reason
reason
subs.
Rational faculty: P. and V. λόγος, ὁ ; use mind.
Cause: P. and V. αἰτία, ἡ, Ar. and P. αἴτιον, τό.
Plea: P. and V. λόγος, ὁ, πρόφᾰσις, ἡ, σκῆψις, ἡ.
In reason: see reasonably.
Anything in reason: P. ὁτιοῦν τῶν δυνατῶν.
It stands to reason: P. and V. εἰκός (ἐστι), εὔλογόν (ἐστι).
By reason of: P. and V. διά̆ (acc.), ἕνεκα (gen.), χά̆ρῐν (gen.) (Plat.), V. εἵνεκα (gen.), Ar. and V. ἕκᾱτι (gen.), οὕνεκα (gen.), sometimes in P. παρά (acc.) (Dem. 545).
For what reason? P. and V. διὰ̆ τί̆; τοῦ χά̆ρῐν; V. ἐκ τί̆νος λόγου; see why.
For no reason: V. ἐξ οὐδενὸς λόγου.
For other reasons: P. and V. ἄλλως.
For many reasons we may expect victory: P. κατὰ πολλὰ εἰκὸς ἐπικρατῆσαι (Thuc.).
subs.
Rational faculty: P. and V. λόγος, ὁ ; use mind.
Cause: P. and V. αἰτία, ἡ, Ar. and P. αἴτιον, τό.
Plea: P. and V. λόγος, ὁ, πρόφᾰσις, ἡ, σκῆψις, ἡ.
In reason: see reasonably.
Anything in reason: P. ὁτιοῦν τῶν δυνατῶν.
It stands to reason: P. and V. εἰκός (ἐστι), εὔλογόν (ἐστι).
By reason of: P. and V. διά̆ (acc.), ἕνεκα (gen.), χά̆ρῐν (gen.) (Plat.), V. εἵνεκα (gen.), Ar. and V. ἕκᾱτι (gen.), οὕνεκα (gen.), sometimes in P. παρά (acc.) (Dem. 545).
For what reason? P. and V. διὰ̆ τί̆; τοῦ χά̆ρῐν; V. ἐκ τί̆νος λόγου; see why.
For no reason: V. ἐξ οὐδενὸς λόγου.
For other reasons: P. and V. ἄλλως.
For many reasons we may expect victory: P. κατὰ πολλὰ εἰκὸς ἐπικρατῆσαι (Thuc.).
reason
v. intrans.
P. and V. λογίζεσθαι, P. συλλογίζεσθαι.
Reason rightly: P. and V. ὀρθῶς γιγνώσκειν.
v. intrans.
P. and V. λογίζεσθαι, P. συλλογίζεσθαι.
Reason rightly: P. and V. ὀρθῶς γιγνώσκειν.
REASON
s. ratio (faculty which calculates or deliberates): mens (understanding): sanitas (soundness of the mind which displays itself in thinking and acting according to truth and right): prudentia: consilium (prudence insight). Sound reason ratio sana or recta or integra: mens sana: sensus communis: naturalis or vulgaris prudentia (common sense). To follow sound reason rectae rationi parere. Endowed with reason ratione praeditus or utens: rationis particeps (☞ rationalis is first used by Sen. Ep. 113 14). Without reason ratione carens: rationis expers. To lose one’s reason mentem amittere. To recover one’s reason ad sanitatem reverti or redire: resipiscere: ad se redire: ad bonam frugem se recipere. To bring anybody to reason ad bonam frugem corrigere or compellere: ad sanitatem adducere or perducere or revocare.
Ground cause (efficient or final) causa: ratio [Vid : CAUSE]. To state a reason causam or rationem afferre. To be principally led by such or such a reason aliquid or nonnihil sequi; (in anything) in aliqua re (Cic. Offic. 1 11 35 Beier. p. 81 sq.; Rosc. Am. 3 8 Matthiae). I have good reasons for etc. non sine gravi causa facio aliquid: graves causae me impellunt ut faciam aliquid (i.e. I am guided by very strong reasons). I will admit your reasons causam accipio. For no other reason whatever than that nihil sane nisi ut (as answer to a question why he had done so and so; Cic. Leg. 1 1). Not without reason non sine causa: cum causa: For or from good reasons justis de causis. Without any reason nulla ratione; de nihilo (not Cic.; without any cause; e.g. hospites corripi; fiducia quae non de nihilo profecto concepta est Liv. 39 29). Without the slightest reason temere. There is no reason for it or I have no reason followed by “to” and infinitive or by “why ” or “for” with the participial substantive; non est nihil est quod or cur; non habeo nihil habeo quod or cur (e.g. you have no reason to put yourself out nihil est quod te moveat. I have reason to etc. est quod (e.g. I have reason to be ashamed of myself est quod me pudeat): what reason is there for (to or why) quid est quod quamobrem or cur (e.g. festines): what possible reason is there for etc. quid tandem est cur etc. ☞ causa and generally causae after nihil quid are also found: non fuit causa cur metueres; quid erat causae cur metueret? ☞ also sometimes est ut is used for est cur: ille erat ut odisset (= he had reason to hate) defensorem salutis meae (Cic. De Div. 1 56): so non est igitur ut mirandum sit (Cic. Zumpt § 562). My reason for doing anything was that etc. quod aliquid feci eo pertinuit quod or if a purpose is involved ut: my reason for naming several was that quod plures a nobis nominati sunt eo pertinuit quod etc. (Cic.). I have greater reason to congratulate than to entreat you magis est quod tibi gratuler quam quod te rogem (comp. Krüger § 615 A. 6 p. 838; Zumpt § 562). I can give a reason for my belief cur credam afferre possum (Cic.). To find out some reason for anything quaerere causam alicujus rei: causas confingere. To state anything to be the reason of etc. praetexere aliquid. To state a reason for it praetexere causam ad aliquid. For that reason ea de causa: ob or propter eam causam. For more than one reason aliquot de causis. For what reason? quam ob rem? qua de causa? Which (e.g. circumstance) is the reason that etc. quod facit ut etc. (i. e. whence it happens that etc.). For this reason... that idcirco ... quod or quoniam (idcirco ... quia rare); ideo... quod or quia (not quoniam in the older writers. ☞ The clause with quod etc. sometimes precedes when more emphasis is to be laid on the cause). If the “that” denotes a purpose ideo or idcirco ... ut or quo (ne or ut ne) are used. Was it for this reason... that etc. ? idcircone...? (in indignant questions). And for this reason ideoque; et ideo; atque ideo (neque ideo = neque eo magis): ☞ not et igitur. (On all these particles Vid: Pr. Intr. ii 682 - 689.)
Argument Vid:
Ratiocination syllogismus (συλλογισμός used as technical term of the modern logicians; but pure Latin is ratiocinatio or rationis conclusio).
Right equity; e.g. with reason jure: with full reason justissime: with the best or according to all reason optimo jure; merito atque optimo jure; jure meritoque; jure ac merito: merito ac jure: for what reason? quo jure? according to reason ex aequo; sicut aequum est: it stands to reason aequum verum (Vid : Liv. 3 49 fin.) par jus fas est with infinitive or accusative and infinitive (Vid: Grotef. § 236 5 6; Zumpt § 600 and 623). By reason of; Vid: “on ACCOUNT of.”
s. ratio (faculty which calculates or deliberates): mens (understanding): sanitas (soundness of the mind which displays itself in thinking and acting according to truth and right): prudentia: consilium (prudence insight). Sound reason ratio sana or recta or integra: mens sana: sensus communis: naturalis or vulgaris prudentia (common sense). To follow sound reason rectae rationi parere. Endowed with reason ratione praeditus or utens: rationis particeps (☞ rationalis is first used by Sen. Ep. 113 14). Without reason ratione carens: rationis expers. To lose one’s reason mentem amittere. To recover one’s reason ad sanitatem reverti or redire: resipiscere: ad se redire: ad bonam frugem se recipere. To bring anybody to reason ad bonam frugem corrigere or compellere: ad sanitatem adducere or perducere or revocare.
Ground cause (efficient or final) causa: ratio [Vid : CAUSE]. To state a reason causam or rationem afferre. To be principally led by such or such a reason aliquid or nonnihil sequi; (in anything) in aliqua re (Cic. Offic. 1 11 35 Beier. p. 81 sq.; Rosc. Am. 3 8 Matthiae). I have good reasons for etc. non sine gravi causa facio aliquid: graves causae me impellunt ut faciam aliquid (i.e. I am guided by very strong reasons). I will admit your reasons causam accipio. For no other reason whatever than that nihil sane nisi ut (as answer to a question why he had done so and so; Cic. Leg. 1 1). Not without reason non sine causa: cum causa: For or from good reasons justis de causis. Without any reason nulla ratione; de nihilo (not Cic.; without any cause; e.g. hospites corripi; fiducia quae non de nihilo profecto concepta est Liv. 39 29). Without the slightest reason temere. There is no reason for it or I have no reason followed by “to” and infinitive or by “why ” or “for” with the participial substantive; non est nihil est quod or cur; non habeo nihil habeo quod or cur (e.g. you have no reason to put yourself out nihil est quod te moveat. I have reason to etc. est quod (e.g. I have reason to be ashamed of myself est quod me pudeat): what reason is there for (to or why) quid est quod quamobrem or cur (e.g. festines): what possible reason is there for etc. quid tandem est cur etc. ☞ causa and generally causae after nihil quid are also found: non fuit causa cur metueres; quid erat causae cur metueret? ☞ also sometimes est ut is used for est cur: ille erat ut odisset (= he had reason to hate) defensorem salutis meae (Cic. De Div. 1 56): so non est igitur ut mirandum sit (Cic. Zumpt § 562). My reason for doing anything was that etc. quod aliquid feci eo pertinuit quod or if a purpose is involved ut: my reason for naming several was that quod plures a nobis nominati sunt eo pertinuit quod etc. (Cic.). I have greater reason to congratulate than to entreat you magis est quod tibi gratuler quam quod te rogem (comp. Krüger § 615 A. 6 p. 838; Zumpt § 562). I can give a reason for my belief cur credam afferre possum (Cic.). To find out some reason for anything quaerere causam alicujus rei: causas confingere. To state anything to be the reason of etc. praetexere aliquid. To state a reason for it praetexere causam ad aliquid. For that reason ea de causa: ob or propter eam causam. For more than one reason aliquot de causis. For what reason? quam ob rem? qua de causa? Which (e.g. circumstance) is the reason that etc. quod facit ut etc. (i. e. whence it happens that etc.). For this reason... that idcirco ... quod or quoniam (idcirco ... quia rare); ideo... quod or quia (not quoniam in the older writers. ☞ The clause with quod etc. sometimes precedes when more emphasis is to be laid on the cause). If the “that” denotes a purpose ideo or idcirco ... ut or quo (ne or ut ne) are used. Was it for this reason... that etc. ? idcircone...? (in indignant questions). And for this reason ideoque; et ideo; atque ideo (neque ideo = neque eo magis): ☞ not et igitur. (On all these particles Vid: Pr. Intr. ii 682 - 689.)
Argument Vid:
Ratiocination syllogismus (συλλογισμός used as technical term of the modern logicians; but pure Latin is ratiocinatio or rationis conclusio).
Right equity; e.g. with reason jure: with full reason justissime: with the best or according to all reason optimo jure; merito atque optimo jure; jure meritoque; jure ac merito: merito ac jure: for what reason? quo jure? according to reason ex aequo; sicut aequum est: it stands to reason aequum verum (Vid : Liv. 3 49 fin.) par jus fas est with infinitive or accusative and infinitive (Vid: Grotef. § 236 5 6; Zumpt § 600 and 623). By reason of; Vid: “on ACCOUNT of.”
v. To employ the faculty of reason in order to come to a conclusion ratiocinari.
To discourse by way of reasoning agere rem and de aliqua re (general term to treat on any subject; Vid: Ochsn. Cic. Ecl. p. 230): disputare: disserere de aliqua re (to hold a dissertation on a subject especially by way of discussion; Vid: Cic. Ecl. p. 12 and 354): sermonem habere de aliqua re (to have or to hold a conversation; of two or several persons); also sermo est de aliqua re (Vid: Ochsn. Cic. Ecl. p. 401). [Vid: also To DISCOURSE.]
To debate consider ponderare (to weigh anything over in one’s mind): reputare (to reckon over as it were in one’s mind the probable result of anything generally with secum or animo or cum animo): scrutari: perscrutari (to dive into any subject to find by way of reasoning the truth of it). Vid: To CONSIDER.
To discourse by way of reasoning agere rem and de aliqua re (general term to treat on any subject; Vid: Ochsn. Cic. Ecl. p. 230): disputare: disserere de aliqua re (to hold a dissertation on a subject especially by way of discussion; Vid: Cic. Ecl. p. 12 and 354): sermonem habere de aliqua re (to have or to hold a conversation; of two or several persons); also sermo est de aliqua re (Vid: Ochsn. Cic. Ecl. p. 401). [Vid: also To DISCOURSE.]
To debate consider ponderare (to weigh anything over in one’s mind): reputare (to reckon over as it were in one’s mind the probable result of anything generally with secum or animo or cum animo): scrutari: perscrutari (to dive into any subject to find by way of reasoning the truth of it). Vid: To CONSIDER.
reason (subs.):
I. Intellect, thinking faculty:
1. mens, tis, f.: r., to which has been assigned by nature the sovereignty of the entire soul, (mens) cui regnum totius animi a natura tributum est, Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11 (the thinking part of the soul, mens animi, Lucr. 3, 615): id. 4, 762: to graspor embrace by r., i. e. understand, mente comprehendere, Cic. N. D. 3, 8, 21: mente complecti, id. Tusc. 1, 16, 37: sound in r., integer mentis, Hor. S. 1, 3, 65: sanus mentis, Pl. Trin. 2, 4, 53: mentis compos, Cic. Tusc. 1, 20, 48: to be of sound r., mentis suae esse, ib. 21, 50: bereft of r., mentis inops, Ov. A. A. 1, 465: id. Met. 2, 200: egens mentis, id. Trist. 2, 395: mente captus, Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94: with r. almost deranged, paene alienata mente, Caes. B. G. 6, 41: Suet. Aug. 99: furiata mente, Virg. Aen. 2, 588: r. disturbed, mens perturbata, Cic. Tusc. 4, 24, 54: commota m., Hor. S. 2, 3, 278: disturbed in r., mentem concussus, ib. 295: mente commotus, Plin. N. H. 23, 1, 16, § 23 mente lapsus, Suet. Aug. 48: of weakened r., mente imminuta, Sall. Jug. 65: to lose one's r., mentem amittere, Auct. Harusp., 15, 32: a loss of r., mentis deminutio, Suet. Aug. 99: departure of r., amentia, which Cic. describes as affectionem animi, lumine mentis carentem, Tusc. 3, 5, 10:
2. rătio, ōnis, f. rational faculty, Lucr. 1, 149: r. the mistress and queen of all things, domina omnium et regina ratio, Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47: all things which possess r. surpass those which are devoid of r., omnia quae rationem habent, praestant iis quae sunt rationis expertia, Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 16: that practical skill which we call r., sollertiam quam rationem vocamus, Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69: let r., not fortune, guide, agentem te ratio ducat non fortuna, Liv. 22, 39: a man possessed of r., rationis particeps, Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11: devoid of r., rationis expertes, ib. 16, 50: pecudes ratione carentes, Ov. Am. 1, 11, 25: wanting r., rationis egentem, Virg. Aen. 8, 299: astray from true r., avius a vera ratione, Lucr. 2, 229: right r., recta ratio, Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 23: sound r., bona ratio, id. N. D. 3, 27, 70
3. ănĭmus (prop. the emotions or feelings: sometimes in present sense): do you preserve your r., rectum animi servas, Hor. S. 2, 3, 201: stas animi, ib. 213: bereft of r., inops animi, Virg. Aen. 4, 300.
4. intellĭgentia: r. is the faculty by which (the soul) perceives existing objects, i. est per quam (animus) ea perspicit quae sunt, Cic. Inv. 2, 53, 160: ordinary r., i. e. common sense, communis i., id. Fin. 1, 16, 44: to fall within reach of r., sub intelligentiam cadere, id. Tim. 8: a thing which falls within our r., res, quae in nostram intelligentiam cadit, id. Off. 3, 4, 17. things which are comprehended not by sense but by r., quae non sensu sed intelligentia continentur, id. Tim. 8.
5. săpientia: my master has no more r. (wit) than a stone, (non) habet plus sapientiae quam lapis, Pl. Mil. 2, 2, 83: a disease of the r. (mind), sapientiae aegritudo, Plin. H. N. 7, 51, § 171. Phr.: a man void of r., insipiens, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5: to be deprived of r., desipere, Hor. S. 2, 3, 47.
6. consĭlium, i: force devoid of r., vis consili expers, Hor. Od. 3, 4, 65; weakness of r., infirmitas consilii, Cic. Mur. 12, 27.
7. prūdentia: r. as opposed to chance, Juv. 3, 365.
8. sound, healthy r., sānĭtas, tatis, f.: to return to sound r., ad sanitatem redire, Cic. Fam. 12, 10: to bring back to sound r., ad sanitatem reducere, id. Verr. 2, 40, 98: the confusion of corrupt opinions deprives the soul of sound r., pravarum opinionum conturbatio ... sanitate spoliat animum, Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 23: a stranger to sound r., alienus a sanitate, Cic. Sull. 30, 83. Phr.: to return to sound r., ad bonam frugem se recipere, Cic. Coel. 12, 28: to recover r., resipisco, ivi, or ui, 3: Suet. Aug. 48: ad te redi, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 8: se ad se revocare, Cic. Acad. 4, 16, 51.
II. Good reason, reasonableness: rătio: to approve the r. of the deed, rationem facti probare, Cic. Mur. 2, 3: you have acted with good r. in staying at home, quod domi te inclusisti, ratione fecisti, id. Att. 12, 44: to threaten the commissioners was not (consistent with) good r., minari divisoribus ratio non erat, id. Verr. Act. 1, 9, 24.
III. Reasonable ground, argument: rătio: to be overcome by no r., nulla ratione vinci, Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 48: this r., combined with the other causes, led them to that opinion, ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec ... ratio eos deduxit, Caes. B. G. 2, 10: to bring forward a r. why ... rationem afferre quamobrem ..., Cic. Caecin. 33, 96: that r. induced me ..., illa me ratio movit, id. Fam. 1, 7: he adds a r. for his opinion, cur sic opinetur, rationem subjicit, id. Div. 2, 50, 104: to confirm by far-fetched r.s, exquisitis rationibus confirmare, id. Fin. 1, 9, 30: slight r.s, ratiunculae, Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 43: the Stoics wind up their petty r.s, concludunt ratiunculas Stoici, ib. 2, 12, 28. Phr.: I bring forward many sound r.s for ..., multa affero justa ad impetrandum, Cic. Att. 9, 15: we must bring forward a r. on the opposite side, afferendum est in contrariam partem, id. de Or. 2, 53, 215: they bring forward no good r., nihil afferunt, id Sen. 6, 17.
IV. Cause: causa: to bring forward a tolerable r., probabilem causam afferre, Cic. Acad. 1, 3, 10: r.s for delay, causas morandi, Virg. Aen. 4, 51: he would not have done that except for good r., id nisi gravi de causa non fecisset, Cic. Att. 7, 7: for good r.s, justis de causis, id. Fam. 5, 20: with r., cum causa, id. de Or. 2, 60, 247: without r., sine causa, ib. 246: what r. is there? quid causae est, Hor. S. 1, 1, 20: there is no r., nihil causae est, Quint. 11, 3, 59: any other r., quidquam aliud causae, Cic. Rosc. Am. 3, 8.
V. A ground or reason expr. or implied in the antecedent sentence is often denoted by an adverbial relative sentence introduced by
1. cūr: I gave many r.s for going away, multa dixi, cur excusatus abirem, Hor Ep. 1, 9, 7: an excellent r. for being able to know, none for speaking falsely, justissima causa, cur scire potuerint, nulla, cur mentiantur, Cic. Quint. 18, 58: what is the r. for which? ... quid est, cur? ... id. Div. 3, 60, 125.
2. quamobrem, to bring forward a r. why ..., afferre rationem, quamobrem, Cic. Caecin. 33, 96: many r.s occurred to me for thinking, multa mihi veniebant in mentem, quamobrem putarem ..., id. Fam. 3, 10.
3. quāpropter, what is the r. for which you threaten? quid est, quapropter vos minitamini? Pl. Bacch. 5, 2, 28.
4. quārē: you provoke a r. for my wishing, accendis quare cupiam, Hor. S. 1, 9, 53: now listen to the r. for which ..., nunc accipe quare desipiant omnes aeque ac tu, id. 2, 3, 46.
5. quŏd: there is no r. for our thinking, nihil est quod cogitemus, Cic. Fam. 1, 8: I perceived that ill-health was the r. for your absence, quod non affuisses, valetudinem causam fuisse, id. Am. 2, 8.
VI. In simple (a) questions and (b) inferences. expr. for what (which) reason by interrog. or relat. adv.
1. cur: why (for what r.) do you exhaust me with your complaints? cur me querelis exanimas tuis? Hor. Od. 2, 17, 1.
2. quamobrem: (a) for what r. did you (how came you to) know? quamobrem sciebas. quamobrem suspicabare? Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 29, 74: I think you an utter scoundrel. For what r.? Am. Scelestissimum te arbitror. So. Nam quamobrem? Pl. Am. 2, 1, 2: (b) for which r. let us return, quamobrem ad illa redeamus, Cic. Am. 26, 100: for which r. I ask you, quamobrem quaeso a vobis, id. Flacc. 27, 65.
3. quāpropter: (a) for what r. do you suspect that to have been done? quapropter id vos factum suspicamini? Pl. Most. 2, 2, 52: until I go out, wait here. For what r.? Da. dum exeo, opperire hic. My. Quapropter? Ter. Andr. 4, 2, 31: (b) for which r. I exhort you, quapropter vos moneo, Sall. Cat. 58.
4. quārē: (a) why (for what r.) did you say that you would not bring that forward? illud quare negasti, te fuisse laturum? Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 71: why did you (how came you to) dare? quare ausus? Pl. Mil. 5, 12: (b) for which r. I so recommend him to you, quare sic tibi eum commendo, Cic. Fam. 13, 71: for which r. this plan is worthless, quare vanum equidem hoc consilium, Sall. Cat. 52.
5. quid: why (for what r.) does he conceal himself? quid latet? Hor. Od. 1, 8, 13: why (for what r.) do I argue? quid ego argumentor, quid plura disputo? Cic. Mil. 16, 44: what r. had Calidius to complain, quid erat, quod C. quereretur? id. Verr. 4, 20, 43.
VII For that r., with or without any condition or purpose stated:
1. iccirco: men will not think you a good citizen for that r., non iccirco te isti bonum civem putabunt, Cic. de Or. 2, 40, 170: for that r. some have asked, iccirco quidam ... quaesivere, Hor. S. 1, 4, 45.
2. ĭdeo: for that r. he wished him to become his friend, ideo eum amicum sibi cupiebat adjungi. Nep. Alc. 9: for this r. I cannot satisfy myself, because ... ideo mihi non satisfacio, quod nullam partem, ... consequi possum, Cic. Fam. 1, 8.
3. ĕo: and for that r. its first approaches are difficult, eoque difficiles aditus primos habet, Hor. S. 1, 9, 55: I have written to you at greater length, for this r. that you might ... eo pluribus scripsi, ut intelligeres, id. Fam. 13, 69.
4. proptĕreā: for that r. he could make less use of the corn, because ..., frumento ... propterea minus uti poterat, quod..., Caes. B. G. 1, 16.
5. ĭgĭtur: for this r. he summons Lentulus, igitur vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Sall. Cat. 46.
6. ĭtăque: for this r. his brother spoke for him, itaque, quoniam ipse pro se dicere non posset, verba pro eo fecit frater ejus, Nep. Milt. 7.
VIII. Without r.:
1. frustrā, Cic. Div. 2, 60, 125: the pens are blamed without r., culpantur frustra calami, Hor. S. 2, 3, 7.
2. de nihilo, a confidence adopted not without r., fiducia, non de nihilo concepta, Liv. 30, 29: without r. they boldly abuse, de nihilo audacter dicunt contumeliam, Pl. Curc. 3, 1, 17.
3. tĕmĕrē: I do not write this without r., non scribo hoc temere, Cic. Fam. 4, 13. By r. of:
1. propter (with acc.): for which r.s (by r. of which things) it is allowed, propter quae fas est, Juv. 10, 55 by r. of the cold, propter frigora, Caes. B. G. 1, 16.
2. ŏb (with acc.): for that r., ob eam rem, Caes. B. G. 1, 13.
3. prae (with abl.): by r. of the multitude of darts, p. multitudine jaculorum, Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 101: prae lacrimis, id. Att. 9, 12: p. gaudio, Liv. 4, 40. (N.B.--In this sense prae is rarely used except in negative sentences.)
4. ex: fearful, and by r. of conscience (i. e. in his heart) distrusting his own position, timido et ex conscientia diffidenti rebus suis, Sall. Jug. 32: Cic.: more fully, with causa: for which r., ex qua causa, Cic. Rep. 2, 7.
I. Intellect, thinking faculty:
1. mens, tis, f.: r., to which has been assigned by nature the sovereignty of the entire soul, (mens) cui regnum totius animi a natura tributum est, Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11 (the thinking part of the soul, mens animi, Lucr. 3, 615): id. 4, 762: to grasp
2. rătio, ōnis, f. rational faculty, Lucr. 1, 149: r. the mistress and queen of all things, domina omnium et regina ratio, Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 47: all things which possess r. surpass those which are devoid of r., omnia quae rationem habent, praestant iis quae sunt rationis expertia, Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 16: that practical skill which we call r., sollertiam quam rationem vocamus, Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69: let r., not fortune, guide, agentem te ratio ducat non fortuna, Liv. 22, 39: a man possessed of r., rationis particeps, Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11: devoid of r., rationis expertes, ib. 16, 50: pecudes ratione carentes, Ov. Am. 1, 11, 25: wanting r., rationis egentem, Virg. Aen. 8, 299: astray from true r., avius a vera ratione, Lucr. 2, 229: right r., recta ratio, Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 23: sound r., bona ratio, id. N. D. 3, 27, 70
3. ănĭmus (prop. the emotions or feelings: sometimes in present sense): do you preserve your r., rectum animi servas, Hor. S. 2, 3, 201: stas animi, ib. 213: bereft of r., inops animi, Virg. Aen. 4, 300.
4. intellĭgentia: r. is the faculty by which (the soul) perceives existing objects, i. est per quam (animus) ea perspicit quae sunt, Cic. Inv. 2, 53, 160: ordinary r., i. e. common sense, communis i., id. Fin. 1, 16, 44: to fall within reach of r., sub intelligentiam cadere, id. Tim. 8: a thing which falls within our r., res, quae in nostram intelligentiam cadit, id. Off. 3, 4, 17. things which are comprehended not by sense but by r., quae non sensu sed intelligentia continentur, id. Tim. 8.
5. săpientia: my master has no more r. (wit) than a stone, (non) habet plus sapientiae quam lapis, Pl. Mil. 2, 2, 83: a disease of the r. (mind), sapientiae aegritudo, Plin. H. N. 7, 51, § 171. Phr.: a man void of r., insipiens, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5: to be deprived of r., desipere, Hor. S. 2, 3, 47.
6. consĭlium, i: force devoid of r., vis consili expers, Hor. Od. 3, 4, 65; weakness of r., infirmitas consilii, Cic. Mur. 12, 27.
7. prūdentia: r. as opposed to chance, Juv. 3, 365.
8. sound, healthy r., sānĭtas, tatis, f.: to return to sound r., ad sanitatem redire, Cic. Fam. 12, 10: to bring back to sound r., ad sanitatem reducere, id. Verr. 2, 40, 98: the confusion of corrupt opinions deprives the soul of sound r., pravarum opinionum conturbatio ... sanitate spoliat animum, Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 23: a stranger to sound r., alienus a sanitate, Cic. Sull. 30, 83. Phr.: to return to sound r., ad bonam frugem se recipere, Cic. Coel. 12, 28: to recover r., resipisco, ivi, or ui, 3: Suet. Aug. 48: ad te redi, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 8: se ad se revocare, Cic. Acad. 4, 16, 51.
II. Good reason, reasonableness: rătio: to approve the r. of the deed, rationem facti probare, Cic. Mur. 2, 3: you have acted with good r. in staying at home, quod domi te inclusisti, ratione fecisti, id. Att. 12, 44: to threaten the commissioners was not (consistent with) good r., minari divisoribus ratio non erat, id. Verr. Act. 1, 9, 24.
III. Reasonable ground, argument: rătio: to be overcome by no r., nulla ratione vinci, Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 48: this r., combined with the other causes, led them to that opinion, ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec ... ratio eos deduxit, Caes. B. G. 2, 10: to bring forward a r. why ... rationem afferre quamobrem ..., Cic. Caecin. 33, 96: that r. induced me ..., illa me ratio movit, id. Fam. 1, 7: he adds a r. for his opinion, cur sic opinetur, rationem subjicit, id. Div. 2, 50, 104: to confirm by far-fetched r.s, exquisitis rationibus confirmare, id. Fin. 1, 9, 30: slight r.s, ratiunculae, Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 43: the Stoics wind up their petty r.s, concludunt ratiunculas Stoici, ib. 2, 12, 28. Phr.: I bring forward many sound r.s for ..., multa affero justa ad impetrandum, Cic. Att. 9, 15: we must bring forward a r. on the opposite side, afferendum est in contrariam partem, id. de Or. 2, 53, 215: they bring forward no good r., nihil afferunt, id Sen. 6, 17.
IV. Cause: causa: to bring forward a tolerable r., probabilem causam afferre, Cic. Acad. 1, 3, 10: r.s for delay, causas morandi, Virg. Aen. 4, 51: he would not have done that except for good r., id nisi gravi de causa non fecisset, Cic. Att. 7, 7: for good r.s, justis de causis, id. Fam. 5, 20: with r., cum causa, id. de Or. 2, 60, 247: without r., sine causa, ib. 246: what r. is there? quid causae est, Hor. S. 1, 1, 20: there is no r., nihil causae est, Quint. 11, 3, 59: any other r., quidquam aliud causae, Cic. Rosc. Am. 3, 8.
V. A ground or reason expr. or implied in the antecedent sentence is often denoted by an adverbial relative sentence introduced by
1. cūr: I gave many r.s for going away, multa dixi, cur excusatus abirem, Hor Ep. 1, 9, 7: an excellent r. for being able to know, none for speaking falsely, justissima causa, cur scire potuerint, nulla, cur mentiantur, Cic. Quint. 18, 58: what is the r. for which? ... quid est, cur? ... id. Div. 3, 60, 125.
2. quamobrem, to bring forward a r. why ..., afferre rationem, quamobrem, Cic. Caecin. 33, 96: many r.s occurred to me for thinking, multa mihi veniebant in mentem, quamobrem putarem ..., id. Fam. 3, 10.
3. quāpropter, what is the r. for which you threaten? quid est, quapropter vos minitamini? Pl. Bacch. 5, 2, 28.
4. quārē: you provoke a r. for my wishing, accendis quare cupiam, Hor. S. 1, 9, 53: now listen to the r. for which ..., nunc accipe quare desipiant omnes aeque ac tu, id. 2, 3, 46.
5. quŏd: there is no r. for our thinking, nihil est quod cogitemus, Cic. Fam. 1, 8: I perceived that ill-health was the r. for your absence, quod non affuisses, valetudinem causam fuisse, id. Am. 2, 8.
VI. In simple (a) questions and (b) inferences. expr. for what (which) reason by interrog. or relat. adv.
1. cur: why (for what r.) do you exhaust me with your complaints? cur me querelis exanimas tuis? Hor. Od. 2, 17, 1.
2. quamobrem: (a) for what r. did you (how came you to) know? quamobrem sciebas. quamobrem suspicabare? Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 29, 74: I think you an utter scoundrel. For what r.? Am. Scelestissimum te arbitror. So. Nam quamobrem? Pl. Am. 2, 1, 2: (b) for which r. let us return, quamobrem ad illa redeamus, Cic. Am. 26, 100: for which r. I ask you, quamobrem quaeso a vobis, id. Flacc. 27, 65.
3. quāpropter: (a) for what r. do you suspect that to have been done? quapropter id vos factum suspicamini? Pl. Most. 2, 2, 52: until I go out, wait here. For what r.? Da. dum exeo, opperire hic. My. Quapropter? Ter. Andr. 4, 2, 31: (b) for which r. I exhort you, quapropter vos moneo, Sall. Cat. 58.
4. quārē: (a) why (for what r.) did you say that you would not bring that forward? illud quare negasti, te fuisse laturum? Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 71: why did you (how came you to) dare? quare ausus? Pl. Mil. 5, 12: (b) for which r. I so recommend him to you, quare sic tibi eum commendo, Cic. Fam. 13, 71: for which r. this plan is worthless, quare vanum equidem hoc consilium, Sall. Cat. 52.
5. quid: why (for what r.) does he conceal himself? quid latet? Hor. Od. 1, 8, 13: why (for what r.) do I argue? quid ego argumentor, quid plura disputo? Cic. Mil. 16, 44: what r. had Calidius to complain, quid erat, quod C. quereretur? id. Verr. 4, 20, 43.
VII For that r., with or without any condition or purpose stated:
1. iccirco: men will not think you a good citizen for that r., non iccirco te isti bonum civem putabunt, Cic. de Or. 2, 40, 170: for that r. some have asked, iccirco quidam ... quaesivere, Hor. S. 1, 4, 45.
2. ĭdeo: for that r. he wished him to become his friend, ideo eum amicum sibi cupiebat adjungi. Nep. Alc. 9: for this r. I cannot satisfy myself, because ... ideo mihi non satisfacio, quod nullam partem, ... consequi possum, Cic. Fam. 1, 8.
3. ĕo: and for that r. its first approaches are difficult, eoque difficiles aditus primos habet, Hor. S. 1, 9, 55: I have written to you at greater length, for this r. that you might ... eo pluribus scripsi, ut intelligeres, id. Fam. 13, 69.
4. proptĕreā: for that r. he could make less use of the corn, because ..., frumento ... propterea minus uti poterat, quod..., Caes. B. G. 1, 16.
5. ĭgĭtur: for this r. he summons Lentulus, igitur vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Sall. Cat. 46.
6. ĭtăque: for this r. his brother spoke for him, itaque, quoniam ipse pro se dicere non posset, verba pro eo fecit frater ejus, Nep. Milt. 7.
VIII. Without r.:
1. frustrā, Cic. Div. 2, 60, 125: the pens are blamed without r., culpantur frustra calami, Hor. S. 2, 3, 7.
2. de nihilo, a confidence adopted not without r., fiducia, non de nihilo concepta, Liv. 30, 29: without r. they boldly abuse, de nihilo audacter dicunt contumeliam, Pl. Curc. 3, 1, 17.
3. tĕmĕrē: I do not write this without r., non scribo hoc temere, Cic. Fam. 4, 13. By r. of:
1. propter (with acc.): for which r.s (by r. of which things) it is allowed, propter quae fas est, Juv. 10, 55 by r. of the cold, propter frigora, Caes. B. G. 1, 16.
2. ŏb (with acc.): for that r., ob eam rem, Caes. B. G. 1, 13.
3. prae (with abl.): by r. of the multitude of darts, p. multitudine jaculorum, Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 101: prae lacrimis, id. Att. 9, 12: p. gaudio, Liv. 4, 40. (N.B.--In this sense prae is rarely used except in negative sentences.)
4. ex: fearful, and by r. of conscience (
reason (v.):
I. To possess r., rationem habeo, Liv. 28, 28: Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 16.
II. To discourse, argue:
1. rătiōcĭnor, 1: if we shall rightly r., si recte ratiocinabimur, Cic. Phil. 2, 22, 55: thus they r.'d, sic ratiocinabantur, id. Verr. Act. 1, 7, 20.
2. rĕpŭto, 1: r.ing much with myself, multa mecum ipse reputans, Cic. Post Red. 12, 32: r. with yourselves, reputate cum animis vestris, Sall. Jug. 85, post init.
3. rationem conclūdo, si, 3: Cic. Div. 1, 32, 71.
4. argūmentum concludo: id. Fin. 3, 8, 27.
5. argumentis dŏceo id. N. D. 3, 4, 9.
6. argumenta affĕro: ib. 10.
7. sermōcĭnor, 1: id. Verr. 2, 1, 52, 138.
8. dispŭto, 1: I do not r. on either side, non ullam in partem disputo, ib. 5, 3, 7: the Academic custom of r.ing, Academicorum contra propositum disputandi, id. Fat. 2, 4: they r. closely, enucleate disputant, id. Tusc. 4, 14, 33.
9. dissĕro, ui, rtum, 3: the Socratic method of r.ing, Socratica ratio disserendi, ib. 8: the art of r.ing well (dialectics), ars bene disserendi, id. de Or. 2, 38, 157: to r. in a subtle manner, subtiliter disserere, id. Tusc. 4, 14, 33. Phr.: set yourself to work to r., da te in sermonem, id. Att. 13, 23: r. captiously, căvillor, 1, Liv. 3, 20: v.ARGUE , DISCOURSE .
I. To possess r., rationem habeo, Liv. 28, 28: Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 16.
II. To discourse, argue:
1. rătiōcĭnor, 1: if we shall rightly r., si recte ratiocinabimur, Cic. Phil. 2, 22, 55: thus they r.'d, sic ratiocinabantur, id. Verr. Act. 1, 7, 20.
2. rĕpŭto, 1: r.ing much with myself, multa mecum ipse reputans, Cic. Post Red. 12, 32: r. with yourselves, reputate cum animis vestris, Sall. Jug. 85, post init.
3. rationem conclūdo, si, 3: Cic. Div. 1, 32, 71.
4. argūmentum concludo: id. Fin. 3, 8, 27.
5. argumentis dŏceo id. N. D. 3, 4, 9.
6. argumenta affĕro: ib. 10.
7. sermōcĭnor, 1: id. Verr. 2, 1, 52, 138.
8. dispŭto, 1: I do not r. on either side, non ullam in partem disputo, ib. 5, 3, 7: the Academic custom of r.ing, Academicorum contra propositum disputandi, id. Fat. 2, 4: they r. closely, enucleate disputant, id. Tusc. 4, 14, 33.
9. dissĕro, ui, rtum, 3: the Socratic method of r.ing, Socratica ratio disserendi, ib. 8: the art of r.ing well (dialectics), ars bene disserendi, id. de Or. 2, 38, 157: to r. in a subtle manner, subtiliter disserere, id. Tusc. 4, 14, 33. Phr.: set yourself to work to r., da te in sermonem, id. Att. 13, 23: r. captiously, căvillor, 1, Liv. 3, 20: v.
λόγος
λόγος, ὁ, argument; word, speech; story, tale; reason (noun); λόγος, ὁ, story, tale (noun) (2c);...
αἰτία
αἰτία, ἡ, reason, cause, responsibility (noun)
νόος
νοῦς, νοῦ, ὁ, mind, reason
ἄλογος
ἄλογος ον, speechless, without reason (adjective)
inquire into causes, reason, account for
ὑπολογισμός
consideration, reason
λόγος, ὁ, argument; word, speech; story, tale; reason (noun); λόγος, ὁ, story, tale (noun) (2c);...
αἰτία
αἰτία, ἡ, reason, cause, responsibility (noun)
νόος
νοῦς, νοῦ, ὁ, mind, reason
ἄλογος
ἄλογος ον, speechless, without reason (adjective)
appearing fewer than 50 times
αἰτιολογέωinquire into causes, reason, account for
ὑπολογισμός
consideration, reason