Gallus

Gallus, i, m.,

• a Gaul; and adj. Gallic; v. Galli, I. and II. D.

Gallus, i, m., = Γάλλος Strab.,

• a tributary of the Sagaris of Phrygia and Bithynia, whose water, according to the fable, made those who drank it mad, now Kadsha Su or Gökssu, Ov. F. 4, 364; Plin. 5, 32, 42, § 147; 6, 1, 1, § 4; 31, 2, 5, § 9; Claud. ap. Ruf. 2, 263.—
• II Derivv.
• • A Galli, ōrum, m., the priests of Cybele, so called because of their raving, Ov. F. 4, 361 sq.; Plin. 5, 32, 42, § 146; 11, 49, 109, § 261; 35, 12, 46, § 165; Paul. ex Fest. p. 95 Müll.; Hor. S. 1, 2, 121.—In sing.: Gallus, i, m., a priest of Cybele, Mart. 3, 81; 11, 74; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 2: resupinati cessantia tympana Galli, Juv. 8, 176.—And satirically (on account of their emasculated condition), in the fem.: Gallae, ārum, Cat. 63, 12, and 34.—
  • B Gallĭcus, a, um, adj.
  • • 1 Of or belonging to the river Gallus, poet. i. q. Phrygian, Trojan: miles, Prop. 2, 13, 48 (3, 5, 32 M.).—
    • 2 (Acc. to II. A., of or belonging to the priests of Cybele; hence, transf.) Of or belonging to the priests of Isis, Gallic: turma, the troop of the priests of Isis, Ov. Am. 2, 13, 18.

Gallus, i, m.,

• a Roman surname in the gens Cornelia, Aquilia, Sulpicia, etc. So in partic. C. Cornelius Gallus, of Forum Julii, a Roman poet, a friend of Virgil, Verg. E. 10; Ov. Am. 3, 9, 64; Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 5.

2. Gallus, Gallier, gallisch, s. 1. Gallī.

3. Gallus, ī, m. (Γάλλος), I) ein Fluß in Phrygien, der bei der Stadt Modra entspringt u. sich in Bithynien mit dem Sangarios vereinigt, j. Kadshasu, Plin. 5, 147. Ov. fast. 4, 364. – Dav. Gallicus, a, um, gallisch, poet. = phrygisch, trojanisch, miles, Prop. 2, 13, 48 zw. – II) (davon benannt) Gallī, ōrum, m., Priester der Cybele, die sich selbst zu entmannen pflegten, die Galli, Liv. 37, 9, 9. Ov. fast. 4, 361: dafür schrzh. Gallae, ārum, bei Catull. 63, 12 u. 34: Sing. Gallus, ī, m., Cornif. rhet. 4, 62. Suet. Aug. 68. Mart. 11, 74, 2: – Dav. Gallicus, a, um, gallisch, turma, d.i. (übtr.) Priester der Isis (weil ihr Gottesdienst dem der Cybele glich), Ov. am. 2, 13, 18.

4. Gallus, ī, m., als Beiname mehrerer röm. Geschlechter, aus denen am bekanntesten: Cornelius Gallus, ein Dichter, Redner u. Freund Vergils, endete durch Selbstmord, Asin. Poll. in Cic. ep. 10, 32 extr. Verg. ecl. 5, 64 u. 10, 3. Ov. am. 3, 9, 64. Quint. 10, 1, 93. Suet. Aug. 66, 1. Amm. 17, 4, 5. Vgl. Becker Gallus³ 1, 16 ff. W. Teuffel Gesch. der röm. Literat.⁶ § 232.

3 Gallus [CL] , inhabitant of Gaul, Frank, Frenchman. pervenit ad ~os usque et ibi condidit civitatem Turonorum Nen. HB 152; Franci ‥ multi, Frisones, ~i, ‥ pagani, Britones ‥ se suo dominio subdiderant Asser Alf. 76; quaque sub argutis congesserat optima Gallis Frith. 218; Dani ‥ ~is Saxonibusque viciniores existere videntur Ælnoth Cnut 8; ~i ‥ impetum fecerunt ‥ in Troas et ‥ ipsos castra ingredi coegerunt G. Mon. I 15; quum quidam ‥ exprobrando diceret B. Hylario “tu es ~us”, respondit “ego ~us non sum, sed de Gallia natus, et tu es Leo, sed non de tribu Juda” R. Niger Chr. II 125; s1312 natus est ‥ magnificus ~orum triumfator, Scotorum consternator ‥ tercius Edwardus Baker 100; s1344 procedebant contra ~os. ‥ talem Deus contulit expedicionem ut contra ‥ Francigenas semper prevaluerunt Ad. Mur. Chr. app. 243; illud [fortalicium] combusserunt per medium ubi erat major fortitudo ~orum, ipsosque ~os ‥ debellarunt G. Hen. V 7; postquam ~i, duce Wilhelmo Anglie conquestore, Anglie terram illam optinuerunt ‥ Fortescue LLA 48; 1513 fortassis ipse in fide ‥ permanserit nisi ~i ‥ quasi ex insidiis bellum sibi ‥ exitiale mox futurum in nos movere coegissent Mon. Hib. & Scot. 512a.

4 Gallus [CL = castrated priest of Cybele] , eunuch. ~us, i. spado, belisnud GlP 398.

2 Gallus, ī, m. , Galle, v. Galli 1.

3 Gallus, (9) ī, m. , Gaulois : Cæs. G. 3, 18, 1 ; v. Galli 2.

4 Gallus, (14) ī, m. , surnom de plus. familles (Cornelia, Sulpicia, etc.) ; not^t Cornélius Gallus, ami de Virgile : Virg. B. 10.

5 Gallus, ī, m. , fleuve de Galatie : Plin. 5, 147 || fleuve de Phrygie : Plin. 31, 9.

Gallus , Ae'lius

an intimate friend of the geographer Strabo, was praefect of Egypt in the reign of Augustus, and some time after Cornelius Gallus, with whom he has often been confounded, had been invested with the same office. His prefecture of Egypt belongs to thee years B. C. 24 and 25, and these years have become remarkable in history through a bold expedition into Arabia, in which, however, Aelius Gallus completely filed. Gallus undertook the expedition from Egypt by the command of Augustus, partly with a view to explore the country and its inhabitants, and partly to conclude treaties of friendship with the people, or to subdue them if they should oppose the Romans, for it was believed at the time that Arabia was full of all kinds of treasures. When Aelius Gallus set out with his army, he trusted to the guidance of a Roman called Syllaeus, who deceived and misled him. A long account of this interesting expedition through the desert is given by Strabo (xvi. p.780, &c.; comp. xvii. pp. 806, 816, 819; and D. C. 53.29). The burning heat of the sun, the bad water, and the want of every thing necessary to support life, produced a disease among the soldiers which was altogether unknown to the Romans, and destroyed the greater part of the army; so that the Arabs were not only not subdued, but succeeded in driving the Romans even from those parts of the country which they had possessed before. Aelius Gallus spent six months on his march into the country, on account of his treacherous guide, while he effected his retreat in sixty days. It would be extremely interesting to trace this expedition of Aelius Gallus into Arabia, but our knowledge of that country is as yet too scanty to enable us to identify the route as described by Strabo, who derived most of his information about Arabia from his friend Aelius Gallus. (Comp. Strab. ii. p.118 ; Plin. Nat. 7.28; J. AJ 15.9.3 ; Galen, vol. ii, p. 455, ed. Basil.) [L.S]

Gallus , C.? Ae'lius

a jurist, contemporary with Cicero and Varro, though probably rather older than either, is said by Macrobius (Macr. 6.8) to have been a most learned man. Works

He was the author of a treatise in at least two books, De Verborum, quæ ad Jus Civile pertinent, Significatione. (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. 1.264.) In Festus (s. v. Rogatio), the citation should probably be of the 2nd, not the 12th book. From a corruption of the name C. Aelius, his work has been attributed, in some passages where it is cited (Gel. 16.5; Macr. Sat. 6.8), to a Caelius, or Caecilius Gallus. (Ant. Augustin, De Nom. Prop. Pandect. p. 16; Ménage, Amoen. Juris. 22.) Athough he is not mentioned by Pomponius, nor named in the Florentine Index, there is one pure extract from him in the Digest (Dig. 50. tit. 16. s. 157), and he is also twice cited in that compilation--by Gaius in Dig. 22. tit. 1. s. 19, and by Paulus, through Julianus, in Dig. 50. tit. 16. s. 77 In the latter extract (if it refers to him, which is doubtful) he is cited by the name Gallus alone, a designation which elsewhere applies to C. Aquillius Gallus. These passages are commented upon by Maiansius, Ad XXX Ictorum Frag. Comment. vol. ii. p. 37-47.

Another fragment of Aelius Gallus is preserved by Gellius (16.5), and several may be found in Festus (s. v. Postliminium, Reus, Saltus, Torrens, Municeps, Nexum, Necessarii, Possessio, Reciperatio, Rogatio Sobrinus, Petrarum, Sacer Mons, Religiosum, Perfagam, Relegati, Remancipationem, Senatus Decretum, Sepulchrum.) These fragments (some of which contain valuable antiquarian information) are collected in Dirksen's Bruchstücke, &c., and are also given, with a commentary, by C. G. E. Heimbach (C. Aelii Galli de Verbor. quae ad jus pertinent Signif., Fragmenta, 8vo. Lips. 1823.)

Two passages in Varro (De L. L. 4.2, 4.10), according to the ordinary reading, make express mention of Aelius Gallus; and in another passage (5.7) it is doubtful whether Aelius Gallus ought not to be read. (Compare Gell. 10.21.) Upon these passages depends the precise determination of the age of Aelius Gallus. The Aelius mentioned in Varro (De L. L. 5.7) is spoken of as an old man. Confusion with L. Aelius Stilo

In other passages of Varro, where Aelius is mentioned, without the addition Gallus, the person referred to is L. Aelius Stilo, who is not to be confounded with the jurist. Van Heusde (De L. Aelio Stilone, p. 64, 65, Traj. ad Rhen. 1839) thinks that Stilo rather than Gallus is referred to, even in the passages De L. L. 4.2, 4.10. In this opinion he is followed by Lachmann (in Savigny's Zeilsch. vol. xi. p. 116), who asserts that Aelius Gallus is cited by no writer more ancient than Verrius Flaccus. Lachmann attributes to C. Aelius the sentence Impubes libripens esse non potest neque antestari (Priscian, Ars. Gram. p. 792, ed. Putsch), which is assigned by Dirksen to C. Livius Drusus. [Drusus, No. 3.] Identification with Aelius Gallus, prefect of Aegypt

Lachmann seems inclined to identify the jurist with the Aelius Gallus who was prefect of Aegypt under Augustus, and is spoken of in the preceding article. This identity had been previously asserted by Bertrandus and Bach, but must be rejected by those who suppose that Varro cites Aelius Gallus the jurist. Further Information

Maiansius, l.c. ; Neuber, Die juristische Klassiker, p. 72-75; Zimmern, R. R. G. vol. 1.81. [J.T.G]

Gallus , Ae'lius

an ancient writer on pharmacy, frequently quoted by Galen. He is probably the person sometimes called simply Aelius (Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. 4.7, vol. xii. p. 730), sometimes Gallus (ibid. 3.1, 4.8, vol. xii. p. 625, 784), and sometimes by both names (De Antid. 2.1, vol. xiv. p. 114). In one passage (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. 6.6, vol. xiii. p. 885) Τάλιος Αἴλιος is apparently a mistake for Γάλλος Αἴλιος. He is quoted by Asclepiades Pharmacion (apud Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. 4.7. vol. xii. p. 730), and Andromachus (apud. Gal. ibid. 3.1, vol. xii. p. 625), and must have lived in the first century after Christ, as he is said to have prepared an antidote for one of the emperors, which was also used by Charmis, who lived in the reign of Nero, A. D. 54-68. (Gal. De Antid. 2.1, vol. xiv. p. 114.) Haller (Biblioth. Medic. Pract. and Biblioth. Botan.) supposes that there were two physicians of the name of Aelius Gallus; but this conjecture, in the writer's opinion, is not proved to be correct, nor does it seem to be required.

Besides this Gallus, there is another physician of the name, M. Gallus, whois sometimes said to have had the cognomen Asclepiades; but this appears to be a mistake, as, in the only passage where he is mentioned (Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec. Loc. 8.5, vol. xiii. p. 179), instead of Γάλλου Μάρκου τοῦ Ἀσκληπιάδου, we should probably read Γάλλου Μάρκου τοῦ Ἀσκληπιαδείου, i. e. the follower of Asclepiades of Bithynia. [W.A.G]

Gallus , Ani'cius

1. L. Anicius Gallus, L. F. M. N., was praetor in B. C. 168, and conducted the war against Gentius, king of the Illyrians, who had formed an alliance with Perseus of Macedonia against the Romans. L. Anicius Gallus was stationed at Apollonia, and on hearing what was going on in Illyricum, he resolved to join App. Claudius, who was encamped on the banks of the river Genusus, to co-operate with him against the Illyrians; but as he was soon after informed that Illyrian pirates had been sent out to ravage the coasts of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, Anicius Gallus sailed out with the Roman fleet stationed at Apollonia, took some of the enemy's ships, and compelled the rest to return to Illyricum. He then hastened to join App. Claudius, to relieve the Bassanitae, who were besieged by Gentius. The news of the arrival of Anicius Gallus frightened the king so much, that he raised the siege, and withdrew to his stronglyfortified capital of Scodra, and a great part of his army surrendered to the Romans. The clemency of the Roman praetor led the towns to follow the example of the soldiers, and Gallus thus advanced towards Scodra. Gentius left the place to meet his enemy in the open field; but the courage thus displayed did not last, for he was soon put to flight, and upwards of 200 men being killed in hurrying back through the gates, the king, terrified in the highest degree, immediately sent the noblest Illyrians as mbassadors to Anicius Gallus to beg fora truce of three days, that he might have time to consider what was to be done. This request was granted. Gentius hoped in the meantime to receive reinforcements from his brother Caravantius, but being disappointed, he himself came into the Roman camp, and surrendered in a most humble manner. Anicius Gallus now entered Scodra, where he first of all liberated the Roman prisoners, and sent Perperna, one of them, to Rome, with the intelligence of the complete reduction of Gentius. The whole campaign had not lasted more than thirty days. The Roman senate decreed public thanksgivings for three days, and Anicius Gallus, on his return to Rome, celebrated a triumph over Gentius. In B. C. 155 he was one of the ambassadors sent to call Prusias to account for his conduct towards Attalus. (Liv. 44.17, 30, 31, 45.3, 26, 43; Plb. 30.13, 32.21, 33.6; Appian, App. Ill. 9.)

Gallus , Ani'cius

2. L. Anicius Gallus, L. F. L. N., was consul in B. C. 160, the year in which the Adelphi of Terence was brought out at the funeral games of M. Aemilius Paullus. (Didascal. ad Terent. Adelph.; Fasti.) [L.S]

Gallus , A'nnius

a Roman general under the emperor Otho in his expedition against the troops of Vitellius, in A. D. 69. He was sent out by Otho to occupy the banks of the Po; and when Caecina laid siege to Placentia, Annius Gallus hastened with a detachment of his army to the relief of the place. When Otho assembled his council, to decide upon the mode of acting, Eallus advised him to defer engaging in any decisive battle. After the defeat of Otho's army in the battle of Bedriacum, Annius Gallus pacified the enraged Othonians. In the reign of Vespasian he was sent to Germany against Civilis. (Tac. Hist. 1.87, 2.11, 23, 33, 44, 4.68, 5.19; Plut. Otho 5, 8, 13.) [L.S]

Gallus , Anti'pater

a Roman historian, who lived about the time of the so-called Thirty Tyrants, and is censured by Trebellius Pollio (Claud. 5) for his servile flattery towards Aureolus ; but no further particulars are known, and his work is lost, with the exception of a few words quoted by Trebellius Pollio (l.c.). [L.S]

Gallus , C. Aqui'llius

one of the most distinguished of the early Roman jurists--those " veteres"--who flourished before the time of the empire. Born of an ancient and noble plebeian family, he applied himself to the study of the law, under the auspices of Q. Mucius P. f. Scaevola, the pontifex maximus, who was the greatest jurist of the day. Of all the pupils of Q. Mucius, he attained the greatest authority among the people, to whom, without regard to his own ease, he was always accessible, and ready to give advice. For deep and sound learning, perhaps some of his fellow-pupils, as Lucilius Balbus, Papirius, and C. Juventius, may have had equal or greater reputation among the members of their own profession ; but they did not, like Gallus, exercise much influence on the progress of their art. He was an eques and senator. At the end of the year B. C. 67 he was elected praetor along with Cicero, and, in the discharge of his office, greatly signalised himself by legal reforms, of which we shall presently take notice. During his praetorship he presided in quaestiones de ambitu, while the jurisdiction in cases de pecuniis repetundis was assigned to his colleague. (Cic. Clu. 54.) He never aspired to the consulship, for he was pruden and unambitious, or rather, his ambition was satisfied by the judicial sovereignty which he exercised. Moreover, he dreaded the additional toils of an office to which he felt his declining health unequal. (Ad Att. 1.1.) Of the details of his private life little is known. Pliny (Plin. Nat. 7.1) says, epigrammatically, that he was even more distinguished for the magnificent mansion which he possessed upon the Viminal I ill than for his knowledge of the Civil Law. It was in this mansion, the most superb in all Rome (P. Victor, De Urb. Rom. Region. v.), that his intimate friend, Q. Scapula, suddenly expired while at supper with Gallus. (Plin. Nat. 7.53.) In a letter addressed to Servius Sulpicius, in B. C. 46 (ad Fam. 4.6), Cicero speaks of a Gallus, a friend and relative of Servius (vester Gallus), who lost a promising son, and bore his loss with equanimity ; but though Gallus Aquillius, the jurist, was the friend and legal preceptor of Servius, it is doubtful from the context whether he is the person referred to. In the Topica, a treatise which was published in B. C. 44, Gallus is spoken of in the past tense, as no longer living. (Top. 12.)

We can only briefly review the professional career of Gallus. Taught, himself, by the great Mucius Scaevola, he could boast of being in turn the principal instructor of Servius Sulpicius, who had previously learned the elements of law from Lucilius Balbus, and combined the excellencies of both his masters; for if Balbus were more esteemed for solid and profound acquirement, Gallus had the advantage in penetration, dexterity, and readiness. (Cic. Brut. 42.) " Institutus fuit" (Servius), says Pomponius, in the ill-written fragment De Origine Juris (Dig. i. tit. 2. s. 2.43), " a Balbo Lucilio, instructus autem maxime a Gallo Aquillio, qui fuit Cercinae. Itaque libri ejus complures extant, Cercinae confectae." Cujas, in his comment on this passage, speaks of Cercina as an island on the coast of Sicily, but no such island is mentioned by the ancient geographers, according to whom Cercina was an island (now Gamalera) in the Mare Syrticum, where Marius lay hid. (Mela, 2.7; Plin. Nat. 5.7.) There is some improbability in the supposition that Servius, although he visited Athens and Rhodes (Cic. Fam. 4.12, Brut. 41), should have passed his time with his preceptor in an island on the coast of Africa--a singular choice of a vacation residence for a busy jurist and his pupils! Hence some critics conjecture that Caecilla, in Etruria (Mela, 2.4), is meant, and others have thought of Sicyon or Corcyra. It is equally doubtful whether the author of the works said to have been written at Cercina were Servius or Gallus. (Otto, in Serv. Sulpie. Thes. Jur. Civ. vol. v. p. 1585-6.) If Servius is meant, there is a needless repetition, for Pomponius, referring to Servius, shortly afterwards says, " Hujus volumina complura extant." Further Information

In the time of Pomponius, some works of Aquillius Gallus were extant, but copies of then were scarce, and their contents were not such as to conduce to their popularity. Servius Sulpicius incorporated the works of Gallus, and of other disciples of Mucius, in his own writings, completed what they had left imperfect, and, while he acknowledged his obligations to their productions, he at once secured them from oblivion, and deprived them of the chance of independent fame, by the superior attraction of his own style. By Ulpian, Gallus is cited at secondhand from Mela, ill Dig. 19. tit. 1. s. 17.6. It is remarkable, that we are not acquainted with the title of any one of his works, though he is often quoted in the Digest. Thus, lie is loosely quoted by Labeo (Dig. 33. s. 29.1), by Africanus (Dig. 28. tit. 6. s. 33.7), by Cervidius Scaevola (Dig. 28. tit. 2. s. 29), by Licinius Rufinus (Dig. 28. tit. 5. s. 74), by Javolenus (Dig. 40. tit. 7. s. 39, pr.), by Florentinus (Dig. 46. tit. 4. s. 18.1), by Paulus (Dig. 30. s. 127; Dig. 34. tit. 2. s. 32.1), by Ulpian (Dig. 8. tit. 5. s. 6.2 ; Dig. 30. s. 30.7, Dig. 43. tit. 24. s. 7.4). This unspecific mode of quotation shows that his original works were not in men's hands, and the same inference may be deduced from the silence of the old grammarians, who never illustrate the usage of words by citations from Aquillius Gallus. His authority, however, is invoked by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (lib. iii. p. 200, ed. Sylburg.), for the statement that, on one occasion, when the sewers were out of repair, the censors agreed to pay 100 talents for their cleansing. Legal Work

Aquillius Gallus early acquired high reputation as a judex, and Cicero frequently appeared as an advocate when his friend sat upon the bench. Already, in B. C. 81, the youthful orator pleaded the cause of Quintius before Gallus (Gel. 15.28), and, a few years afterwards, Gallus was one of the judices on the trial of Caecina. In the latter case (pro Caec. 27), Cicero lavishes very high encomiums on his knowledge, ability, and industry, as well as his just and merciful disposition. The speech Pro Cluentio was also addressed to Gallus as a judex. Cicero himself resorted for legal advice to his friend, although, in a question relating to a right of water, he says that he preferred consulting M. Tugio, who had devoted exclusive attention to that branch of the law (pro Balb. 20). Callus, on the other hand, when he was consulted on questions which involved controverted facts rather than legal doubts, used to refer his clients for advice and assistance to Cicero, as the great orator and skilful advocate (Topic. 12.). It is probable that Gallus was deficient in oratorical power, for on no occasion do we find him complimented by Cicero on any such gift. Among the important causes which he heard was that of Otacilia, who had carried on an adulterous intrigue with C. Visellius Varro. Varro, being seriously ill, and wishing to make her a present, which, if he died, she might recover from his heirs under colour of a debt, permitted her to charge against him in a settled account the sum of 300,000 sesterces, but, as he did not die so soon as she expected, she brought an action against himself to recover the amount with interest. This impudent demand was upset by the legal authority and learning of Aquillius Gallus, who was appointed judex in the case. (V. Max. 8.2.)

Such was Gallus in practice, as counsel and judex, skilful in his art, with armour always bright, and weapon always keen. But he possessed higher qualifications, which were perhaps not sufficiently appreciated by his contemporaries. He had a strong love of equity, and a strong dislike to chicanery and fraud, and a clear perception of the points in which justice was defeated by technicalities. It would have been too daring an attempt to disturb the artificial system of Roman jurisprudence by a legislation which, though it remedied some of its defects, was not in harmony with its established rules. Accordingly, Gallus applied his ingenious and inventive mind to the contrivance of legal novelties, to which his authority was sufficient to give currency, because, while they cured evils, they disturbed no settled notions. To explain all his improvements in the law would exceed our limits, but there are three which deserve special mention -- his formulae, 1st, for the institution of heirs; 2d, for releasing legal claims; and, 3d, for procedure in case of fraud.

As to the first head, a testament might have been broken, if it nominated a stranger as heir, passing over a suus heres, though such heres should be born after the testator's death. This latter event was provided for by a formula invented by Aquillius Gallus. He also provided a form, which was adopted on his authority, for the institution, as heres, of a postumus, who was not a suus heres. (Dig. 28. tit. 2. s. 29, Dig. 28. tit. 6. s. 33.7, Dig. 28. tit. 5. s. 74.)

As to the second head, he devised a summary mode of giving a general release of all obligationes. An obligatio could only be dissolved altogether by some mode appropriate to the mode in which it had been contracted; but the nature of an obligatio might be altered by its renewal in another form (novatio), after which the legal incidents of the old obligatio were extinguished. In order, therefore, to prevent the necessity of various modes of release, where there might be obligations of various kinds, Aquillius Gallus devised the plan of first turning by a novalio every existing obligatio into a single verborum obligatio, which might be dissolved by acceptilatio, or a fictitious acknowledgment that the obligatio had been discharged. A. undertakes by sponsio to pay to B. the value of every obligation of every kind by which A. is bound to B. The former obligationes being thus merged in the sponsio, all claims are released at once by a fictitious acknowledgment by B. that he has received from A. the stipulated payment. Such are the principles upon which is founded the celebrated Stipulatio Aquilliana, the form of which is given in Dig. 46. tit. 4. s. 18.1, and in Inst. 3. tit. 29.2.

As to the third and most important head, the formulae in case of fraud -- that improvement which swept every species of wickedness out of its last lurking-place (everriculum maliciarum omnium)--from what is said by Cicero, in De Nat. Deor. 3.30, and De Off. 3.14, we have strong reason for concluding, that if the clause in the praetor's edict, which is preserved in Dig. 4. tit. 3.1, was introduced before the time when Gallus was praetor, the mode of proceeding in the judicium de dolo malo, and the legal remedies against fraud, at least received important improvements from his hands. Hugo, however, thought that the formulae de dolo malo were nothing more than new clauses in contracts. (R. R. G. p. 861, ed. 1832.)

The definition of dolus malus was a vexata quaestio. According to Gallus, there was dolus malus, "quum esset aliud simulatum, aliud actum." He was noted for definitions in other cases. His definition of litus as the place " qua fluctus alludit," has been often cited as happy though metaphorical. (Cic. Topic. 7; Quint. Inst. Or. iii. c. ult.)

The jurist Aquillius Gallus (who is not recorded ever to have been tribune of the plebs) was not the proposer of the Lex Aquillia, which is a plebiscitum of earlier date (Inst. 4. tit. 3.15), having been mentioned by Brutus (Dig. 9. tit. 2. s. 27.22) and Q. Mucius (ibid. s. 39. pr.). Furthermore, we must not (as the compiler of the Florentine Index to the Digest appears to have done) confound Aquillius Gallus with the later jurist Aquila.

The inscription in Gruter (p. 652. No. 6), in which mention is made of L. Aquillius Gemellus, the freedman of the jurist, is probably spurious. Further Information

Bertrandus, De Jurisp. 2.9; Guil. Grotius, De Vitis ICtor. 1.8.5-8; Maiansius, ad XXX ICtor. Frug. Comment. vol. ii. p. 57-126; Heineccius, De C. Aquillio Gallo, ICto celeberrimo in Opusc. vol. ii. pp. 777-9; Zimmern, R. R. G. vol. 1.77. [J.T.G]

Gallus , L. Aqui'llius

was praetor in B. C. 170, and obtained Sicily for his province. (Liv. 41.18, 19.) [L.S]

Gallus , Asi'nius

1. L. Asinius Gallus, C. F., is mentioned in the Fasti as having celebrated a triumph in B. C. 26.

Gallus , Asi'nius

2. C. Asinius Gallus, C. F., a son of C. Asinius Pollio, bore the agnomen of Saloninus. He was consul in B. C. 8 with C. Marcius Censorinus. He was not free from the servile flattery which at the time prevailed in the senate and among the people, but he would now and then speak in the senate with more freedom than was agreeable to the sovereign. Augustus said of him, that he had indeed the desire to be the first man in the senate, but that he had not the talent for it. Tiberius hated him, partly on account of his freedom in expressing his opinion, but more especially because Asinius Gallus had married Vipsania, the former wife of Tiberius. At last the emperor resolved upon getting rid of him. In A. D. 30 he invited him to his table at Capreae, and at the same time got the senate to sentence him to death. But Tiberius saved his life, only for the purpose of inflicting upon him severer cruelties than death alone. He kept him imprisoned for three years, and on the most scanty supply of food. After the lapse of three years, he died in his dungeon of starvation, but whether it was compulsory or voluntary is unknown.

C. Asinius Gallus also distinguished himself in the history of Roman literature, in regard to which he followed in the footsteps of his father. He wrote a work in several books, entitled De Comparatione patris ac Ciceronis, which was unfavourable to the latter, and against which the emperor Claudius wrote his defence of Cicero. The writings of Asinius Gallus, however, have perished; and all that has come down of his productions is a short epigram preserved in Suetonius. (Tac. Ann. 1.8, 12, 13, 76, &c., 2.32, 33, 35, 3.11, 36, 75, 4.1, 20, 30, 71, 6.23, 25; D. C. 55.5, 57.2, 58.3; Schol. Acron. ad Horat. Carm. 2.1, 16; Suet. Cl. 41; De Illust. Gram. 22; Vit. Horat. in fin. ; Plin. Ep. 7.4; Gel. 17.1 ; Quint. Inst. 12.1, 22.)

Gallus , Asi'nius

3. Asinius Gallus, a son of No. 2, was a man proud of his family connection, being a stepbrother of Drusus, the son of Tiberius. In the reign of Claudius, he and Statilius, and a number of freedmen and slaves, formed a conspiracy against Claudius. The object of Asinius Gallus was merely to satisfy his foolish vanity; but the plot was discovered, and Claudius was generous enough not to inflict any severer punishment on the offender than exile. (Suet. Cl. 13.; D. C. 9.27.)

Gallus , Asi'nius

4. L. Asinius Gallus was consul in A. D. 62, the year in which the poet Persius died. (Tac. Ann. 14.48; Vita Persii.) [L.S]

Gallus , Cani'nius

1. L. Caninius Gallus. His praenomen Lucius is not mentioned by Cicero, but is taken from Dio Cassius (Ind. lib. 68), who calls his son L. F. He was a contemporary of Cicero and Caesar. In B. C. 59 he and Q. Fabius Maximus accused C. Antonius of repetundae, and Cicero defended the accused. Afterwards, however, Caninius Gallus married the daughter of C. Antonius. In B. C. 56 he was tribune of the people, and in this capacity endeavoured to further the objects of Pompey. With a view to prevent P. Lentulus Spinther, then proconsul of Cilicia, from restoring Ptolemy Auletes to his kingdom, he brought forward a rogation that Pompey, without an army, and accompanied only by two lictors, should be sent with the king to Alexandria, and endeavour to bring about a reconciliation between the king and his people. But the rogation, if it was ever actually brought forward, was not carried. The year after his tribuneship, B. C. 55, Caninius Gallus was accused, probably by M. Colonius, but he was defended by Cicero, at the request of Pompey. In B. C. 51 he was staying in Greece, perhaps as praetor of the province of Achaia, for Cicero, who then went to Cilicia, saw him at Athens. During the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Caninius Gallus appears to have remained neutral. He died in B. C. 44. He had been connected in friendship with Cicero and M. Terentius Varro, whence we may infer that he was a man of talent and acquirements. (Cic. ad Q. Frat. 2.2, 6, ad Fam. 1.2, 4, 7, 2.8, 7.1, 9.2, 3, 6, ad Att. 15.13, 16.14 ; V. Max. 4.2.6; D. C. 39.16 ; Plut. Pomp. 49, where he is wrongly called Canidius.)

Gallus , Cani'nius

2. L. Caninius Gallus, L. F., a son of No. 1, was consul in B. C. 37 with M. Agrippa. He is mentioned in the coin annexed, which belongs to B. C. 18 as a triumvir monetalis. The obverse represents the head of Augustus, and the reverse a Parthian kneeling, presenting a standard, with L. CANINIVS GALLVS IIIVIR. (Fasti; Dio Cass. Index, lib. 48, and 48.49; Borghesi, in the Giornale Arcadico, vol. xxvi, p. 66, &c.)

Gallus , Cani'nius

3. L. Caninius Gallus was consul suffectus in B. C. 2, in the place of M. Plautius Silvanus. (Fasti.) [L.S]

Gallus , C. Ce'stius

with the agnomen Camerinus, a Roman senator of the time of the emperor Tiberius, was consul in A. D. 35, with M. Servilius Nonianus. (Tac. Ann. 3.36, 6.7, 31 ; D. C. 8.25; Plin. Nat. 10.43.) [L.S]

Gallus , Ce'stius

a son of the preceding, the governor of Syria (legatus, A. D. 64, 65), under whom the Jews broke out into the rebellion which ended in the destruction of their city and temple by Titus. Maddened by the tyranny of Gessius Florus, they applied to Gallus for protection ; but, though he sent Neapolitanus, one of his officers, to investigate the case, and received from him a report favourable to the Jews, he took no effectual steps either to redress their injuries, or to prepare for any outbreak into which their discontent might drive them. When at last he found it necessary to act, he marched from Antioch, and, having taken Ptolemais and Lydda, advanced on Jerusalem. There he drove the Jews into the upper part of the city and the precincts of the temple; and might, according to Josephus, have finished the war at once, had he not been dissuaded by some of his officers from pressing his advantage. Soon after he unaccountably drew off his forces, and was much harassed in his retreat by the Jews, who took from him a quantity of spoil. Nero was at the time in Achaia, and Gallus sent messengers to him to give an account of affairs, and to represent them as favourably as possible for himself. The emperor, nuch exasperated, commissioned Vespasian to conduct the war; and the words of Tacitus seem to imply that Gallus died before the arrival of his successor, his death being probably hastened by vexation. (Joseph. Vit. § 43, Bell. Jud. 2.14.3, 16. §§ 1, 2, 18. §§ 9, 10, 19. §§ 1-9, 20.1, 3.1; Tac. Hist. 5.10; Suet. Vesp. 4.) [E.E]

Gallus , Consta'ntius

or, with his full name, Flavius Claudius (Julius) Constantius Gallus, the son of Julius Constantius and Galla, grandson of Constantius Chlorus, nephew of Constantine the Great, and elder brother, by a different mother, of Julian the Apostate. (See Genealogical Table, vol. I. p. 832.) Having been spared, in consequence of his infirm health, in the general massacre of the more dangerous members of the imperial family, which followed the death of his uncle, and in which his own father and an elder brother were involved, he was, in A. D. 351, named Caesar by Constantius II., and left in the east to repel the incursions of the Persians. The principal events of his subsequent career, and the manner of his death, which happened A. D. 354, are detailed elsewhere. [Constantius II., p. 848.]

The appellation of Gallus was dropped upon his elevation to the rank of Caesar (Victor, de Caes. 42), and hence numismatologists have experienced considerable difficulty in separating the medals ot this prince from those of his cousin, Constantius II., struck during the lifetime of Constantine the Great, since precisely the same designation, Constantius Caesar, is found applied to both. Several of the coins of Gallus, however, have the epithet IVN. (junior) appended by way of distinction, and others are known by FL. CL., or FL. IVL, being prefixed, since these names do not appear to have been ever assumed by the elder Constantius. For more delicate methods of discrimination where the above tests fail, see Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 124. [W.R]

Gallus , C. Corne'lius

(Eutropius, 7.10, erroneously calls him Cneius), a contemporary of Augustus, who distinguished himself as a general, and still more as a poet and an orator. He was a native of Forum Julii (Frejus), in Gaul, and of very humble origin, perhaps the son of some freedman either of Sulla or Cinna. Hieronymus, in Eusebius, states that Gallus died at the age of forty (others read forty-three); and as we know from Dio Cassius (53.23) that he died in B. C. 26, he must have been born either in B. C. 66 or 69. He appears to have gone to Italy at an early age, and it would seem that he was instructed by the Epicurean Syron, together with Varus and Virgil, both of whom became greatly attached to him. (Verg. Ecl. 6.64, &c.) he began his career as a poet about the age of twenty, and seems thereby to have attracted the attention and won the friendship of such men as Asinius Pollio. (Cic. Fam. 10.32.) When Octavianus, after the murder of Caesar, came to Italy from Apollonia, Gallus must have embraced his party at once, for henceforth he appears as a man of great influence with Octavianus, and in B. C. 41 he was one of the triumviri appointed by Octavianus to distribute the land in the north of Italy among his veterans, and on that occasion he distinguished himself by the protection he afforded to the inhabitants of Mantua and to Virgil, for he brought an accusation against Alfenus Varus, who, in his measurements of the land, was unjust towards the inhabitants. (Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 9.10; Donat. Vit. Virg. 30, 36.) Gallus afterwards accompanied Octavianus to the battle of Actium, B. C. 31, when he commanded a detachment of the army. After the battle, when Octavianus was obliged to go from Samos to Italy, to suppress the insurrection among the troops, he sent Gallus with the army to Egypt, in pursuit of Antony. In the neighbourhood of Cyrene, Pinarius Scarpus, one of Antony's legates, in despair, surrendered, with four legions, to Gallus, who then took possession of the island of Pharus, and attacked Paraetonium. When this town and all its treasures had fallen into the hands of Gallus, Antony hastened thither, hoping to recover what was lost, either by bribery or by force; but Gallus thwarted his schemes, and, in an attack which he made on Antony's fleet in the harbour of Paraetonium, he sunk and burnt many of the enemy's ships, whereupon Antony withdrew, and soon after made away with himself. Gallus and Proculeius then assisted Octavianus in securing Cleopatra, and guarded her as a prisoner in her palace. After the death of Cleopatra, Octavianus constituted Egypt as a Roman province, with peculiar regulations, and testified his esteem for and confidence in Gallus by making him the first prefect of Egypt. (Strab. xvii. p.819; D. C. 51.9, 17.) He had to suppress a revolt in the Thebais, where the people resisted the severe taxation to which they were subjected. He remained in Egypt for nearly four years, and seems to have made various useful regulations in his province; but the elevated position to which he was raised appears to have rendered him giddy and insolent, whereby he drew upon himself the hatred of Augustus. The exact nature of his offence is not certain. According to Dio Cassius (53.23), he spoke of Augustus in an offensive and insulting manner; he erected numerous statues of himself in Egypt, and had his own exploits inscribed on the pyramids. This excited the hostility of Valerius Largus, who had before been his intimate friend, but now denounced him to the emperor. Augustus deprived him of his post, which was given to Petronius, and forbade him to stay in any of his provinces. As the accusation of Valerius had succeeded thus far, one accuser after another came forward against him, and the charges were referred to the senate for investigation and decision. In consequence of these things, the senate deprived Gallus of his estates, and sent him into exile; but, unable to bear up against these reverses of fortune, he put an end to his life by throwing himself upon his own sword, B. C. 26. Other writers mention as the cause of his fall merely the disrespectfull way in which he spoke of Augustus. or that he was suspected of forming a conspiracy, or that he was accused of extortion in his province. (Comp. Suet. Aug. 66, de Illustr. Gram. 16; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. 10.1; Donat. Vit. Virg. 39; Amm. Marc. 17.4; Ov. Tr. 2.445, Amor. 3.9, 63; Propert. 2.34. 91.) Works

The intimate friendship existing between Gallus and the most eminent men of the time, as Asinius Pollio, Virgil, Varus, and Ovid, and the high praise they bestow upon him, sufficiently attest that Callus was a man of great intellectual powers and acquirements. Elegies

Ovid (Ov. Tr. 4.10. 5) assigns to him the first place among the Roman elegiac poets ; and we know that he wrote a collection of elegies in four books, the principal subject of which was his love of Lycoris. But all his productions have perished, and we can judge of his merits only by what his contemporaries state about him. Surviving poems incorrectly ascribed to Gallus

A collection of six elegies was published under his name by Pomponius Gauricus (Venice, 1501, 4to), but it was soon discovered that they belonged to a much later age, and were the productions of Maximianus, a poet of the fifth century of our era. There are in the Latin Anthology four epigrams (Nos. 869, 989, 1003, and 1565, ed. Meyers, which were formerly attributed to Gallus, but none of them can have been the production of a contemporary of Augustus. Gallus translated into Latin the poems of Euphorion of Chalcis, but this translation is also lost. Other works

Some critics attribute to him the poem Ciris, usually printed among the works of Virgil, but the arguments do not appear satisfactory. Of his oratory too not a trace has come down to us ; and how far the judgment of Quintilian (10.1.93; comp. 1.5.8) is correct, who calls him durior Gallus, we cannot say. The Greek Anthology contains two epigrams under the name of Gallus, but who their author was is altogether uncertain. Some writers ascribe to C. Cornelius Gallus a work on the expedition of Aelius Gallus into Arabia, but he cannot possibly have written any such work, because he died before that expedition was undertaken. Further Information

Fontanini, Hist. Lit. Aquileiae, lib. i.; C. C. C. Völker, Commentat. de C. Cornelii Galli Forojuliensis Vita et Scriptis, part i., Bonn, 1840, 8vo., containing the history of his life, and part ii., Elberfeld, 1844, on the writings of Gallus. Becker's Gallus

A. W. Becker, in his work entitled Gallus, has lately made use of the life of Corn. Gallus for the purpose of explaining the most important points of the private life of the Romans in the time of Augustus. An English translation of this work was published in 1844. [L.S]

Gallus , A. Di'dius

was curator aquarum in the reign of Caligula, A. D. 40. In the reign of Claudius, A. D. 50, he commanded a Roman army in Bosporus, and subsequently he was appointed by the same emperor to succeed Ostonus in Britain, where, however, he confined himself to protecting what the Romans had gained before, for he was then at an advanced age, and governed his province through his legates. In his earlier years he seems to have been a man of great ambition, and of some eminence as an orator. (Frontin. de Aquaed. 102; Tac. Ann. 12.15, 40, 14.29, Agric. 14 ; Quint. Inst. 6.3.68.) [L.S]

Gallus , Fa'dius

1. M. Fadius Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero and Atticus, appears to have been a man of great acquirements and of an amiable character. Among Cicero's letters there are several (ad Fam. 7.23-27) which are addressed to M. Fadius. It seems that during the civil war he belonged to the party of Caesar, and fought under him as legate in Spain in B. C. 49. Confusion about his name

It should be observed that in most editions of Cicero his name is wrongly given as M. Fabius Gallus. Works Eulogy on M. Porcius Cato

He was a follower of Epicurus in his philosophical views, but nevertheless wrote an eulogy on M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, which is lost. Further Information

Cic. Fam. 2.14, 7.24, 9.25, 13.59, 15.14, ad Att. 7.3, 8.3, 12, 13.49.

Gallus , Fa'dius

2. Q. Fadius Gallus, a brother of No. 1. In B. C. 46 the two brothers had a dispute, and on that occasion Cicero recommended M. Fadius Gallus to Paetus. Cicero calls Q. Fadius a homo non sapiens. (De Fin. 2.17, 18, ad Fam. 9.25.)

Gallus , Fa'dius

3. T. Fadius Gallus, was quaestor of Cicero in his consulship, B. C. 63, and tribune of the people in B. C. 57, in which year he exerted himself with others to effect the recal of Cicero from exile. At a later period T. Fadius himself appears to have lived in exile, and Cicero in a letter still extant (ad Fam. 5.18) consoled him in his misfortune. (Cic. ad Q. Frat. 1.4, ad Att. 3.23, post Red. in Senat. 8, ad Fam. 7.27.) [L.S]

Gallus , Fla'vius

was tribune of the soldiers under Antony in his unfortunate campaign against the Parthians in B. C. 36. During Antony's retreat Flavius Gallus made an inconsiderate attack upon the enemy, for which he paid with his life. (Plut. Ant. 42, 43.) [L.S]

Gallus , Gli'cius

was denounced to Nero by Quintianus as an accomplice in the conspiracy of Piso; but as the evidence against him was not strong enough to condemn him, he was punished only with exile. (Tac. Ann. 15.56, 71.) [L.S]

Gallus , Here'nnius

an actor whom L. Cornelius Balbus, when at Gades, raised to the rank of an eques, by presenting him with a gold ring, and introducing him to the seats in the theatre, which were reserved for the equites. (Cic. Fam. 10.32.) [L.S]

Gallus , Here'nnius

a Roman general, legate of the first legion of the army on the Rhine (A. D. 69) was stationed at Bonn when the Batavian insurrection broke out, and was ordered by Hordeonius Flaccus to prevent some Batavian cohorts, which had deserted from the Romans, from uniting with Civilis. Hordeonius recalled his commands, but Gallus was compelled by his own soldiers to fight, and was defeated through the fault of his Belgic auxiliaries. He was afterwards associated with Vocula in the command, after the deposition of Hordeonius, and was in command of the camp at Gelduba when a trifling accident excited a mutiny among his soldiers, who scourged and bound him; but he was released by Vocula. When Vocula was killed at Novesium, Herennius was only bound. He was afterwards killed by Valentinus and Tutor, A. D. 70. [Civilis; Vocula ; Valentinus]. (Tac. Hist. 4.19, 20, 26, 27, 59, 70, 77.) [P.S]

Gallus , No'nius

a Roman general of the time of Augustus, who in B. C. 29 defeated the Treviri and Germans. (D. C. 51.20.) He may possibly be the same as the Nonius who, according to Plutarch (Plut. Cic. 38), fought under Pompey against Caesar. [L.S]

Gallus , Ogu'lnius

1. Q. Ogulnius Gallus, L. F. Q. N., was consul in B. C. 269 with C. Fabius Pictor, and carried on a war against the Picentes, which, however, was not brought to a close till the year after. This consulship is remarkable in the history of Rome as being the year in which silver was first coined at Rome. In B. C. 257 Q. Ogulnius was appointed dictator for the purpose of conducting the feriae Latinae. (Eutrop. 2.16; Liv. Epit. 15; Plin. Nat. 33.13.)

Gallus , Ogu'lnius

2. M. Ogulnius Gallus, was praetor in B. C. 181, with the jurisdiction in the city. (Liv. 39.56, 40.1.) [L.S]

Gallus , L. Plo'tius

a native of Cisalpine Gaul, was the first person that ever set up a school at Rome for the purpose of teaching Latin and rhetoric, about B. C. 88. Cicero in his boyhood knew him. and would have liked to receive instruction from him in Latin, but his friends prevented it, thinking that the study of Greek was a better training for the intellect. L. Plotius lived to a very advanced age, and was regarded by later writers as the father of Roman rhetoric. (Sueton, De clar. Rhet. 2; Hieron. in Euseb. Chron. Ol. 173, 1 ; Quint. Inst. 2.4.44; Senec. Controv. ii. prooem.) Besides a work de Gestu (Quint. Inst. 11.3 § 143), he wrote judicial orations for other persons, as for Atratinus, who in B. C. 56 accused M. Coelius Rufus. (Comp. Cic. Fragm. p. 461; Schol. Bob. ad Cic. p. Arch. p. 357, ed. Orelli; Varro, de L. L. 8.36.) [L.S]

Gallus , C. Pompeius

was consul in A. D. 49 with Q. Verannius. (Tac. Ann. 12.5 ; Fasti.) [L.S]

Gallus , Ru'brius

a contemporary of the emperor Otho, commanded a detachment of troops at Brixellun; and after the fall of Otho he assisted in suppressing the insurrection among the soldiers, A. D 69. Shortly after he is said to have instigated Caecina to his treachery against Vitellius ; and Vespasian afterwards sent him out to suppress the Sarmatians, in which he succeeded. The C. Rubrius Gallus, who was consul suffectus in A. D. 101, may have been a son of our Rubrius Gallus. (Tac. Hist. 2.51, 99; D. C. 63.27; Joseph. Bell. Jud. 7.4.3.) [L.S]

Gallus , Sulpi'cius

1. C. Sulpicius Ser. N. Gallus, C. F., was consul in B. C. 243 with C. Fundanius Fundulus. (Fasti; Diod. Fragm. Vat. p. 60, ed. Dindorf.)

Gallus , Sulpi'cius

2. C. Sulpicius Gallus., C. F. C. N. In B. C. 170 Spanish ambassadors came to Rome to complain of the avarice and extortion of the Roman commanders in Spain; and when the senate allowed them to choose four Romans as their patrons, C. Sulpicius Gallus was one of them. Towards the end of the year he was elected praetor for B. C. 169, and obtained the jurisdiction in the city as his province. During the great levy which was then made for the war against Macedonia, he protected the plebeians (i. e. the poorer classes) against the severity of the consuls. In B. C. 168 he served as tribune of the soldiers in the army of his friend L. Aemilius Paullus, with whose permission he one day assembled the troops, and announced to them that in a certain night and at a certain hour an eclipse of the moon was going to take place. He exhorted then not to be alarmed, and not to regard it as a fearful prodigy; and when at the predicted moment the eclipse occurred, the soldiers almost worshipped the wisdom of Gallus. In the autumn of the year following, when Aemilius Paullus went on an excursion into Greece, he left the command of the Roman camp in the hands of his friend; but the latter must soon after have returned to Rome, for he was elected consul for the year B. C. 166. In his consulship he carried on a successfll war against the Ligurians, who were reduced to submission. On his return to Rome he was honoured with a triumph. C. Sulpicius Gallus appears to have been one of the most extraordinary men of his time; Cicero in several passages speaks of him in terms of the highest praise : he had a more perfect knowledge of Greek than any man of his time, he was a distinguished orator, and altogether a person of an elegant and refined mind. His knowledge of astronomy, which is frequently mentioned by Cicero, is attested by his predicting, with accuracy, the eclipse of the moon, which was visible in Greece. (Liv. 43.2, 13, 16, 17, 44.37, 45.27, 44, Epit. 46; Plin. Nat. 2.12 ; J. Obseq. 71; Didasc. of Terent. Andria ; Cic. Brut. 20, 23, de Re Publ. 1.14, 15, de Senect. 14, de Amic. 27, de Off. 1.6.)

Gallus , Sulpi'cius

3. Q. Sulpicius Gallus, a son of No. 2, died at an early age, and his death was borne by his father with great fortitude. (Cic. de Orat. 1.53, Brut. 23, de Amic. 2, 6, ad Fam. 4.6.)

Gallus , Sulpi'cius

4. C. Gallus (some read Gallius), a Roman senator mentioned by Cicero (in Verr. 3.65), but it is uncertain whether he belonged to the Sulpicia or Aquillia gens. [L.S]

Gallus , Surdi'nius

a wealthy Roman of the time of the emperor Claudius. When Claudius, in A. D. 46, removed a number of persons from the senate, because they had not sufficient means to keep up the senatorial dignity, Surdinius Gallus was preparing to go and settle at Carthage, but Claudius called him back, saying that he would tie him with golden chains; and Surdinius was made a senator. (D. C. 60.29.) [L.S]

Gallus , Tisie'nus

a Roman general belonging to the party of L. Antonius and Fulvia in their war with Octavianus in B. C. 41. When Octavianus made an attack upon Nursia he was repulsed by Tisienus, who had the command in the place. In B. C. 36 he joined Sex. Pompeius in Sicily with reinforcements; but after the defeat of Sextus, he surrendered, with his army, to Octavianus. (D. C. 48.13, 49.8, 10; Appian, App. BC 4.32, 5.104, 117, 121.) [L.S]

Gallus , Trebonia'nus

Roman emperor, A. D. 251-254.

Gallus , P. Volu'mnius

with the agnomen Amintinus, was consul in B. C. 461 with Ser Sulpicius Camerinus. (Liv. 3.10; Dionys. A. R. 10.1 ; Diod. 11.84; V. Max. 1.6.5; Plin. Nat. 2.57.) [L.S]

Gallus (2) adj.,

• of Gaul, Gallic, Cs.—As substm., a Gaul, Cs.—Plur, the Gauls, Cs., C., L.

GALLUS

GALLUS (Γάλλος: Lefke), a small river of Bithynia, having its sources near Modra in the north of Phrygia, and emptying itself into the Sangarius a little more than 300 stadia from Nicomedeia, (Strab. 12. p. 543.) Ammianus Marcellinus describes its course as very winding (26.8). Martianus Capella (6.687, ed. Kopp) confounds this river with another of the same name in Galatia, which seems likewise to have been a tributary of the Sangarius, and on the banks of which Pessinus is said to have been situated, From the river Gallus in Galatia the Galli, or priests of Cybele, were said by some to have derived their name, because its water made those who drank of it mad. (Steph. B. s. v.;Plin. Nat. 5.42, 6.1, 31.5; Herodian, 1.11; Ov. Fast. 4.364.)

[L.S]

Gallus

(1) (Γάλλος). A river in Galatia, falling into the Sangarius, near Pessinus. From it the priests of Cybelé are said to have obtained their name of Galli. See Galli; Rhea.

(2) Sulpicius. A distinguished orator, was praetor B.C. 169, and consul 166, when he fought against the Ligurians. In 168 he served as tribune of the soldiers under Aemilius Paulus in Macedonia, and during this campaign predicted an eclipse of the moon.

(3) C. Cornelius, was born at Forum Iulii (Fréjus) in Gaul, of poor parents, about B.C. 66. He went to Italy at an early age, and began his career as a poet when he was about twenty years of age. He had already attained considerable distinction at the time of Caesar's death, 44; and upon the arrival of Octavianus in Italy after that event, Gallus embraced his party, and soon acquired great influence with him. In 41 he was one of the triumvirs appointed by Octavianus to distribute lands in the north of Italy among his veterans, and on that occasion he afforded protection to the inhabitants of Mantua and to Vergil. He afterwards accompanied Octavianus to the battle of Actium, 31, and commanded a detachment of the army. After the battle, Gallus was sent with the army to Egypt, in pursuit of Antony; and when Egypt was made a Roman province, Octavianus appointed Gallus the first prefect of the province. He remained in Egypt for nearly four years; but he incurred at length the enmity of Octavianus, though the exact nature of his offence is uncertain. According to some accounts he spoke of the emperor in an offensive and insulting manner; he erected numerous statues of himself in Egypt, and had his own exploits inscribed on the pyramids. The Senate deprived him of his estates, and sent him into exile; whereupon he put an end to his life by falling upon his own sword, B.C. 27. The intimate friendship existing between Gallus and the most eminent men of the time, as Asinius Pollio, Vergil, Varus, and Ovid, and the high praise they bestow upon him, prove that he was a man of great intellectual powers and acquirements. Ovid (Trist. iv. 10. 5) assigns to him the first place among the Roman elegiac poets; and we know that he wrote a collection of elegies in four books, the principal subject of which was his love of Lycoris. (See Vergil's Tenth Eclogue.) But all his productions have perished; for the four epigrams in the Latin Anthology attributed to Gallus could not have been written by a contemporary of Augustus. Gallus translated into Latin the poems of Euphorion of Chalcis, but this translation is also lost. Some critics attributed to him the poem Ciris, usually printed among the works of Vergil. See Völker, De C. Galli Vita et Scriptis, pt. i. (Bonn, 1840), pt. ii. (Elberfeld, 1844); NicolasA. , De la Vie et des Ouvrages de C. Gallus (Paris, 1851). His story is made the basis of the well-known work of W. Becker on Roman antiquities. See Becker.

(4) Treboniānus. A Roman emperor, who reigned A.D. 251-254. His full name was C. Vibius Treboniānus Gallus . He served under Decius in the campaign against the Goths, 251, and is said to have contributed by his treachery to the disastrous issue of the battle, which proved fatal to Decius and his son Herennius. Gallus was thereupon elected emperor, and Hostilianus, the surviving son of Decius, was nominated as his colleague. He purchased a peace of the Goths by allowing them to retain their plunder, and promising them a fixed annual tribute. In 253, the Goths again invaded the Roman Empire, but they were driven back by Aemilianus, whose troops proclaimed him emperor in Moesia. Aemilianus thereupon marched into Italy; and Gallus was put to death by his own soldiers, together with his son Volusianus, before any collision had taken place between the opposing armies. The name of Gallus is associated with nothing but cowardice and dishonour. In addition to the misery produced by the inroads of the barbarians during this reign, a deadly pestilence broke out in 252, and continued its ravages over every part of the Empire for fifteen years.

(5) (ἀλέκτωρ, ἀλεκτρυών). The cock; a bird not mentioned in the earlier Greek writers, but found figured on the silver coins of Samothrace and Himera in the sixth century B.C. Athenaeus says that it was introduced into Greece from Persia. The cock was used by the Greeks in divination (see Alectryomantia), and was carefully bred by both the Greeks and Romans for fighting. (See Alectryomachia; Venationes.) The finest game-cocks were bred at Rhodes and Tanagra. The cock was sacred to Mars and to Aesculapius, Nox, and the Lares.

Gallus Gallus, Romansenator sent to arbitrate between Lacedaemonians and Argives

• Paus. 7.11.1-3