Claudius

Claudĭus (Clōdĭus, like claudo and clodo, codex and caudex, plostrum and plaustrum, etc.), Claudĭa, Clōdĭa,

• the name of two very celebrated Roman gentes (one patrician, the other plebeian; cf. Suet. Tib. 1 and 2; Verg. A. 7, 708; Liv. 2, 16, 4).
• • A Claudius; so,
  • • 1 App. Claudius Caecus (v. Appius).—
    • 2 The historian Q. Claudius Quadrigarius, a contemporary of Sulla and Sisenna, Vell. 2, 9, 6; Gell. 1, 7, 9.—Called simply Claudius, Liv. 8, 19, 13; 9, 5, 2.—
    • 3 The emperor Claudius; in full, Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, Suet. Claud. 1 sqq.; Tac. A. 11, 1 sqq.—
    • 4 In fem.: Claudĭa, a female of the gens Claudia.—
  • B Clodius. Thus the restless tribune of the people, and enemy of Cicero, P. Clodius Pulcher, who was killed by Milo; v. Cic. Mil.—
• II Hence,
• • A Claudĭus (Clōd-), a, um, Claudian, Clodian: Via Claudia (Clodia), a branch of the Via Cassia, Ov. P. 1, 8, 44; Front. Aquaed. 11.—Aqua Claudia, an aqueduct begun by the emperor Caligula, and finished by the emperor Claudius, Front. Aquaed. 13 sq.; Suet. Claud. 20 Bremi.—Tribus Claudia, beyond the Anio, named after the progenitor of the gens Claudia, Liv. 2, 16, 5; Verg. A. 7, 708; cf. Serv. in h. l.—Leges Clodiae, proceeding from the tribune of the people, Clodius, Cic. Sest. 25 and 26; cf. Orell. Ind. Leg. s. h. v.—
  • B Claudĭānus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to a Claudius (esp. to the emperor of this name): castra, of App. Claudius Pulcher, Liv. 23, 31, 3: tonitrua, named after the same, Paul. ex Fest. p. 57, 10 Müll.: tempora, of the emperor Claudius, Tac. A. 14, 11; id. H. 5, 12: cometa, visible in his time, Sen. Q. N. 7, 21 and 29.—
  • C Clōdĭ-ānus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Clodius, the enemy of Cicero: crimen, his murder, Cic. Mil. 27, 72: incendia, caused by him, id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2: operae, id. ib. 2, 3, 2.

1. Claudius u. (andere Schreibart) Clōdius, a, um, Name zweier röm. gentes (einer patrizischen u. einer plebejischen, von deren letzterer die Marcelli [s. Mārcellus] die bedeutendste Familie waren): I) subst.: A) Form Claudius, wie die Patrizier: 1) Appius Claudius Regillensis Crassus, der durch seinen Frevel gegen die Virginia bekannte Dezemvir, Liv. 3, 35 sqq. – 2) Appius Claudius (Crassus) Caecus, errichtete als Zensor große Bauten (s. Appius), noch spät gerühmt wegen der Rede, durch die er 281 v. Chr. im Senat zu Rom den Abschluß eines Friedens mit Pyrrhus zu hindern wußte, Cic. de sen. 16. Tac. dial. 18. – 3) Tiberius Claudius Drusus Germanicus, der vierte röm. Kaiser (41–54 n. Chr.), Suet. Claud. 1 sqq. Tac. ann. lib. 11 sq. – Dav.: a) Claudiānus, a, um, zu einem Klaudius (besond. dem Kaiser dieses Namens) gehörig, klaudianisch, castra (des Appius Klaudius Pulcher), Liv.: tonitrua (nach dems. benannt), Fest.: tempora (des Kaisers), Tac.: cometes (zur Zeit des Kl. sichtbar), Sen. – b) Claudiālis, e, des (K.) Klaudius, klaudialisch, flaminium, Tac. ann. 13, 2. – B) Form Clōdius, wie P. Clodius Pulcher, der unruhige Volkstribun, Feind Ciceros, von Milo zu Bovillä im J. 52 v. Chr. ermordet, oft in Cic. oratt. u. epp.: Plur. Clodii, Sen. ep. 97, 10 u. de brev. vit. 5, 1. – Dav. Clōdiānus, a, um, klodianisch, des (gen.) Klodius, crimen, seine Ermordung, Cic.: incendia, von ihm veranlaßt, Cic.: operae, seine Helfershelfer, Cic. – II) adi. klaudisch, via C., eine Seitenstraße der via Cassia, Ov.: aqua C., eine von Kaligula begonnene, vom Kaiser Klaudius vollendete Wasserleitung, Liv. epit. u. Suet.: tribus C., jenseit des Anios, nach dem Ahnherrn der gens Claudia ben., Liv.: leges Clodiae, vom Volkstribun Klodius herrührend, Cic.; von andern Klaudiern, Liv.

1 Claudĭus, (7) ĭī, m. , nom de famille rom. ; not^t ¶ 1 Appius Claudius Cæcus [homme dʼÉtat et écrivain] : Cic. CM 16 ; Liv. 10, 22 ¶ 2 M. Claudius Marcellus [général célèbre] : Liv. 23, 15, 7 ¶ 3 lʼempereur Claude : Suet. Claud. 2, 1.

3 Claudĭus, (12) a, um, de la famille Claudia, dʼun Claudius : Claudiæ manus Hor. O. 4, 4, 73, les mains dʼun Claudius || Claudia via, f. , la voie Appienne : Ov. P. 1, 8, 44 || Claudia aqua, f. , lʼaqueduc de Claude : Suet. Claud. 20 || Claudia tribus Liv. 2, 16, 5, nom dʼune tribu rustique.

Clau'dius

patrician.Κλαύδιος [Claudia Gens.]

Clau'dius

1. App. Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, a Sabine of the town of Regiilum or Regilli, who in his own country bore the name of Attus Clausus (or, according to some, Atta Claudius; Dionysius calls him Τίτος Κλαύδιος), being the advocate of peace with the Romans, when hostilities broke out between the two nations shortly after the beginning of the commonwealth, and being vehemently opposed by most of his countrymen, withdrew with a large train of followers to Rome. (B. C. 504.) He was forthwith received into the ranks of the patricians, and lands beyond the Anio were assigned to his followers, who were formed into a new tribe, called the Claudian. (Liv. 2.16, 4.3, 10.8; Dionys. A. R. 5.40, 11.15; Sueton. Tib. 1; Tac. Ann. 11.24, 12.25; Niebuhr, i. p. 560.) He exhibited the characteristics which marked his descendants, and, in his consulship (B. C. 495), shewed great severity towards the plebeian debtors. (Liv. 2.21, 23, 24, 27; Dionys. A. R. 6.23, 24, 27, 30.) Next year, on the refusal of the commons to enlist, we find him proposing the appointment of a dictator. (Liv. 2.29.) We find him manifesting the same bitter hatred of the plebs at the time of the secession to the Mons Sacer, in B. C. 494 (Dionys. A. R. 6.59, &c.), of the famine in 493 (Dionys. A. R. 7.15), and of the impeachment of Coriolanus. (Dionys. A. R. 7.47, &c.) He is made by Dionysius (8.73, &c.) to take a prominent part in opposing the agrarian law of Sp. Cassius. According to Pliny (Plin. Nat. 35.3) he was the first who set up images of his ancestors in a public temple (that of Bellona).

Clau'dius

2. App. Claudius App. F. M. N. Sabinus Regillensis, son of the preceding, was a candidate for the consulship in B. C. 482, but, through the opposition of the tribunes, did not succeed. (Dionys. A. R. 8.90.) In 471 he was made consul by the patricians to oppose the Publilian rogations. He was baffled in his violent attempt to do so, and strove to revenge himself on the plebeians by his severity when commanding against the Aequians and Volscians. The soldiers became discontented and disobedient, and, when the enemy attacked them, threw away their arms and fled. For this he punished them with extreme severity. The next year he violently opposed the execution of the agrarian law of Sp. Cassius, and was brought to trial by two of the tribunes. According to the common story, he killed himself before the trial. (Liv. 2.56-61; Dionys. A. R. 9.43-45, 48-54; Niebuhr, vol. ii. pp. 186, 219-228.) Clau'dius

3. C. Claudius App. F. M. N. Sabinus Regillensis, brother of the preceding (Dionys. A. R. 10.30 ; Liv. 3.35), was consul in B. C. 460, when Appius Herdonius seized the Capitol. After it had been recovered, we find him hindering the execution of the promise made by Valerius respecting the Terentilian law. (Liv. 3.15_21; Dionys. A. R. 10.9, 12-17.) Subsequently, he opposed the proposition to increase the number of the plebeian tribunes and the law de Aventino publicando. (Dionys. A. R. 10.30, 32.) He was an unsuccessful candidate for the dictatorship. (Liv. 3.35.) Though a staunch supporter of the aristocracy, he warned his brother against an immoderate use of his power. (Liv. 3.40; Dionys. A. R. 11.7-11.) His remonstrances being of no avail, he withdrew to Regillum, but returned to defend the decemvir Appius, when impeached. (Liv. 3.58.) Incensed at his death, he strove to revenge himself on the consuls Horatius and Valerius by opposing their application for leave to triumph. (Dionys. A. R. 11.49.) In 445 we find him strenuously opposing the law of Canuleius, and proposing to arm the consuls against the tribunes. (Liv. 4.6.) According to Dionysius, however (11.55, 56), he himself proposed the election of military tribunes with consular power from both plebeians and patricians. App. Claudius Crassus Regillensis Sabinus or App. Claudius Crassinus Regillensis Sabinus

4. the decemvir, is commonly considered to have been the son of No. 2 (as by Livy, 3.35); but, from the Capitoline Fasti, where the record of his consulship appears in the following form : Ap. Claudius Ap. f. M. n. Crassin. Regill. Salinus II., he would appear to have been the same person. (See Niebuhr, vol. ii. note 754.) He was elected consul in B. C. 451, and on the appointment of the decemvirs in that year, he became one of them. His influence in the college became paramount, and he so far won the confidence of the people, that he was reappointed the following year. Now, however, his real character betrayed itself in the most violent and tyrannous conduct towards the plebeians, till his attempt against Virginia led to the overthrow of the decemvirate. Appius was impeached by Virginius, but did not live to abide his trial. According to Livy, he killed himself. Dionysius (11.46) says, it was the general opinion that he was put to death in prison by order of the tribunes. (Liv. 3.33, 35-58; Dionys. A. R. 10.54-11.46.) For an account of the decemviral legislation, see Dict. of Ant. s. v. Twelve Tables.

5. App. Claudius Ap. F. Ap. N. Crassus (or Crassinus), the elder son of the decemvir, was consular tribune in B. C. 424. All that we are told of him is, that he was marked by a genuine Claudian hatred of the tribunes and plebeians. (Liv. 4.35, 36.)

6. P. Claudius Crassus (or Crassinus), a younger son of the decemvir. (Liv. 6.40.)

7. App. Claudius App. F. App. N. Crassus (or Crassinus), son of No. 5, was consular tribune in B. C. 403. It was this Appius who was the author of the important measure, that the proceedings of the tribunes might be stopped by the veto of one of the college. (Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 439, note 965.) Livy (5.3-6) puts into his mouth a speech in reply to the complaints of the tribunes, when, at the siege of Veii, the troops were kept in the field during the winter. He afterwards proposed to appropriate the spoil of Veii for the pay of the soldiers. (Liv. 5.1_6, 20.)

8. App. Claudius App. P. F. N. Crassus (or Crassinus), a son of No. 6, distinguished himself by his opposition to the Licinian rogations, particularly as regarded the appointment of plebeian consuls. In 362, on the death of the consul Genucius, he was appointed dictator to conduct the war against the Hernicans, when a victory was gained over them under his auspices. In 349 he was made consul, but died at the commencement of his year of office. (Liv. 6.40-42, 7.6, &c., 24, 25.)

9. C. Claudius App. F. App. N. Crassus (or Crassinus), son of No. 7, was named dictator in B. C. 337, but immediately resigned his office, the augurs having pronounced his appointment invalid. Who the C. Claudius Hortator, whom he made Master of the Horse, was, is not known. (Liv. 8.15.)

Clau'dius Caecus, App.

10. App. Claudius App., C. F. N. Caecus, son of No. 9. It was generally believed among the ancients that his blindness was real, and there can be no doubt that such was the fact, though it is pretty certain that he did not become blind before his old age. The tradition of the occasion of his blindness is given by Livy, 9.29. (See also Cic. de Senect. 6, Tusc. Disp. 5.38; Plut. Pyrrh. 18, 19; Diodorus, 20.36; Appian, Samn. 10.) He was twice curule aedile (Frontin. de Aquaed. 5.72), and in B. C. 312 was elected censor with C. Plautius, without having been consul previously. (Liv. 9.29.) With the design of forming in the senate and people a party which should be subservient to him in his ambitious designs, he filled up the vacancies in the senate with the names of a large number of the low popular party, including even the sons of freedmen. His list, however, was set aside the following year, upon which C. Plautius resigned, and Appius continued in office as sole censor. He then proceeded to draw up the lists of the tribes, and enrolled in them all the libertini, whom he distributed among all the tribes, that his influence might predominate in all. (Liv. 9.29, 30, 33, 34, 46; Suet. Cl. 24.) According to Pliny (Plin. Nat. 33.6) it was at his instigation that his secretary, Cn. Flavius, published his calendar and account of the legis actiones. But the most durable monuments of his censorship (for his political innovations were in good part set aside by Q. Fabius Maximus) were the Appian road to Capua, which was commenced by him, and the Appian aqueduct, which he completed. (Liv. 9.29; Frontin. de Aquaed. 5; Niebuhr, vol. iii. pp. 303-309.) Niebuhr conjectures, with some probability, that in order to raise money he must have sold large portions of the public land. He retained his censorship four years. (Niebuhr, vol. iii. pp. 294-313.) In 307 he was elected consul after resigning his censorship, which he had ineffectually endeavoured to retain, and remained in Rome for the purpose of strengthening his interest. (Liv. 9.42.) In the following year we find him a strenuous opponent of the Ogulnian law for opening the offices of pontiff and augur to the plebeians. (10.7, 8.) In 298 he was appointed interrex (an office which he filled three times; see inscription in Pighius, ad ann. 561), and at first refused to receive votes for the plebeian candidate. (Liv. 10.11; Cic. Brut. 14.) In 296 he was chosen consul a second time, and commanded at first in Samnium with some success. (Liv. 10.17; Orelli, Inscr. No. 539.) From Samnium he led his forces into Etruria, and having been delivered from a perilous position by his colleague Volumnius, the combined armies gained a decisive victory over the Etruscans and Samnites. (Liv. 10.18, 19.) In this battle he vowed a temple to Bellona, which he afterwards dedicated. Next year he was continued in command, as praetor, but was sent back to Rome by the consul Fabius. (10.22, 25.) Afterwards, in conjunction with Volumnius, he gained a victory over the Samnites. (10.31.) He was once dictator, but in what year is not known. (Insc. in Orelli, l.c.) In his old age, when Cineas was sent by Pyrrhus to propose peace, Appius, now quite blind, appeared in the senate, and by his speech prevailed on them to resist the proffered terms. This speech was extant in Cicero's time. (Liv. xiii.; Cic. Brut. 14, 16, De Senect. 6.) His eloquence is extolled by Livy. (10.19.)

He left four sons and five daughters. (Cic. de Senect. 11.) Works

Appius Claudius the Blind was the earliest Roman writer in prose and verse whose name has come down to us. Poetry

He was the author of a poem known to Cicero through the Greek (Cic. Tusc. Disp. 4.2), of which some minute fragments have come down to us. (Priscian. viii. p. 792, ed. Putsch; Festus, s. v. Stuprum.) Its contents were of a Pythagorean cast. Legal writings

He also wrote a legal treatise, De Usurpationibus, and according to some was the author of the Actiones which Flavius published. [Flavius.] (Pomponius, Dig. 1.2.36.)

Clau'dius

11. App. Claudius App., C. F. N. Caudex, also son of No. 9. He derived his surname from his attention to naval affairs. (Senec. de Brev. Vitae, 13.) He was elected consul B. C. 264, and commanded the forces sent to the assistance of the Mamertini. He effected a landing on the coast of Sicily by night, defeated Hiero and the Carthaginians, and raised the siege of Messana. After a repulse from Egesta, and some other unsuccessful operations, he left a garrison in Messana and returned home. (Plb. 1.11, 12, 16; Suet. Tib. 2.) Clau'dius

12. App. Claudius App. F. C. N. Crassus (or Crassinus) Rufus, the eldest son of No. 10, and apparently the last of the gens who bore the surname Crassus. He was consul B. C. 268. (Fast. Sic.; Vell. 1.14.) Clau'dius

13. P. Claudius App. F. C. N. Pulchier, the first of this gens who bore that surname, was the second son of No. 10. He possessed in a more than ordinary degree most of the worst characteristics of this family. He was elected consul in B. C. 249, and commanded the fleet sent to reinforce the troops at Lilybaeum. In defiance of the auguries, he attacked the Carthaginian fleet lying in the harbour of Drepana, but was entirely defeated, with the loss of almost all his forces. (Plb. 1.49, &c. ; Cic. De Divin. i. 16, 2.8, 33; Schol. Bob. in Cic. p. 337, ed. Orell.; Liv. xix.; Suet. Tib. 2.) Claudius was recalled and commanded to appoint a dictator. He named M. Claudius Glycias or Glicia, the son of a freedman. but the nomination was immediately superseded. (Suet. Tib. 2; Fasti Capit.) P. Claudius was accused of high treason, and, according to Polybius (1.52) and Cicero (de Nat. Deor. 2.3), was severely punished. According to other accounts (Schol. Bob. l.c. ; V. Max. 8.1.4), a thunder-storm which happened stopped the proceedings; but he was impeached a second time and fined. He did not long survive his disgrace. He was dead before B. C. 246. [Claudia, No. 1.] The probability is that he killed himself. (V. Max. 1.4.3.)

Clau'dius

14. C. Claudius App. F. C. N. Centho or Cento, another son of No. 10, was consul in B. C. 240, interrex in 217, and dictator in 213. (Fasti Cap.; Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1.1, Brut. 18; Liv. 22.34, 25.2.)

Clau'dius

15. Tib. Claudius Nero, fourth son of No. 10. Nothing further is known respecting him. (Suet. Tib. 3; Gel. 13.22.) An account of his descendants is given under Nero.

16. Claudiae Quinque. [Claudia, No. 1.]

17. App. Claudius App., P. F. N. Pulcher, son of No. 13, was aedile in B. C. 217. (Liv. 22.53.) In the following year he was military tribune, and fought at Cannae. Together with P. Scipio he was raised to the supreme command by the troops who had fled to Canusium. In 215 he was created praetor, and conducted the relics of the defeated army into Sicily, where his efforts to detach Hieronymus, the grandson of Hiero, from his connexion with the Carthaginians, were unsuccessful. (Liv. 23.24, 30, 31, 24.6, 7.) He remained in Sicily the following year also, as propraetor and legatus to M. Marcellus. (24.10, 21, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36; Plb. 8.3, 5, 9), having charge of the fleet and the camp at Leontini. (Liv. 24.39.) In 212 he was elected consul, and in conjunction with his colleague Q. Fulvius Flaccus laid siege to Capua. At the close of his year of office, in pursuance of a decree of the senate, he went to Rome and created two new consuls. His own command was prolonged another year. In the battle with Hannibal before Capua he received a wound, from the effects of which he died shortly after the surrender of the city. He ineffectually opposed the infliction of the sanguinary vengeance which Fulvius took on the Capuans. (Liv. 25.2, 22, 41, 26.1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16 ; Plb. 9.3.)

18. Claudia Quinta [Claudia, No. 2.] Clau'dius

19. Claudia. [Claudia, No. 3.] Clau'dius

20. App. Claudius App. F. P. N. Pulcher, son of No. 17. In B. C. 197 and the three following years, he served as military tribune under T. Quinctius Flamininus in Greece in the war with Philip. (Liv. 32.35, 36, 33.29, 34.50.) We find him again in Greece in 191, serving first under M. Baebius in the war with Antiochus (36.10), and afterwards under the consul M'. Acilius Glabrio against the Aetolians. (36.22, 30.) In 187 he was made praetor, and Tarentum fell to him by lot as his province. (38.42.) In 185 he was elected consul, and gained some advantages over the Ingaunian Ligurians, and, by his violent interference at the comitia, procured the election of his brother Publius to the consulship. (39.23, 32.) In 184, when Philip was preparing for a new war with the Romans, Appius was sent at the head of an embassy into Macedonia and Greece, to observe his movements and wrest from his grasp the cities of which he had made himself master. (39.33-39.) In 176 he was one of an embassy. sent to the Aetolians, to bring about a cessation of their internal hostilities and oppose the machinations of Perseus. (41.25, 27.)

21. P. Claudius App. F. P. N. Pulcher, son of No. 17. In B. C. 189 he was curule aedile, and in 188 praetor. (Liv. 38.35.) In 184 he was made consul [see No. 20] (39.32), and in 181 one of the three commissioners appointed for planting a colony at Graviscae. (40.29.)

Clau'dius

22. C. Claudius App. F. P. N. Pulcher, another son of No. 17 (Fasti Cap.; Liv. 33.44), was made augur in B. C. 195, praetor in 180 (40.37, 42), and consul in 177. The province of Istria fell to his lot. Fearing lest the successes of the consuls of the preceding year might render his presence unnecessary, he set out without performing the regular initiatory ceremonies of the consulship, but soon found himself compelled to return. Having again proceeded to his province with a fresh army, he captured three towns, and reduced the Istrians to subjection. He next marched against the Ligurians, whom he defeated, and celebrated a double triumph at Rome. Having held the comitia, he returned to Liguria and recovered the town of Mutina. (41.10-18 ; Plb. 26.7.) In 171 he served as military tribune under P. Licinius against Perseus. (Liv. 42.49.) In 169 he was censor with Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. Their severity drew down upon them an impeachment from one of the tribunes, but the popularity of Gracchus secured an acquittal. Claudius opposed his colleague, who wished to exclude the freedmen from all the tribes, and at last it was agreed that they should be enrolled in one tribe--the Esquiline. (43.14-16, 44.16, 45.15; Valer. Max. 6.5.3.) In 167 Claudius was one of an embassy of ten sent into Macedonia. He died in this year. (45.17, 44; Plb. 30.10.) Clau'dius

23. C. Claudius Cento, probably the grandson of No. 14, served under the consul P. Sulpicius in B. C. 200, in the war with Philip. Being sent to the relief of Athens, which was besieged by a Macedonian army, he raised the siege. He next made himself master of Chalcis in Euboea, and gained several advantages over Philip, who marched in person upon Athens. (Liv. 31.14, 22, &c.; Zonar. 9.15.)

24. App. Claudius Cento, brother of No. 23. was aedile in B. C. 178. (Liv. 40.59.) In 175 he was made praetor, and received Hispania Citerior as his province. Here he gained a victory over the revolted Celtiberi, for which he was honoured with an ovation. (41.22, 31, 33.) In 173 he was sent into Thessaly, and quieted the disturbances which prevailed there. (42.5.) In 172 he was one of an embassy sent into Macedonia to communicate to Perseus the demands and threats of the Romans. (42.25.) In 170 he was legatus under the consul A. Hostilius. Having been sent with 4000 men into Illyricum, he sustained a defeat near the town of Uscana. (43.11, 12.) Clau'dius

25. App. Claudius App. F. App. N. Pulcher, son of No. 20. He was consul in B. C. 143, and, to obtain a pretext for a triumph, attacked the Salassi, an Alpine tribe. He was at first defeated, but afterwards, following the directions of the Sibylline books, gained a victory. (Frontin. de Aquaed. 7; Dio Cass. Fragm. lxxix. lxxx.; Oros. 5.4.) On his return a triumph was refused him ; but he triumphed at his own expense, and when one of the tribunes attempted to drag him from his car, his daughter Claudia, one of the Vestal virgins, walked by his side up to the capitol. (Cic. pro Cael. 14; Sueton. Tib. 2.) Next year he was an unsuccessful candidate for the censorship, though he afterwards held that office with Q. Fulvius Nobilior, probably in 136. (Dio Cass. Fragm. lxxxiv.; Plut. TG 4.) He gave one of his daughters in marriage to Tib. Gracchus, and in B. C. 133 with Tib. and C. Gracchus was appointed commissioner for the division of the lands. (Liv. Epit. 58; Orelli, Inscr. No. 570; Vell. 2.2.) Appius lived at enmity with P. Scipio Aemilianus. (Plut. Aemil. 38; Cic. de Rep. 1.19.) He died shortly after Tib. Gracchus. (Appian, App. BC 1.18.) He was one of the Salii, an augur, and princeps senatus. (Macrob. Saturn. 2.10; Plut. TG 4.) Cicero (Cic. Brut. 28) says, that his style of speaking was fluent and vehement. He married Antistia. [Antistia, No. 1.]

26. C. Claudius Pulcher, son of No. 22, was consul in B. C. 130, and laid information before the senate of the disturbances excited by C. Papirius Carbo. (Cic. de Leg. 3.19.)

27. App. Claudius Pulcher, known only as the son of No. 26 and father of No. 32.

28. C. Claudius Pulcher, also son of No. 26 and father of No. 34. (Cic. pro Planc. 21.)

29. App. Claudius Pulcher, son of No. 25. He inherited his father's enmity to P. Scipio Aemilianus. (Cic. pro Scaur. 2.32.) In B. C. 107 he took part in the discussions respecting the agrarian law of Sp. Thorius. (Cic. de Orat. 2.70.) He appears to have been of a facetious disposition. (Cic. de Orat. 2.60.)

30. Claudia. [Claudia, No. 4.]

Clau'dius

31. Claudia. [Claudia, No. 5.]

32. C. Claudius App. F. C. N. Pulcher, son of No. 27 (Cic. de Off. 2.16, Verr. 2.49; Fasti Capit.), appears in B. C. 100 as one of those who took up arms against Saturninus. (Cic. pro Rab. 7.) In 99 he was curule aedile, and in the games celebrated by him elephants were for the first time exhibited in the circus, and painting employed in the scenic decorations. (Plin. Nat. 8.7, 35.7; V. Max. 2.4.6.) In 85 he was praetor in Sicily, and, by direction of the senate, gave laws to the Halesini respecting the appointment of their senate. (Cic. Ver. 2.49.) The Mamertini made him their patronus. (Verr. 4.3.) He was consul in 92. (Fasti Cap.) Cicero (Cic. Brut. 45) speaks of him as a man possessed of great power and some ability as an orator.

33. App. Claudius Pulcher, the brother, possibly of No. 32, was military tribune in B. C. 87. He was appointed to guard the Janiculum when the city was threatened by Marius and Cinna, but opened a gate to Marius, to whom he was under obligations. (Appian, App. BC 1.68.) It appears, however, that he managed to keep his credit with his own party; for it is probably this Claudius who was interrex in 77, and with Q. Lutatius Catulus had to defend Rome against M. Aemilius Lepidus. (Sall. Fragm. lib. 1.)

34. App. Claudius Pulcher, son of No. 28, was made consul in B. C. 79, though he had been an unsuccessful candidate for the curule aedileship. (Cic. pro Planc. 21; Appian, App. BC 1.103.) He was afterwards governor of Macedonia, and engaged in contests with the neighbouring barbarians. He died in his province, before 76, when he was succeeded by C. Scribonius Curio. (Liv. Epit. 91; Flor. 3.4; Oros. 5.23.)

35. App. Claudius Pulcher, apparently the son of No. 29. (Orelli, Inscript. No. 578.) When curule aedile he celebrated the Megalesian games. (Cic. de Harusp. Resp. 12.) In B. C. 89 he was made praetor (Cic. pro Arch. 5), and afterwards filled the office of propraetor. In B. C. 87 Cinna gained a victory over his army. (Liv. Epit. 79.) Claudius was impeached by one of the tribunes, and, not appearing, was deposed from his command and banished. Next year, L. Marcius Philippus, his nephew, who was censor, omitted his name in the list of senators. (Cic. pro Dom. 31, 32.) He appears in 82 to have marched with Sulla against Rome, and met his death near the city. (Plut. Sull. 29.) He married Caecilia, and left three sons and three daughters, but no property. (Varro, R. R. 3.16,)

36. C. Claudius Pulcher, son of No. 29, when curule aedile excluded slaves from the Megalesian games which he celebrated. (Cic. de Har. Resp. 12.) In B. C. 73 he was praetor (Plut. Crass. 9), and commanded an army against Spartacus, by whom he was defeated at mount Vesuvius. (Liv. Epit. 95; Oros. 5.24.)

37. Claudia. [Claudia, No. 6.]

38. App. Claudius Pulcher, eldest son of No. 35 (Varr. R. R. 3.16), appears in B. C. 75 as the prosecutor of Terentius Varro. (Ascon. ad Cic. Div. in Caecil. p. 109, Orell.) In 70 he served in Asia under his brother-in-law, Lucullus, and was sent to Tigranes to demand the surrender of Mithridates. (Plut. Luc. 19, 21.) In 61 he was in Greece, collecting statues and paintings to adorn the games which he contemplated giving as aedile. (Cic. pro Dom. 43; Schol. Bob. in orat. in Clod. et Cur. p. 338, Oreil.) Through the favour and influence of the consul L. Piso, however, he was made praetor without first filling the office of aedile. (Cic. l.c.) As praetor (B. C. 57) he presided in trials for extortion, and Cicero expresses anxiety on behalf of his brother Quintus, who had been propraetor in Asia. (Ad Att. 3.17.) Though Appius did not openly and in person oppose Cicero's recall (Cic. Fam. 3.10.8; comp. pro Dom. 33), he tacitly sanctioned and abetted the proceedings of his brother Publius. He placed at his disposal the gladiators whom he had hired, and alone of the praetors did nothing on behalf of Cicero; and, after the return of the latter, shewed more decidedly which side he took. (Cic. pro Sext. 36, 39-41, in Pison. 15, pro Mil. 15, post. Red. in Sen. 9, ad Att. 4.1-3; Schol. Bob. p. 307, Orell.; D. C. 39.6, 7.) Next year he was propraetor in Sardinia, and in April paid a visit to Caesar at Luca. (Plut. Caes. 21; Cic. ad Q. F. 2.6, 15.) In B. C. 54 he was chosen consul with L. Domitius Ahenobarbus. (Caes. Gal. 5.1; D. C. 39.60, 40.1.) Through the intervention of Pompey, a reconciliation was brought about between him and Cicero, though his attentions to the latter appear, in part at least, to have been prompted by avarice. (Cic. ad Q. F. 2.12, ad Fam. 1.9, 3.10.) When Gabinius returned from his province, Appius appeared as his accuser, in hopes that his silence might be bought, though previously he had said he would do all that lay in his power to prevent the threatened prosecution. (Cic. ad Q. Fr. 2.12, 13, 3.2; D. C. 39.60.) Similar motives appear to have induced him to support C. Pomptinus in his claim for a triumph. (Cic. Att. 4.16, ad Q. F. 3.4.) A still more glaring instance of his dishonesty and venality was the compact which he and his colleague entered into with Cn. Domitius Calvinus and C. Memmius, two of the candidates for the consulship, by which the two latter bound themselves in the sum of 4,000,000 sesterces a-piece, in case they should be appointed consuls, to bring forward false witnesses to prove that laws had been passed assigning to Appius and his colleague the command of an army, and settling in other respects the administration of the provinces to which they were to go as proconsuls. The whole affair, however, was exposed, and the comitia were not held in that year. (Cic. Att. 4.18, 15, 16, ad Q. Fr. 3.1. cap. 5.) Appius, however, asserted his right to command an army, even without a lex curiata. (Ad Fam. 1.9.25, ad Att. 4.16.12.) He reached his province in July, B. C. 53, and governed it for two years. His rule appears to have been most tyrannous and rapacious. (Cic. Att. 6.1, 2.8, ad Fam. 15.4, comp. 3.8.5-8.) He made war upon the mountaineers of Amanus, and some successes over them gave him a pretext for claiming a triumph. (Cic. Fam. 3.1, 2; Eckhel, iv. p. 360.) Cicero wrote to him, while in his province, in terms of the greatest cordiality (ad Fam. 3.1); but when he was appointed his successor in 51, Appius did not conceal his displeasure. He avoided meeting him, and shewed him other marks of disrespect. His displeasure was increased by Cicero's countermanding some of his directions and regulations. (Ad Fam. 3.2-6, 7, 8.) Appius on his return demanded a triumph, but was compelled to withdraw his claim by an impeachment instituted against him by Dolabella. (Ad Fam. 3.9, 8.6, 3.11.) As witnesses were required from his old province, he found himself again obliged to pay court to Cicero. (Ad Fam. 3.10, comp. 8.6, ad Att. 6.2.10.) Through the exertions of Pompey, Brutus, and Hortensius, he was acquitted. (Ad Fam. 3.11, Brut. 64, 94.) He was at this time a candidate for the censorship, and a charge of bribery was brought against him, but he was acquitted. (Ad Fam. 3.11, 12.) He was chosen censor with L. Piso, B. C. 50. (For an account of the quarrel between Appius and Caelius, and the mutual prosecutions to which it gave rise, see Cic. Fam. 8.12, ad Q. F. 2.13.) Appius exercised his power as censor with severity (ad Fam. 8.14.4), and expelled several from the senate, among others the historian Sallust. (Dion 40.63; Acron. ad Hor. Serm. 1.2. 48.) Appius, by his connexion with Pompey, and his opposition in the senate to Curio (Dion 40.64), drew upon himself the enmity of Caesar, and, when the latter marched upon Rome, he fled from Italy. (Ad Att. 9.1.4.) He followed Pompey, and received Greece as his province. He consulted the Delphic oracle to learn his destiny, and, following its injunctions, went to Euboea, where he died before the battle of Pharsalus. (V. Max. 1.8.10; Lucan, 5.120_236.) He was elected one of the college of augurs in 59. (Varr. R. R. 3.2.2; Cic. Fam. 3.10.9.) He was well skilled in augury, and wrote a work on the augural discipline, which he dedicated to Cicero. He was also distinguished for his legal and antiquarian knowledge. (Cic. de Leg. 2.13, de Divin. 2.35, Brut. 77, ad Fam. 3.4, 9, 11 ; Festus, s. v. Solistimum.) He believed in augury and divination, and seems to have been of a superstitious turn of mind. (Cic. de Div. 1.16, 58, Tusc. Disp. 1.16.) Cicero speaks highly of his oratorical powers. (Brut. 77.) His favourite and confidant was a freedman named Phanias. (Ad Fam. 3.1, 5, 6.)

39. C. Claudius Pulcher, son of No. 35 (Cic. pro Scaur. § 33; Ascon. in Milon. p. 35, ed. Orell.), and older than his brother Publius, as appears from the dates at which they respectively held public offices, and from the testimony of Cicero (pro Cael. 15, where Publius is called minimus frater), was appointed legatus by Caesar in B. C. 58. (Cic. pro Sext. 18.) In 56 he became praetor, and assisted his brother Publius when he at first attempted to prevent Cicero from removing from the capitol the tablets containing the decree of his banishment. (D. C. 39.21.) In 55 he went to Asia as propraetor, and next year proposed becoming a candidate for the consulship, but was induced to abandon his design and remain in his province. (Cic. pro Scaur. §§ 33-35.) On his return he was accused of extortion by M. Servilius, who was however bribed to drop the prosecution. This proceeding was subsequently (in B. C. 51) exposed by his younger son Appius demanding back from Servilius the sum which had been given to him. (Cic ad Fam. 8.8.) At the tine when Cicero defended Milo (B. C. 52) Caius was no longer alive. (Ascon. in Milon. p. 35, Orell.)

40. P. Clodius Pulcher, was the youngest son of No. 35. The form of the name Clodius was not peculiar to him : it is occasionally found in the case of others of the gens (Orelli, Inscript. 579); and Clodius was himself sometimes called Claudius. (D. C. 35.14.) He first makes his appearance in history in B. C. 70, serving with his brother Appius under his brother-in-law, L. Lucullus, in Asia. Displeased at not being treated by Lucullus with the distinction he had expected, he encouraged the soldiers to mutiny. He then left Lucullus, and betook himself to his other brother-in-law, Q. Marcius Rex, at that time proconsul in Cilicia, and was entrusted by him with the command of the fleet. He fell into the hands of the pirates, who however dismissed him without ransom, through fear of Pompey. He next went to Antiocheia, and joined the Syrians in making war on the Arabians. Here again he excited some of the soldiers to mutiny, and nearly lost his life. He now returned to Rome, and made his first appearance in civil affairs in B. C. 65 by impeaching Catiline for extortion in his government of Africa. Catiline bribed his accuser and judge, and escaped.

In B. C. 64, Clodius accompanied the propraetor L. Murena to Gallia Transalpina, where he resorted to the most nefarious methods of procuring money. His avarice, or the want to which his dissipation had reduced him, led him to have recourse to similar proceedings on his return to Rome. Asconius (in Mil. p. 50, Orell.) says, that Cicero often charged him with having taken part in the conspiracy of Catiline. But, with the exception of some probably exaggerated rhetorical allusions (de Harusp. Resp. 3, pro Mil. 14), no intimation of the kind appears in Cicero; and Plutarch (Cix. 29) says, that on that occasion he took the side of the consul, and was still on good terms with him.

Towards the close of 62, Clodius was guilty of an act of sacrilege, which is especially memorable, as it gave rise to that deadly enmity between himself and Cicero which produced such important consequences to both and to Rome. The mysteries of the Bona Dea were this year celebrated in the house of Caesar. Clodius, who had an intrigue with Pompeia, Caesar's wife, with the assistance of one of the attendants entered the house disguised as a female musician. But while his guide was gone to apprize her mistress, Clodius was detected by his voice. The alarm was immediately given, but he made his escape by the aid of the damsel who had introduced him. He was already a candidate for the quaestorship, and was elected ; but in the beginning of 61, before he set out for his province, he was impeached for this offence. The senate referred the matter to the pontifices, who declared it an act of impiety. Under the direction of the senate a rogation was proposed to the people, to the effect that Clodius should be tried by juices selected by the praetor who was to preside. The assembly, however, was broken up without coming to a decision. The senate was at first disposed to persist in its original plan; but afterwards, on the recommendation of Hortensius, the proposition of the tribune Fufius Calenus was adopted, in accordance with which the judices were to be selected from the three decuries. Cicero, who had hitherto strenuously supported the senate, now relaxed in his exertions. Clodius attempted to prove an alibi, but Cicero's evidence shewed that he was with him in Rome only three hours before he pretended to have been at Inter amna. Bribery and intimidation, however, secured him an acquittal by a majority of 31 to 25. Cicero however, who had been irritated by some sarcastic allusions made by Clodius to his consulship, and by a verdict given in contradiction to his testimony, attacked Clodius and his partisans in the senate with great vehemence.

Soon after his acquittal Clodius went to his province, Sicily, and intimated his design of becoming a candidate for the aedileship. On his return, however, he disclosed a different purpose. Eager to revenge himself on Cicero, that he might be armed with more formidable power he purposed becoming a tribune of the plebs. For this it was necessary that he should be adopted into a plebeian family; and as he was not in the power of his parent, the adoption had to take place by a vote of the people in the comitia curiata. (This ceremony was called Adrogatio : see Dict. of Ant. s. v. Adrogatio.) Repeated attempts were made by the tribune C. Herennius to get this brought about. Cicero, who placed reliance on the friendship and support of Pompey, did not spare Clodius, though he at times shews that he had misgivings as to the result. The triumvirs had not yet taken Clodius' side, and when he impeached L. Calpurnius Piso for extortion, their influence procured the acquittal of the accused. But in defending C. Antonius, Cicero provoked the triumvirs, and especially Caesar, and within three hours after the delivery of his speech Clodius became the adopted son of P. Fonteius (at the end of the year 60). The lex curiata for his adoption was proposed by Caesar, and Pompey presided in the assembly. The whole proceeding was irregular, as the sanction of the pontifices had not been obtained; Fonteius was not twenty years old, and consequently much younger than Clodius, and was married, nor was there the smallest reason to suppose that his marriage would remain childless, and, indeed, he was afterwards the father of several children; the rogation was not made public three nundines before the comitia; and it was passed although Bibulus sent notice to Pompey that he was taking the auspices. A report soon after got abroad that Clodius was to be sent on an embassy to Tigranes, and that by his refusal to go he had provoked the hostility of the triumvirs. Neither turned out to be true. Clodius was now actively endeavoring to secure his election to the tribuneship. Cicero was for a time amused with a report that his only design was to rescind the laws of Caesar. With the assistance of the latter, Clodius succeeded in his object, and entered upon his office in December, B. C. 59.

Clodius did not immediately assail his enemies. On the last day of the year, indeed, he prevented Bibulus, on laying down his office, from addressing the people; but his first measures were a series of laws, calculated to lay senate, knights, and people under obligations to him. The first was a law for the gratuitous distribution of corn once a month to the poorer citizens. The next enacted that no magistrate should observe the heavens on comitial days, and that no veto should be allowed to hinder the passing of a law. This enactment was designed specially to aid him in the attack with which he had threatened Cicero. The third was a law for the restoration of the old guilds which had been abolished, and the creation of new ones, by which means he secured the support of a large number of organized bodies. A fourth law was intended to gratify those of the higher class, and provided that the censors should not expel from the senate, or inflict any mark of disgrace upon any one who had not first been openly accused before them, and convicted of some crime by their joint sentence. The consuls of the year he gained over to his interests by undertaking to secure to them the provinces which they wished. Having thus prepared the way, he opened his attack upon Cicero by proposing a law to the effect, that whoever had taken the life of a citizen uncondemned and without a trial, should be interdicted from earth and water. For an account of the proceedings which ensued, and which ended in Cicero's withdrawing into exile, see Cicero, p. 713.

On the same day on which Cicero left the city Clodius procured the enactment of two laws, one to interdict Cicero from earth and water, because he had illegally put citizens to death, and forged a decree of the senate; the other forbidding any one, on pain of the like penalty, to receive him. The interdict was, however, limited to the distance of 400 miles from Rome. Clodius added the clause, that no proposition should ever be made for reversing the decree till those whom Cicero had put to death should come to life again. The law was confirmed in the comitia tributa, and engraved on brass. On the same day, the consuls Gabinius and Piso had the provinces of Syria and Macedonia assigned to them, with extraordinary powers. Clodius next rid himself of M. Cato, who, by a decree passed on his motion, was sent with the powers of praetor to take possession of the island of Cyprus, with the treasures of its king, Ptolemy, and to restore some Byzantine exiles. [Cato, p. 648b.] In the former nefarious proceeding, Clodius seems to have taken as a pretext the will of Ptolemy Alexander I., the uncle of the Cyprian king, who, as the Romans pretended, had made over to them his kingdom.

Immediately after the banishment of Cicero, Clodius set fire to his house on the Palatine, and destroyed his villas at Tusculum and Formiae. The greater part of the property carried off from them was divided between the two consuls. The ground on which the Palatine house stood, with such of the property as still remained, was put up to auction. Clodius wished to become the purchaser of it, and, not liking to bid himself, got a needy fellow named Scato to bid for him. He wished to erect on the Palatine a palace of surpassing size and magnificence. A short time betore he had purchased the house of Q. Seilus Postumus, after poisoning the owner, who had refused to sell it. This it was his intention to unite with another house which he already had there. He pulled down the portico of Catulus, which adjoined Cicero's grounds, and erected another in its place, with his own name inscribed on it. To alienate Cicero's property irretrievably, he dedicated it to the goddess Libertas, and a small portion of the site of the dwelling, with part of the ground on which the portico of Catulus had stood, was occupied by a chapel to the goddess. For the image of the goddess he made use of the statue of a Tanagraean hetaera, which his brother Appius had brought from Greece. To maintain the armed bands whom he employed, Clodius required large sums of money; but this he did not find much difficulty in procuring : for with the populace he was all-powerful, and his influence made his favour worth purchasing. (For an account of the way in which, through his influence, Brogitarus of Galatia was made priest of Cybele at Pessinus, and Menula of Anagnia screened front punishment, with other arbitrary and irregular proceedings of Clodius, see Cic. pro Dom. 30, 50, de Har. Resp. 13, pro Savl. 26, 30, pro Mil. 27, 32.) He went so far as to offend Pompey by aiding the escape of Tigranes, son of the king of Armenia, whom Pompey had brought a prisoner to Rome. In this instance also his services were purchased. Pompey, however, did not feel himself strong enough to resent the insult. Clodius soon assailed him more openly. The consul Gabinius sided with Pompey. Frequent conflicts took place between the armed bands of the tribune and consul, in one of which Gabinius himself was wounded and his fasces broken. Clodius and the tribune Ninnius went through the farce of dedicating to the gods, the one the property of Gabinius, the other that of Clodius. An attempt was made by Clodius, through one of his slaves, upon the life of Pompey, who now with-drew to his own house, and kept there as long as his enemy was in office. Clodius stationed a body of men under his freedman Damis to watch him, and the praetor Flavius was repulsed in an attempt to drive them off.

The attempts made before the end of this year to procure the recall of Cicero proved abortive. Next year (B. C. 57), Clodius, possessing no longer tribunitial power, was obliged to depend on his armed bands for preventing the people from passing a decree to recall Cicero. On the twenty-fifth of January, when a rotation to that effect was brought forward by the tribune Fabricius, Clodius appeared with an armed body of slaves and gladiators ; Fabricius had also brought armed men to support him, and a bloody fight ensued, in which the party of Fabricius was worsted. Soon afterwards, Clodius with his men fell upon another of his opponents, the tribune Sextius. who nearly lost his life in the fray. He attacked the house of Milo, another of the tribunes, and threatened his life whenever he appeared. Ie set fire to the temple of the Nymphs, for the purpose of destroying the censorial records; interrupted the Apollinarian games, which were being celebrated by the praetor L. Caecilius, and besieged him in his house. Milo made an unsuccessful attempt to bring Clodius to trial for his acts of violence; and finding his endeavours unsuccessful, resolved to repel force by force. Accordingly he collected an armed band of slaves and gladiators, and frequent contests took place in the streets between the opposing parties.

When the senate came to a resolution to propose to the comitia a decree for the restoration of Cicero, Clodius was the only one who opposed it; and when, on the fourth of August, it was brought before the people, Clodius spoke against it, but could do nothing more; for Milo and the other friends of Cicero had brought to the place of meeting a force sufficiently powerful to deter him from attempting any violence, and the decree was passed. Clodius, however, was not stopped in his career of violence. On the occasion of the dearth which ensued immediately after Cicero's recall, the blame of which Clodius endeavored to throw on him, he excited a disturbance; and when, by the advice of Cicero, Pompey was invested with extraordinary powers to superintend the supplies, Clodius charged the former with betraying the senate.

The decree by which Cicero was recalled, provided also for the restitution of his property. Some difficulty, however, remained with respect to the house on the Palatine, the site of which had been consecrated by Clodius to the service of religion. The matter was referred to the college of pontifices, but was not decided till the end of September. when Cicero defended his right before them. The pontifices returned an answer sufficient to satisfy all religious scruples, though Clodius chose to take it as favourable to himself, and the senate decreed the restoration of the site, and the payment of a sum of money to Cicero for rebuilding his house. When the workmen began their operations in November, Clodius attacked and drove them off, pulled down the portico of Catulus, which had been nearly rebuilt, and set fire to the house of Q. Cicero. Shortly afterwards he assaulted Cicero himself in the street, and compelled him to take refuge in a neighboring house. Next day he attacked the house of Milo, situated on the eminence called Germalus, but was driven off by Q. Flaccus. When Marcellinus proposed in the senate that Clodius should be brought to justice, the friends of the latter protracted the discussion, so that no decision was come to.

Clodius was at this time a candidate for the aedileship, that, if successful, he might be screened from a prosecution; and threatened the city with fire and sword if an assembly were not held for the election. Marcellinus proposed that the senate should decree that no election should take place till Clodius had been brought to trial; Milo decared that he would prevent the consul Metellus from holding the comitia. Accordingly, whenever Metellus attempted to hold an assembly, he posted himself with a strong body of armed men on the place of meeting, and stopped the proceedings, by giving notice that he was observing the auspices. In the beginning of the following year, however (B. C. 56), when Milo was no longer in office, Clodius was elected without opposition; for, not-withstanding his outrageous violence, as it was evident that his chief object was not power but revenge, he was supported and connived at by several who found his proceedings calculated to further their views. The optimates rejoiced to see him insult and humble the triumvir, Pompey, and the latter to find that he was sufficiently powerful to make the senate afraid of him. Cicero had many foes and rivals, who openly or secretly encouraged so active an enemy of the object of their envy and dislike; while the disturbances which his proceedings occasioned in the city were exactly adapted to further Caesar's designs. Clodius almost immediately after his election impeached Milo for public violence. Milo appeared on the second of February to answer the accusation, and the day passed without disturbance. The next hearing was fixed for the ninth, and when Pompey stood up to defend him, Clodius' party attempted to put him down by raising a tumult. Milo's party acted in a similar manner when Clodius spoke. A fray ensued, and the judicial proceedings were stopped for that day. The matter was put off by several adjournments to the beginning of May, from which time we hear nothing more of it. In April, Clodius celebrated the Megalesian games, and admitted such a number of slaves, that the free citizens were unable to find room. Shortly after this, the senate consulted the haruspices on some prodigies which had happened near Rome. They replied, that, among other things which had provoked the anger of the gods, was the desecration of sacred places. Clodius interpreted this as referring to the restoration of Cicero's house, and made it a handle for a fresh attack upon him. Cicero replied in the speech De Haruspicum Responsis. By this time Pompey and Clodius had found it convenient to make common cause with each other. A fresh attack which Clodius soon afterwards made on Cicero's house was repulsed by Milo. With the assistance of the latter also, Cicero, after being once foiled in his attempt by Clodius and his brother, succeeded during the absence of Clodius in carrying off from the capitol the tablets on which the laws of the latter were engraved.

Clodius actively supported Pompey and Crassus when they became candidates for the consulship, to which they were elected in the beginning of B. C. 55, and nearly lost his life in doing so. He appears to have been in a great measure led by the hope of being appointed on an embassy to Asia, which would give him the opportunity of recruiting his almost exhausted pecuniary resources, and getting from Brogitarus and some others whom he had assisted, the rewards they had promised him for his services. It appears, however, that he remained in Rome. We hear nothing more of him this year. In B. C. 54 we find him prosecuting the ex-tribune Procilius, who, among other acts of violence, was charged with murder; and soon after we find Clodius and Cicero, with four others, appearing to defend M. Aemilius Scaurus. Yet it appears that Cicero still regarded him with the greatest apprehension. (Cic. Att. 4.15, ad Q. Fr. 2.15, b., 3.1. 4.)

In B. C. 53 Clodius was a candidate for the praetorship, and Milo for the consulship. Each strove to hinder the election of the other. They collected armed bands of slaves and gladiators, and the streets of Rome became the scene of fresh tumults and frays, in one of which Cicero himself was endangered. When the consuls endeavoured to hold the comitia, Clodius fell upon them with his band, and one of them, Cn. Domitius, was wounded. The senate met to deliberate. Clodius spoke, and attacked Cicero and Milo, touching, among other things, upon the amount of debt with which the latter was burdened. Cicero replied in the speech De Aere alieno Milonis. The contest, however, was soon after brought to a sudden and violent end. On the 20th of January, B. C. 52, Milo set out on a journey to Lanuvium. Near Bovillae he met Clodius, who was returning to Rome after visiting some of his property. Both were accompanied by armed followers, but Milo's party was the stronger. The two antagonists had passed each other without disturbance; but two of the gladiators in the rear of Milo's troop picked a quarrel with some of the followers of Clodius, who immediately turned round, and rode up to the scene of dispute, when he was wounded in the shoulder by one of the gladiators. The fray now became general. The party of Clodius were put to flight, and betook themselves with their leader to a house near Bovillae. Milo ordered his men to attack the house. Several of Clodius' men were slain, and Clodius himself dragged out and despatched. The body was left lying on the road, till a senator named Sex. Tedius found it, and conveyed it to Rome. Here it was exposed to the view of the populace, who crowded to see it. Next day it was carried naked to the forum, and again exposed to view before the rostra. The mob, enraged by the spectacle, and by the inflammatory speeches of the tribunes Munatius Plancus and Q. Pompeius Rufus, headed by Sex. Clodius carried the corpse into the Curia Hostilia, made a funeral pile of the benches, tables, and writings, and burnt the body on the spot. Not only the senate-house, but the Porcian basilica, erected by Cato the Censor, and other adjoining buildings, were reduced to ashes. (For an account .of the proceedings which followed, see Milo.)

Clodius was twice married, first to Pinaria, and afterwards to Fulvia. He left a son, Publius, and a daughter. Cicero charges him with having held an incestuous intercourse with his three sisters. [Claudia, Nos. 7-9.] Clodius inherited no property from his father. [See No. 35.] Besides what he obtained by less honest means, he received some money by legacies and by letting one of his houses on the Palatine. He also received a considerable dowry with his wife Fulvia. He was the owner of two houses on the Palatine hill, an estate at Alba, and considerable possessions in Etruria, near lake Prelius. His personal appearance was effeminate, and neither handsome nor commanding. That he was a man of great energy and ability there can be little question; still less that his character was of the most profligate kind. Cicero himself admits that he possessed considerable eloquence.

The chief ancient sources for the life of Clodius are the speeches of Cicero, pro Caelio, pro Sextio, pro Milone, pro Domo sua, de Haruspicum Responsis, in Pisonem, and in Clodium et Curionem, and his letters to Atticus and his brother Quintus; Plutarch's lives of Lucullus, Pompey, Cicero, and Caesar; and Dio Cassius. Of modern writers, Middleton, in his Life of Cicero, has touched upon the leading points of Clodius's history; but the best and fullest account has been given by Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. pp. 199-370.

41-45. Clodiae. [Claudia, Nos. 7-11.]

46. App. Claudius or Clodius Pulcher, the elder of the two sons of C. Claudius. [No. 39.] Both he and his younger brother bore the praenomen Appius (Ascon. Arg. in Milon. p. 35, Orell.), from which it was conjectured by Manutius (in Cic. ad Fam. 2.13.2, and 8.8.2), that the former had been adopted by his uncle Appius [No. 38], a conjecture which is confirmed by a coin, on which he is designated C. CLOD. C. F. (Vaillant, Claud. No. 13.) Cicero, in letters written to Atticus during his exile (3.17.1, 8.2, 9.3) expresses a fear lest his brother Quintus should be brought to trial by this Appius before his uncle on a charge of extortion. On the death of P. Clodius he and his brother appeared as accusers of Milo. (Ascon. in Milon. pp. 35, 39, 40, 42, ed. Orell.) In B. C. 50 he led back from Gallia the two legions which had been lent to Caesar by Pompey. (Plut. Pomp. 57.) Whether it was this Appius or his brother who was consul in B. C. 38 (Dion. Cass. 48.43) cannot be determined.

47. App. Claudius or Clodius Pulcher, brother of No. 46, joined his brother in prosecuting Milo. (B. C. 52.) Next year he exposed the intrigue through which his father had escaped [see No. 39], in hopes of getting back the bribe that had been paid to Servilius. But he managed the matter so clumsily, that Servilius escaped, and Appius, having abandoned a prosecution with which he had threatened Servilius, was himself not long after impeached for extortion by the Servilii, and for violence by Sex. Tettius. (Cic. Fam. 8.8.)

48. P. Clodius, son of P. Clodius and Fulvia, was a child at the time of his father's death. Milo was accused of having attempted to get him into his power, that he might put him to death. (Ascon. in Milon. p. 36.) His step-father Antonius spoke of him as a hopeful lad. (Cic. Att. 14.13, A.) According to Valerius Maximus (3.5.3) his youth was spent in gluttony and debauchcry, which occasioned a disease of which he died.

49. Clodia. [Claudia, No. 12.]

There are several coins of the Claudia gens. A specimen is given below : it contains on the obverse the head of Apollo, with a lyre behind, and on the reverse Diana holding two torches, with the inscription P. Clodius M. F., but it is uncertain to which of the Claudii this refers.

[C.P.M]

The following were plebeians, or freedmen of the patrician Claudia gens.

1. Q. Claudius, a plebeian, was tribune of the plebs in B. C. 218, when he brought forward a law that no senator, or son of a person of senatorial rank, should possess a ship of the burden of more than 300 amphorae. (Liv. xxi. (63.) The Q. Claudius Flamen, who was praetor in B. C. 208, and had Tarentum assigned to him as his province, is probably the same person. (Liv. xxvii 21, 22, 43, 28.10.)

2. L. Clodius, praefectus fabrum to App. Claudius Pulcher, consul B. C. 54. [Claudius, No. 38.] (Cic. Fam. 3.4_6, 8.) He was tribune of the plebs, B. C. 43. (Pseudo-Cic. ad Brut. 1.1 ; comp. Cic. Att. 15.13.)

3. App. Claudius, C. F., mentioned by Cicero in a letter to Brutus. (Ad Fam. 11.22.) Who he was cannot be determined. He attached himself to the party of Antony, who had restored his father. Whether this Appius was the same with either of the two of this name mentioned by Appian (App. BC 4.44, 51) as among those proscribed by the triumvirs, is uncertain.

4. Sex. Clodius, probably a descendant of a freedman of the Claudian house, was a man of low condition, whom P. Clodius took under his patronage. (Cic. pro Cael. 32, pro Dom. 10.) In B. C. 58 we find him superintending the celebration of the Compitalian festival. (Cic. in Pison. 4 ; Ascon. p. 7, Orell.) He was the leader of the armed bands which P. Clodius employed. (Ascon. l.c.) The latter entrusted to him the task of drawing up the laws which he brought forward in his tribuneship, and commissioned him to carry into effect his lex frumentaria. (Cic. pro Dom. 10, 18, 31, 50, de Har. Resp. 6, pro Sext. 64.) We find Sextus the accomplice of Publius in all his acts of violence. (pro Cael. 32.) In 56 he was impeached by Milo, but was acquitted. (Cic. ad Q. Fr. 2.6, pro Cael. 32.) For his proceedings on the death of P. Clodius Pulcher see No 40 ; Cic. pro Mil. 13, 33; Ascon. pp. 34, 36, 48.

He was impeached by C. Caesennius Philo and M. Aufidius, and condemned. (Ascon. in Milon. p. 55.) He remained in exile for eight years, but was restored in 44 by M. Antonius. (Cic. Att. 14.13, A. and B.) Cicero (pro Dom. 10, 31, pro Cael. 32) charges him with having carried on a criminal correspondence with Clodia (Quadrantaria).

5. Sex. Clodius, a Sicilian rhetorician, under whom M. Antonius studied oratory, and whom he rewarded with a present of a large estate in the Leontine territory. (Cic. Att. 4.15, Phil. 2.4, 17, 3.9; D. C. 45.30, 46.8; Suet. de Clar. Rhet. 5.)

6. P. Clodius, M. F. appears on several coins which bear the image of Caesar and Antonius. (Eckhel, v. p. 172; Vaillant, Anton. Nos. 14, 15, Claud. 43-46.) He is probably the same with the Clodius whom Caesar in B. C. 48 sent into Macedonia to Metellus Scipio (Caes. Civ. 3.57), and with the Clodius Bithynicus mentioned by Appian (App. BC 5.49), who fought on the side of Antonius in the Perusian war, and was taken prisoner and put to death in B. C. 40 by the command of Octavianus.

7. C. Claudius, probably the descendant of a freedman of the Claudian house, was one of the suite of P. Clodius on his last journey to Aricia. (Cic. pro Mil. 17; Ascon. in Milon. p. 33, Orell.)

8. C. Claudius, a follower of M. Brutus, who by the direction of the latter put C. Antonius to death. [Antonius, No. 13, p. 216.] (D. C. 47.24; Plut. Ant. 22, Brut. 28.) He was afterwards sent by Brutus in command of a squadron to Rhodes, and on the death of his patron joined Cassius of Parma. (Appian, App. BC 5.2.) [C.P.M] Clau'dius I.

or, with his full name, Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth in the series of Roman emperors, and reigned from A. D. 41 to 54. He was the grandson of Tib. Claudius Nero and Livia, who afterwards married Augustus, and the son of Drusus and Antonia. He was born on the first of August, B. C. 10, at Lyons in Gaul, and lost his father in his infancy. During his early life he was of a sickly constitution, which, though it improved in later years, was in all probability the cause of the weakness of his intellect, for, throughout his life, he shewed an extraordinary deficiency in judgment, tact, and presence of mind. It was owing to these circumstances that from his childhood he was neglected, despised, and intimidated by his nearest relatives; he was left to the care of his paedagogues, who often treated him with improper harshness. His own mother is reported to have called him a portentum hominis, and to have said, that there was something wanting in his nature to make him a man in the proper sense of the word. This judgment, harsh as it may appear in the mouth of his mother, is not exaggerated, for in everything he did, and however good his intentions were, he failed from the want of judgment and a proper tact, and made himself ridiculous in the eyes of others. Notwithstanding this intellectual deficiency, however, he was a man of great industry and diligence. He was excluded from the society of his family, and confined to slaves and women, whom he was led to make his friends and confidants by his natural desire of unfolding his heart. During the long period previous to his accession, as well as afterwards, he devoted the greater part of his time to literary pursuits, Augustus and his uncle Tiberius always treated him with contempt; Caligula, his nephew, raised him to the consulship indeed, but did not allow him to take any part in public affairs, and behaved towards him in the same way as his predecessors had done.

In this manner the ill-fated man had reached the age of fifty, when after the murder of Caligula he was suddenly and unexpectedly raised to the imperial throne. When he received the news of Caligula's murder, he was alarmed about his own safety, and concealed himself in a corner of the palace; but he was discovered by a common soldier, and when Claudius fell prostrate before him, the soldier saluted him emperor. Other soldiers soon assembled, and Claudius in a state of agony, as if he were led to execution, was carried in a lectica into the praetorian camp. There the soldiers proclaimed him emperor, and took their oath of allegiance to him, on condition of his giving each soldier, or at least each of the praetorian guards, a donative of fifteen sestertia--the first instance of a Roman emperor being obliged to make such a promise on his accession. It is not quite certain what may have induced the soldiers to proclaim a man who had till then lived in obscurity, and had taken no part in the administration of the empire. It is said that they chose him merely on account of his connexion with the imperial family, but it is highly probable that there were also other causes at work.

During the first two days after the murder of Caligula, the senators and the city cohorts, which formed a kind of opposition to the praetorian guards, indulged in the vain hope of restoring the republic, but being unable to make lead against the praetorians, and not being well agreed among themselves, the senators were at last obliged to give way, and on the third day they recognized Claudius as emperor. The first act of his government was to proclaim an amnesty respecting the attempt to restore the republic, and a few only of the murderers of Caligula were put to death, partly for the purpose of establishing an example, and partly because it was known that some of the conspirators had intended to murder Claudius likewise. The acts which followed these shew the same kind and amiable disposition, and must convince every one, that, if he had been left alone, or had been assisted by a sincere friend and adviser, his government would have afforded little or no ground for complaint. Had he been allowed to remain in a private station, he would certainly have been a kind, good, and honest man. But he was throughout his life placed in the most unfortunate circumstances. The perpetual fear in which he had passed his earlier days, was now increased and abused by those by whom he was surrounded after his accession. And this fear now became the cause of a series of cruel actions and of bloodshed, for which he is stamped in history with the name of a tyrant, which he does not deserve.

The first wife of Claudius was Plautia Urgulanilla, by whom he had a son, Drusus, and a daughter, Claudia. But as he had reason for believing that his own life was threatened by her, he divorced her, and married Aelia Petina, whom he likewise divorced on account of some misunderstanding. At the time of his accession he was married to his third wife, the notorious Valeria Messalina, who, together with the freedmen Narcissus, Pallas, and others, led him into a number of cruel acts. After the fall of Messalina by her own conduct and the intrigues of Narcissus, Claudius was, if possible, still more unfortunate in choosing for his wife his niece Agrippina, A. D. 49. She prevailed upon him to set aside his own son, Britannicus, and to adopt her son, Nero, in order that the succession might be secured to the latter. Claudius soon after regretted this step, and the consequence was, that he was poisoned by Agrippina in A. D. 54.

The conduct of Claudius during his government, in so far as it was not under the influence of his wives and freedmen, was mild and popular, and he made several useful and beneficial legislative enactments. He was particularly fond of building, and several architectural plans which had been formed, but thought impracticable by his predecessors, were carried out by him. He built, for example, the famous Claudian aquaeduct (Aqua Claudia), the port of Ostia, and the emissary by which the water of lake Fucinus was carried into the river Liris. During his reign several wars were carried on in Britain, Germany, Syria, and Mauretania; but they were conducted by his generals. The southern part of Britain was constituted a Roman province in the reign of Claudius, who himself went to Britain in A. D. 43, to take part in the war; but not being of a warlike disposition, he quitted the island after a stay of a few days, and returned to Rome, where he celebrated a splendid triumph. Mauretania was made a Roman province in A. D. 42 by the legate Cn. Hosidius. Works Historical Work

As an author Claudius occupied himself chiefly with history, and was encouraged in this pursuit by Livy, the historian. With the assistance of Sulpicius Flavius, he began at an early age to write a history from the death of the dictator Caesar ; but being too straightforward and honest in his accounts, he was severely censured by his mother and grandmother. He accordingly gave up his plan, and began his history with the restoration of peace after the battle of Actium. Of the earlier period he had written only four, but of the latter forty-one books. A third work were memoirs of his own life, in eight books, which Suetonius describes as magis inepte quam ineleganter composita. A fourth was a learned defence of Cicero against the attacks of Asinius Pollio. He seems to have been as well skilled in the use of the Greek as of the Latin language, for he wrote two historical works in Greek, the one a history of Carthage, in eight books, and the other a history of Etruria, in twenty books. However small the literary merit of these productions may have been, still the loss of the history of Etruria in particular is greatly to be lamented, as we know that he made use of the genuine sources of the Etruscans themselves. Speech for the Aedui

In A. D. 48, the Aedui petitioned that their senators should obtain the jus petendorum honorum at Rome. Claudius supported their petition in a speech which he delivered in the senate. The grateful inhabitants of Lyons had this speech of the emperor engraved on brazen tables, and exhibited them in public. Two of these tables were discovered at Lyons in 1529, and are still preserved there. The inscriptions are printed in Gruter's Corp. Inscript. P. DII. Further Information

Sueton. Claudius; Dio Cassius, lib. Ix. ; Tacit. Annal. libb. xi. and xii.; Zonaras, 11.8, &c.; J. AJ 19.2, &c., 20.1; Oros. 7.6; Eutrop. 7.13; Aurel. Vict. de Caes. 4. Epit. 4; Seneca, Lusus de Morte Drusi; comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. v. p. 213, &c.)

The portrait of Claudius is given in each of the two cuts annexed : the second, which was struck by Cotys I., king of Thrace, contains also that of his wife Agrippina. See also p. 82.

[L.S]

Clau'dius II. or Clau'dius Gothicus

(M. Aurelius Claudius, surnamed Gothicus), Roman emperor A. D. 268-270, was descended from an obscure family in Dardania or Illyria, and was indebted for distinction to his military talents, which recommended him to the favour and confidence of Decius, by whom he was entrusted with the defence of Thermopylae against the northern invaders of Greece. By Valerian he was nominated captain-general of the Illyrian frontier, and commander of all the provinces on the Lower Danube, with a salary and appointments on the most liberal scale; by the feeble and indolent son of the latter he was regarded with mingled respect, jealousy, and fear, but always treated with the highest consideration. Having been summoned to Italy to aid in suppressing the insurrection of Aureolus, he is believed to have taken a share in the plot organized against Gallienus by the chief officers of state, and, upon the death of that prince, was proclaimed as his successor by the conspirators, who pretended that such had been the last injunctions of their victim--a choice confirmed with some hesitation by the army, which yielded however to an ample donative, and ratified with enthusiastic applause by the senate on the 24th of March, A. D. 268, the day upon which the intelligence reached Rome. The emperor signalized his accession by routing on the shores of the Lago di Garda a large body of Alemanni, who in the late disorders had succeeded in crossing the Alps, and thus was justified in assuming the epithet of Germanicus. The destruction of Aureolus also was one of the first acts of the new reign : but whether, as some authorities assert, this usurper was defeated and slain by Claudius in the battle of the Adda, or slain by his own soldiers as others maintain who hold that the action of Pons Aureoli (Pontirolo) was fought against Gallienus before the siege of Milan was formed, the confusion in which the history of this period is involved prevents us from deciding with confidence. [Aureolus.] A more formidable foe now threatened the Roman dominion. The Goths, having collected a vast fleet at the mouth of the Dniester, manned it is said by no less than 320,000 warriors, had sailed along the southern shores of the Euxine. Proceeding onwards, they passed through the narrow seas, and, steering for mount Athos, landed in Macedonia and invested Thessalonica. But having heard that Claudius was advancing at the head of a great army, they broke up the siege and hastened to encounter him. A terrible battle was fought near Naissus in Dardania (A. D. 269); upwards of fifty thousand of the barbarians were slain; a still greater number sank beneath the ravages of famine, cold, and pestilence; and the remainder, hotly pursued, threw themselves into the defiles of Haemus. Most of these were surrounded and cut off from all escape; such as resisted were slaughtered; the most vigorous of those who surrendered were admitted to recruit the ranks of their conquerors, while those unfit for military service were compelled to labour as agricultural slaves. But soon after these glorious achievements, which gained for the emperor the title of Gothicus, by which he is usually designated, he was attacked by an epidemic which seems to have spread from the vanquished to the victors, and died at Sirmium in the course of A. D. 270, after a reign of about two years, recommending with his last breath his general Aurelian as the individual most worthy of the purple.

Claudius was tall in stature, with a bright flashing eye, a broad full countenance, and possessed extraordinary muscular strength of arm. He was dignified in his manners, temperate in his mode of life, and historians have been loud in extolling his justice, moderation, and moral worth, placing him in the foremost rank of good emperors, equal to Trajan in valour, to Antoninus in piety, to Augustus in self-controul--commendations which must be received with a certain degree of caution, from the fact, that the object of them was considered as one of the ancestors of Constantine, his niece Claudia being the wife of Eutropius and the mother of Constantius Chlorus. The biography of Trebellius Pollio is a mere declamation, bearing all the marks of fulsome panegyric; but the testimony of Zosimus, who, although no admirer of Constantine, echoes these praises, is more to be trusted. It is certain also that he was greatly beloved by the senate, who heaped honours on his memory : a golden shield bearing his effigy was hung up in the curia Romana, a colossal statue of gold was erected in the capitol in front of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, a column was raised in the forum beside the rostra, and a greater number of coins bearing the epithet divus, indicating that they were struck after death, are extant of this emperor than of any of his predecessors. (Trebell. Pollio, Claud.; Aurel. Vict. Epit. 34, de Caes. 34; Eutrop. 9.11; Zosim. 1.40-43; Zonar. 12.25, 26. Trebellius Pollio and Vopiscus give Claudius the additional appellation of Flavius, and the former that of Valerius also, names which were borne afterwards by Constantius.)

[W.R]

Clau'dius Apollina'ris

[Apollinaris.]

Clau'dius A'tticus Hero'des

[Atticus Herodes.]

Clau'dius Ca'pito

[Capito.]

Clau'dius Civi'lis

[Civilis.]

Clau'dius Claudia'nus

[Claudianus.]

Clau'dius Di'dymus

[Didymus.]

Clau'dius Drusus

[Drusus.]

Clau'dius Eusthe'nius

[Eusthenius.]

Clau'dius Felix

[Felix.]

Clau'dius Ju'lius

or Jolaus, a Greek writer of unknown date, and probably a freedman of some Roman, was the author of a work on Phoenicia (Φοινικικά) in three books at least. (Steph. Byz. s. vv. Ἄκη, Ἰουδαία, Δῶρος; Etym. s. v. Γάδειρα.) This appears to be the same Joläus, who wrote a work on the Peloponnesus (Πελοποννησιακά, Schol. ad Nicand. Ther. 521) ; he spoke in one of his works of the city Lampe in Crete. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Λάμπη.)

Clau'dius Labeo

[Labeo.]

Clau'dius Mamerti'nus

[Mamertinus.]

Clau'dius Maximus

[Maximus.]

Clau'dius Pompeia'nus

[Pompeianus.]

Clau'dius Quadriga'rius

[Quadrigarius.]

Clau'dius Sacerdos

[Sacerdos.]

Clau'dius Saturni'nus

[Saturninus.]

Clau'dius Seve'rus

[Severus.]

Clau'dius Ta'citus

[Tacitus.]

Clau'dius Trypho'nius

[Tryphonius.]

Claudius

See Claudia Gens. (1) Appius Claudius Sabīnus Regillensis. A Sabine, a native of Regillum, and ïn his own country called Attus Clausus. He belonged to the pro-Roman party among his people, and when his advice was disregarded and war broke out between the two nations, he led a large number of seceders to Rome (B.C. 504), where he was enrolled among the patricians and received a large grant of land beyond the Anio. He was the founder of the great gens Claudia, one of the noblest in Roman history. He was a typical aristocrat, and his conduct towards the plebeians was marked by so much intolerance and severity during his consulship (B.C. 495) as to lead to the famous secession to the Mons Sacer in the following year.

(2) Appius Claudius Sabīnus Regillensis. A son of the preceding, consul in B.C. 471. He was famed for the severity of his military discipline, which he pushed to such extremes that his soldiers deserted him. Having on this account been impeached by the tribunes, he committed suicide.

(3) Gaius Claudius Sabīnus Regillensis. A brother of the preceding, and one of the more moderate of the patricians. He defended his brother(?), the decemvir, when the latter was impeached.

(4) Appius Claudius Crassus Sabīnus Regillensis, usually called the son of No. 2, but possibly the same person. He was consul in B.C. 451, and in the same year became one of the decemvirs appointed to revise the laws. (See Decemviri.) In the following year he was reappointed, but his tyrannous conduct towards the plebeians, and especially his relation to the affair of Virginia, led to the downfall of the decemvirate. (See Virginia.) Being impeached by Virginius, he either committed suicide or was killed in prison before his trial.

(5) Appius Claudius Caecus. A famous Roman, censor in B.C. 312. During his term of office he commenced the Via Appia and built the great Appian aqueduct. He retained the censorship for four years beyond the time allowed by law, and was twice consul (B.C. 307 and 296), and in the latter year carried on war against the Samnites and Etruscans. As an old man, Appius induced the Senate to reject the proposals for peace made by Cineas on behalf of Pyrrhus. (See Pyrrhus.) He was the first Roman writer of prose and verse of whom we have any record, being the author of a poem (subject unknown), and of a legal treatise De Usurpationibus. With Cn. Flavius, he published also a calendar of the religious festivals, and legis actiones. According to Quintilian (ii. 16, 7), he was the first to distinguish the two sounds R and S in writing. (See Rhotacism.) Martianus Capella says that he set the fashion of omitting the use of the character Z. (See Alphabet.) See Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, i. p. 432; id. Römische Forschungen, vol. i. (Berlin, 1864); and the treatise of Siebert (Cassel, 1863). In his old age he became blind, as the name Caecus implies. In Roman constitutional history, Appius is famous as having abolished the limitation of the full right of citizenship to land-owners.

(6) Appius Claudius Caudex. A brother of the preceding, who was consul in B.C. 264, and took part in the First Punic War, conducting a campaign against the Carthaginians in Sicily.

(7) Pulcher, a Roman consul in the First Punic War. When, previous to a naval engagement with the Carthaginians, the person who had charge of the sacred fowls told him that they would not eat, which was esteemed a bad omen, he ordered them to be thrown into the sea, exclaiming, “Then let them drink.” After this, joining battle with the foe, he was defeated with the loss of his fleet. Having been recalled by the Senate, he gave another specimen of the haughty temper of the Claudian race, for, on being directed to nominate a dictator, he purposely named his own viator, an individual of the lowest rank (Cic. N. D. ii. 3).

(8) Nero, a Roman consul in the Second Punic War, who, in conjunction with his colleague Livius Salinator, defeated Hasdrubal in Umbria, on the banks of the Metaurus (q.v.).

(9) Appius Claudius Pulcher. A consul in B.C. 143, when he defeated the Salassi, an Alpine tribe. On his return, the Senate refused to give him a triumph, and when one of the tribunes tried to drag him from his chariot, he and his daughter Claudia, a Vestal, walked together to the Capitol. He was fatherin-law to Tib. Gracchus, and acted as triumvir for the division of the public lands. He died soon after the death of Gracchus.

(10) Tiberius Nero, father of the emperor Tiberius. He was distinguished for his naval skill in the Alexandrine War, under Iulius Caesar. At a subsequent period he incited a sedition in Campania by promising to restore the property of those who had suffered in the Civil Wars. This tumult, however, was soon quelled by the arrival of Octavianus; and Tiberius, together with his wife Livia, took refuge in Sicily and Achaia until the establishment of the Second Triumvirate made it safe for him to return to Rome. Livia having after this engaged the affections of Octavianus, Tiberius transferred to him the name and privileges of a husband (Tac. Ann. v. 1).

(11) Tiberius Nero Caesar Germanĭcus, the successor of Augustus, and son of the preceding. (See Tiberius.)

(12) Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanĭcus, more commonly known by his historical name of Claudius, succeeded to the Roman Empire on the death of Caligula. He was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, and consequently grand-nephew to Augustus. When the assassination of Caligula was made known, the first impulse of the court party and of the foreign guards was to massacre all who had participated in the murder. Several persons of distinction, who imprudently exposed themselves, became, in consequence, the victims of their fury. This violence subsided, however, upon their discovering Claudius, who had concealed himself in an obscure corner of the palace, and who, being dragged from his hiding-place, threw himself at their feet in the utmost terror and besought them to spare his life. The soldiers in the palace immediately saluted him emperor, and Claudius, in return, set the first example of paying the army for the imperial dignity by a largess from the public treasury. It is difficult to assign any other motive for the choice which the army made of Claudius than that which they themselves professed, “his relationship to the whole family of the Caesars.” Claudius, who was now fifty years old, had never done anything to gain popularity, or to display those qualities which secure the attachment of the soldiery. He had been a rickety child, and the development of his faculties was retarded by his bodily infirmities; and although he outgrew his complaints, and became distinguished as a polite scholar and an eloquent writer, his spirits never recovered from the effects of disease and of severe treatment, and he retained much of the timidity and indolence of his childhood. During the reign of Tiberius he gave himself up to gross sensuality, and consoled himself under this degradation by the security which it brought with it. Under Caligula also he found his safety consist in maintaining his reputation for incapacity, and he suffered himself to become the butt of court parasites and the subject of their practical jokes. The excitement of novelty, on his first accession to the throne, produced efforts of sagacity and prudence of which none who had previously known him believed him capable; and during the whole of his reign, too, we find judicious and useful enactments occasionally made, which would seem to show that he was not in reality so foolish and incompetent as historians have generally represented him. It is most probable, therefore, that the fatuity which characterizes some parts of his conduct was the result, not of natural imbecility, but of the early and unlimited indulgence of sensuality.

Claudius embellished Rome with many magnificent works; he made Mauritania a Roman province; his armies fought successfully against the Germans; and he himself triumphed magnificently in victories over the Britons, and obtained, together with his infant son, the surname of Britannicus. But in other respects he was wholly governed by worthless favourites, and especially by his empress, the profligate and abandoned Messalina (q.v.), whose cruelty and rapacity were as unbounded as her licentiousness. At her instigation it was but too common for the emperor to put to death, on false charges of conspiracy, some of the wealthiest of the nobles, and to confiscate their estates, with the money arising from which she openly pampered her numerous paramours. When the career of this guilty woman was terminated, Claudius was governed for a time by his freedman, Narcissus, and Pallas, another manumitted slave, until he took to wife his own niece, Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, a woman of strong natural abilities, but of insatiable avarice, extreme ambition, and remorseless cruelty. Her influence over the feeble emperor was boundless. She prevailed on him at last to set aside his own son Britannicus, and to adopt her son, Domitius Ahenobarbus, by her former husband, giving him the name by which he is best known, Nero, and constituting him heir to the imperial throne. Claudius having afterwards shown a disposition to change the succession and restore it to Britannicus, fell a victim to the ambition of Agrippina, who caused him to be poisoned. A dish of mushrooms was prepared for the purpose, a kind of food of which the emperor was known to be especially fond, and the effects of the poison were hastened by the pretended remedies administered by Xenophon, the physician of the palace. It was given out that Claudius had suffered from indigestion, which his habitual gluttony rendered so frequent that it excited no surprise; and his death was concealed till Domitius Nero had secured the guards, and had quietly taken possession of the imperial authority. Claudius died in the sixty-fourth year of his age and the fourteenth of his reign, A.D. 54. His biography is to be found in the Lives of Suetonius. See BaringGould, The Tragedy of the Caesars, vol. i. (London, 1892).

(13) Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothĭcus. A Roman emperor, who reigned from A.D. 268 to 270. He was of an obscure Illyrian family, but won distinction by his brilliant military service under Decius, Valerian, and Gallienus, so that on the death of the last he succeeded to the imperial office. As emperor he won two great victories, defeating the Alemanni in the north of Italy, and in the next year (A.D. 269) the Goths in Dardania at Naïsus. He died at Sirmium in the year 270.

Claudius

See Clodius.

Claudius Claudius, emperor

• restores image of Love to Thespiae: Paus. 9.27.3