.: nervi belli pecunia: vectigalia nervos esse rei p.: loci inhaerentes in nervis causarum, intimately connected with: nervi coniurationis, leaders, L.—Of expression, force, energy: oratio nervos oratorios habet: sectantem levia nervi Deficiunt, H.

NERVUS

NERVUSa sort of stocks (ξύλον, also ποδοκάκκη, χοῖνιξ), in which criminals were confined, used frequently as a punishment for slaves. The illustrated by original meaning was probably a thong or a strap (corresponding to the other uses of the word), and with this strap the feet were tied to a post: so Festus defines it as ferreum vinculum quo pedes impediuntur, but adds that it also confined the neck sometimes; hence it may be said to have combined the pillory and stocks. This will explain the expression nervum brachialem (Plaut. Poen. 5.4, 99), which means embracing by throwing the arms the neck. The words numella and boiae had the same sense, and both of these (though not nervus) were used to express the ordinary method, still in use, of fastening up cattle by the neck (Colum. R. B. 6.19). It is clear that the nervus was not merely bonds, like compedes, but, more like modern stocks and pillory, had a wooden fiamework with holes for hands, feet, and neck, which were kept in their places by iron bands and collars: hence Aristophanes, Equit. 1049, calls the ξύλον πεντεσύριγγον, i. e. having five holes, for feet, hands, and neck. (The κλοιὸς seems to have confined the neck and hands only: Lucian. Toxarch. 29; the κύφων held the neck.) This support of the neck is probably indicated by Plautus in the expression os columnatum, when he speaks of the punishment of Naevius for libel: probably also by the porrectum jugulum of the captivus (Hor. Sat. 1.3, 88). The stocks were used for the imprisonment of freeborn malefactors as well as for slaves, both among Greeks and Romans. The κύφων is used for state-prisoners at Thebes (Arist. Poi. 8.6, 15 = p. 1306): we find the nervus for thieves (Plaut. Aul. 4.10, 13); for debtors, by Law of Twelve Tables (ap. Gell. 20.1), vincito aut nervo aut compedibus [NEXUM]: compare Liv. 6.15. So as a common part of imprisonment (cf. Act. Apost. 16.24) it is often used as equivalent to career (Ter. Phorm. 4.4, 15, &c.).

[G.E.M]

Nervus

(1) (ξύλον, ποδοκάκκη, χοῖνιξ). A sort of stocks or pillory for the confinement of criminals and the punishment of refractory slaves. Festus speaks of it as confining both the neck and the feet; but its form is uncertain. All that is known is that it had a framework of wood, with holes for hands, neck, and feet. See Plaut. Poen. v. 4, 99; Gell.xx. 1; and Aristoph. Eq. 1047.

(2) (νεῦρον). The string of a musical instrument.

(3) A bowstring.