Paulus

Paulus (Paull-), i, m., a Roman surname (not a praenomen; cf. Borghesi Framm. de' Fasti Cons. i. p. 49, and his Dec. Numism. 4, n. 10) of the Aemilian family, Cic. Lael. 6, 21; id. Verr. 2, 5, 6, § 14.

• I L. Aemilius Paulus, a consul who fell in the battle near Cannae, Hor. C. 1, 12, 38; Cic. Sen. 20, 75; id. Div. 2, 33, 71.—
• II The son of no. I., the adoptive father of the younger Scipio and the conqueror of Perseus, Cic. Rab. Post. 1, 2; id. Sen. 6, 15. —
• III Q. Paulus Fabius Maximus, a consul A. U. C. 743, Front. Aquaed. 100.—
• IV Julius Paulus, a celebrated jurist under Alexander Severus, a colleague of Papinian, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 26.—
• V Paul, Christian name of Saul of Tarsus, the apostle to the Gentiles, author of many epistles to the Churches, Vulg. Act. passim.—
• VI Sergius Paulus, proconsul in Cyprus, Vulg. Act. 13, 7.—Hence,
• • A Paulĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Paulus, Paulian: Pauliana victoria, the victory of L. Aemilius Paulus over Perseus, Val. Max. 8, 11, 1: Pauliana responsa, of the jurist J. Paulus, Dig. praef. ad Antecess. § 5.—
  • B Paulī-nus (Paull-), a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Paulus, Pauline, only as a Roman surname.—Subst.
  • • 1 Paulīnus, i, m.: C. Suetonius Paulinus, Tac. A. 14, 29.—
    • 2 Paulīna, ae, f.: Lollia Paulina, wife of the emperor Caligula, Suet. Calig. 25; Tac. A. 12, 1; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 117.

2. Paulus (Paullus), ein röm. Beiname, bes. der ämilischen Familie, aus der am bekanntesten L. Aemil. Paulus Macedonicus, der Besieger des Perseus (der leibliche Vater des P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus minor), u. dessen Vater L. Aemilius Paulus, der in der Schlacht bei Kannä befehligte u. fiel, s. Orelli Onomast. Tull. 2. p. 16 sqq.: Plur. Pauli, Männer wie Paulus, Cic. de amic. 21. – Iul. Paulus, ein Jurist, Schüler des Papinianus, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 26, 5. – Paulus Diaconus, Epitomator des Festus. – Dav. Pauliānus, a, um, paulianisch, victoria, des L. Äm. Paulus Maced. (s. oben), Val. Max.: responsum, des Juristen Paulus, ICt.: ebenso actio, ICt.

2 Paulus (10) (Paull-), ī, m. , surnom romain, surtout dans la gens Æmilia ; not^t Paul Émile, tué à la bataille de Cannes et son fils, vainqueur de Persée : Cic. , Liv.

Paulus

(Παῦλος) literary and ecclesiastical.

Paulus

1. Aegineta, a physician. [See below.]

Paulus

2. Of Alexandria, a Greek writer on astrology, who lived in the latter part of the fourth century. Works

He wrote, according to Suidas (s. v. Παῦλος φλόσοφος), two works, Εἰσαγωγὴ ἀστρολογίας, Introductio Astrologiae, and Ἀποτελεσματικά, Apotelesmatica. Fabricius suggests the reading ἢ ἀποτελεσματικά instead of καὶ ἀποτελεσματικά, and understands the passage not of two works, but of two titles of one work; and his correction is rendered probable by the title of the only published work of Paulus, which is entitled Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὴν ἀποτελεσματικήν, Rudimenta in Doctrinam de praedictis Natalitiis,. Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὴν ἀποτελεσματικήν, Rudimenta in Doctrinam de praedictis Natalitiis,

The work appears to have gone through two editions in the author's life-time: for in the printed text, which probably represents the second edition, it is preceded by a short preface addressed to the author's son Cronamon (Κρονάμων), who had noticed some errors in the former edition. The time when the author lived is inferred with probability from a passage in the work. In exemplifying a rule given for finding the days of the week, he chooses the year 94 of the era of Diocletian (= A. D. 378), which is therefore supposed to be the year in which the work was written. If this inference is correct, Paulus must be distinguished from another astrologer of the same name mentioned by Suidas (s.v. Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Π̔ινότμητος), as having predicted the accession of the emperor Leontius [Leontius II.], and from a third Paulus, an astrologer, whom Ricciolus (apud Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 140, note z) states to have written an introduction to Astrology in the ninth century after Christ. The work of Paulus of Alexandria is accompanied by Greek Scholia, written by a Christian in the year 867 of the era ot Diocletian, = A. D. 1151. Fabricius conjectured that they were by Stephanus of Athens (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 693, ed. vet.), or by the Apomasar (Ahmed Ben Seirim) whose Oneirocritica was published by Rigaltus: but the date assigned to the Scholia is too late for these writers (see Biog. Dict. of U. K. Soc. s. v. Ahmed). If, on the authority of the text of Suidas, two works are ascribed to Paulus, the one published by Schatus will be the former of the two, the Introductio Astrologiae. Edition

This work was edited by Andreas Schatus or Schato (4to. Wittenberg, 1586), from a MS. in the library of Count Rantzau. Further Information

Suidas, ll. cc.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. ll. cc.

Paulus

3. Antiochenus. [No. 17.]

Paulus

4. Apostolus. Works

The life of the Apostle and his genuine works do not come within our plan, but the following indisputably spurious works require notice. 1. Αἱ Παύλου πράξεις, Aeta Pauli

of which citatons or notices are found in Origen (Tom. XXI. in Joan., De Principiis, 1.2), Eusebius (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 3.3, 25), and Philastrius (Haeres. lxxxvii.). This work, which is lost, must not be confounded with No. 2. 2. Ἡ περίδος Παύλου καὶ Θέκλας, Periodus Pauli et Theclae.

This work is mentioned by Tertullian (De Baptismo, c. 17), and by Jerome (De Viris Illustr. 100.7). It was written, according to the former (l.c.), by a certain presbyter of Asia, who, when convicted of the forgery, acknowledged the act, and said that he had done it out of love to the Apostle. He was deposed from his office. Jerome (l.c.), citing this passage from Tertullian, adds, as if upon his authority, that the presbyter was convicted of the forgery before John (whether the Evangelist or the Elder, is not clear), which carries back the forgery almost, if not quite, to the Apostolic age. The work has perished. Whether there was such a person as Thecla, and whether she was connected with the Apostle Paul, has been disputed. Baronius and Grabe contend that there was; Stilling, in the Acta Sanctorumn, Sept. vol. vi. p. 550, thinks that there is some truth in what is said of her; but Ittigius (De Biblioth. Patrum, p. 702) regards the whole story as a fable. She is mentioned by several of the principal fathers of the fourth century, Epiphanius, Gregory Nazianzen, Gregory Nyssen, Chrysostom, Isidore of Pelusium, &c. In the fifth century, Basil of Seleuceia [Basilius, No. 4] wrote a metrical history of Thecla (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 168), and Symeon Metaphrastes, at a later period, wrote her life. This latter biography, with another to which the name of Basil of Seleuceia was prefixed, (but with very doubtful propriety, for it was not written in metre,like the one mentioned by Photius), were published in the original Greek, with a Latin version by Petrus Pantinus, 4to. Antwerp, 1608. G(rabe inserted in the first volume of his Spicilegium SS Patrum, pp. 95, &c., a history of Thecla, entitled Μαρτύριον τῆς ἁγίας καὶ ἐνδύξου πρωτομάρτυρος καὶ ἀποστόλου Θέκλας, μαρτψτριυμ σανξταε ετ γλοριοσαε προτο-μαρτψρις ετ αποστολατυ δεφυνξταε ϝιργινις τηεξλαε, and which he regarded as the very work to which the presbyter of Asia had prefixed the name of Paul. Grabe, however, was probably mistaken : the narrative makes no profession of being written by Paul, and there is no trace of an absurd story of the baptism of a lion ("baptismi leonis fabulam"), which. Jerome expressly mentions as contained in tihe presl yter's narrative. The work is, however, of conasitlrable antiquity, and probably furnished materials for the two biographies published by Pantitinus. The Martyrium, as publishled by Grabe, was incomplete, having been taken from a mutilated MS., and a considerable supplementary passage was published by ilearne, in his appendix to Leland's Collectanzea. The Martyrium, thus completed, was reprinted by Galland, in the first volume of his Bibliotheca Patrum, p. 167, &c. (Grabe, Spicilegium, vol. i. p. 8], &c. Acta Sanctor. I. c.) 3. S. Pauli Praedicatio

perhaps referred to by Clement of Alexandria (Strom. lib. vi.), certainly mentioned by the anonymous author of an ancient tract, De non ulerando Baptismo Haeretieorum (Fabric. Cod. Apocryph. N.T. vol. ii.p. 799). It is not extant. 3. Πρὸς Λαυδικέας ἐπιστολή, Ad Laodicenses Epistola.

This epistle, the forgery of which is ascribed by some ancient writers to the Manichaeans his been printed several timas in the Polyglot Bible of Elias Hutter, fol. Nuremberg, 1599; in the Philologns Hebraeo-Graecus of Leusden, 4to. Utrecht, 1670; in the Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti of Fabricius, and elsewhere. 4. Epistolae Pauli ad Senecam et Senecae ad Paulum

mentioned by Jerome (De Viris Illustr. c. 12) and Augustin (Epistol. ad Macedonium, 54, editt. vett., 153, edit. Benedictin.). These letters (five from Paul and eight from Seneca) are given in various editions of the works of Seneca; also by Sixtus Senensis, in his Bibliotheca Sancta, and by Fabricius, in his Codex Apocryphus N. T. 5. Ἀναβατικόν Παύλου, Anabaticum Pauli

forged by the heretics whom Epiphanius calls Caiani, but used also by the Gnostics (Epiphan. Haeres. 18.100.38). The book was founded on a passage in the genuine writings of the Apostle (2 Cor. 12.4), in which he speaks of being caught up into the third heaven. It is now lost. 6. Apocalypsis Pauli

apparently different from No. 5; mentioned by Augustin (Tractat. XCIIl. in Joan.), Sozomen (H. E. 7.19), Theophylact, and Oecumenius (Not. ad 2 Cor. 12.4). It was said to have been found in Paul's house in Tarsus: but Sozomen found, on inquiry, that this story was untrue. 7. Other epistles in Armenian, Arabic etc.

An Epistola Pauli ad Corinthios, different from the genuine epistles, and an Epistola Corinthiorum ad Paulum, are said to be extant in the Armenian language; and other epistles ascribed to the same Apostle are said to be extant in the Arabic. The Marcionites are said to have ascribed to Paul the gospel (formed from that of Luke) which was received among them. Further Information

Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 12, ed. Oxford. 1740-43; Fabric. Cod. Apocryphus N. T.; Vossius, De Historicis Graecis, lib. 2. c.9.

Paulus

5. Of Constantiople (1). On the death of Alexander, patriarch of Constantinople (A. D. 336), Paul, one of the presbyters of that church, and comparatively a young man, was chosen to succeed him by the Homoousian or orthodox party, while the Arians were anxious for the election of the deacon Macedonius, who sought to prevent the election of Paul by some charge of misconduct, which, however, he did not persist in. Both men appear to have been previously marked out for the succession by their respective partizans; and Alexander had, before his death, passed a judgment on their respective characters, which is given elsewhere [Macedonius, No). 3.] The Hoimoousians had carried their point; buit the election was annulled by a council summoned by the emperor, either Constantine the Great, or his son Constantius II., and Paul being ejected, was banished into Pontus (Athanas. Histor. Arianor. ad Monachos, 100.7), aud Eusebius, bishop of Nicomnedeia, was appointed by the council in his room. On the death of Eusebius, who died A. D. 342, the orthodox populace of Constantinople restored Paul, who appears to have been previously released from banishment, or to have escaped to Rome; while the bishops of the Arian party elected Macedonius. The emperor Constantius II. being absent, the contest led to many disturbances, in which a number of people were killed; and an attempt by Hernogenes, titmtgister militumn, to quell the riot and expel Paul, led to the murder of that officer by the mob. The emperor immnudiately returned to Constantinople, and expelled Paul, without, however, as yet conltirtints the election of Macedonius. Paul hastened back tt. Rome and sought the support of .itlius I., bishop of that citv, who, glad to exercise the superiority implied in this appeal to him, sent him back with a letter to the hishops of the Eastern Churches, directing that he and some other expelled prelates should be restored stored to their respective sees, and bitterly accusing those who had deposed him. Paul regained possesion sion of the church of Constantinople, but the Eastern bishops, in a council at Antioch, A. D. 343, returned a spirited answer to the arrogant pretensions of Julius; and the emperor, who was also at Antioch, wrote to Philippus, praefectus praetorio, to expel Paul again. Philippus, to avoid a commotion, sent the prelate away privately; but when he attempted to establish Macedonius in possession of the church, a riot occurred, in which above three thousand lives were lost. Paul was banished, according to Socrates, to Thessalonica, of which place Paul was a native, and then into the Western Enmpire, being forbidden to return into the East. But the account Socrates is disputed, and Tillemonots opinion is prolablv correct, that it was at this time that Paul was loaded with chains and exiled to Singara in Mesopotamia, and afterward to Emesa in Syria, as mentioned by Athanasius (l.c.). If Tillemont is correct, the banishment into the Western Empire may probably be referred to the former expulsion of Paul, when he appealed to Pope Julius I., or possibly Paul may have been released from banishment and allowed to retire to Rome, which, according to Photits, he did three several times. The cause of Pali and of Athanasius, who was also in banishtnent, was still supported by the Western church, and was taken up by the Western emperor Constans, brother of Constantius, and the Council of Sardica (A. D. 347) decreed their restoration. Constantins, howerer, refused to restore them until compelled by the threats of his brother; upon whose death, shortly after, Paul was again expelled by Constantius, and exiled to Cucusus, in Cappadocia, amid the defiles of the Taurus, where it is said he was privately strangled by his keepers, A. D. and buried at Ancyra. It was reported that his keepers, before strangling him, attempted to starve him to death. Great obscurity hangs over his death, and it is not clear whether he died by violence or by disease. Rut he was regarded by his party as a martyr, and when orthodoxy triumphed under the emperor Theodosius the Great, that prince brought his remains in great state to Constantinople, and deposited them in a church which was subsequently called by his name. (Athanas. l.c.; Socrat. H. E. 2.6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 136, 20, 22, 23, 216, 5.9; Sozomen, H. E.3.4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 4.2 ; Theodoret, H. E. 19, 2.5, 6; Photius, Bibl Cod. 257; Theophanes, Chronica pp. 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 59, ed. Paris, pp. 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 109, ed. Bonn; Tillemont. eilioies, vl. vii. . 251,&c.)

Paulus

6. Of Constantinople (2. When, on the accession of Constans II. as sole emperor, and the banishment of his colleague Heracleonas [Constans II.; Heracleonas], the patriarch Pvrrhus was deposed, Paulus or Paul II. succeeded to the patriairchate of Constantinople, of the church of which he had previously been a presibyter, and also oeconomus. he was consecrated patriarch in October. 642. He is charged with being a monothelite; and with having induced the emperor (A. D. 648) to issue an edict prohibiting all discussion of the questions whether there were in Christ one will or operation, or two. On account of his heretical opinions he was declared by the pope Theodore I., in a council held at Rome (A. D. 648), to be deposed; but as the pope had no power to enforce the sentence, though confirmed by the Lateran Coucil (A. i). 649), held under the papacy of Martin I., successor of Theodore, Paulus retained his patriarchate till his own death, A. D. 652. He even retaliated the attempts of the popes by urging the emperor to depose Martin, and exile him to Chersonae, where he died. Paul died not long after the banishment of Martin, and is said to have repented of the evil which he had brought upon his antagonist. Works

There are extant of the writings of Paul:-- Letters

1. Ἐπιστολὴ Θεοδὼρῳ, Epistola Theodoro, i. e. Pope Theodore, the predecessor of Martin. 2. Part of an Ἐπιστολὴ Θεοδώρῳ, Epistola ad Theodorum, i. e. Theodore of Pharan. 3. Part of an Ἐπιστολὴ πρὸς Ἰάκωβον, Epistola ad Jacobun Editions

These are all printed in the Concilia (Concil. Lateraun. secret. iv., Concil. Constantin. III. act. of x. vol. vi. ed. Labbe, col. 221, 837, 839, and vol. iii. ed. Hardouin, col. 815, 1246, 1247); Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Collectanea (Commemoratio eorum quae acta sunt in Martinum Papam, (§c.), apud Galland. Biblioth. Patrum, vol. xiii. p. 47; idem, De Vitis Roman. Pontif (Theodori et Martini), apud Muratori, Rerum Italic. Scriptores, vol. iii.; Baronius, Annales, ad ann. 642, 1.648. 1. §c.. Further Information

Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 642, vol. i. p. 585; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. i. col. 229. Two other patriarchs of Constantinople named Paul

There were two other Pauli, patriarchs of Constantinople, viz. Paulus III., A. D. 686-692; and Paulus IV. A. D. 780-784.

Paulus

7. Cyrus Florus. [No. 18.]

Paulus

8. Of Emesa. Among the prelates who, at the General Council of Ephesus, A. D. 431, united with Joannes or John, patriarch of Antioch, in supporting the cause of Nestorius, was Paulus or Paul, bishop of Emesa. When negotiations were in progress for a reconciliation between John and the Oriental bishops [Joannes, No. 9] with Cyril of Alexandria [Cyrillus, ST. of Alexandria], 351, Paulus was sent by John to Cyril, but the latter would by no means comply with the solicitations of John, until his messenger Paul had delivered some homilies before him and presented to him a confession of faith, in which the term θεοτόκος was applied to the Virgin Mary. and had joined in. anathematizing Nestorius. Having satisfied Cyril in these points, Paul concluded the negotiations ssuccessfully. The few facts known of the life of Paulus are given by Tillemont (Memoires, vol. xiv.), and by Christianus Lupus, in his Scholia et Notae ad tarior. PP. Epistolas, forming the second volume of the work cited below.

Paulus wrote:--1. Λίβελλος ἐιδοθεὶς (s. Λίβελλοι ἐπιδυθέντες) τῷ ἀρχιεπισκόπᾳ Κυρίλλῳ παρὰ Παύλου ἐπισκόπου Ἐμέσης τοῦ ἀποσταλέντος παρὰ Ἰωάννου Ἀντιοχείας ἐπισκόπου, Λιβελλυς θυεμ (s. Libelliquos) Paults Fpeiscopls Emtesenets Cyrillo Arcliepiscopo Alexandriae obtulit, a Joanne Antiocheno Episcopo missus. 2. Ὁμιλία παύλου ἐπισκόπου Ἐμίσης ... εἰς τὴν γέννησιν τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ὅτι θεοτόκος ἡ ἁγία παρθένος Μαρία, καὶ ὅτι οὐ δύο υἱοὺς λέγομεν ἀλλʼ ἕνα υἱον καὶ Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν, κ. τ. λ., Homilia Pauli Episcopi Emiseni .....de Natiuitate Domini et Saluatoris nostri Jesu christi, et quod beata Virgo Maria sit Dei Genitrix, et quod non duos,sed unnm Filium et Dominum Christum dieamus, etc. 3. Τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὁμιλία.... εἰς τὴν ἐπανθρώπησιν τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, κ. τ. λ., Ejusdem Pauli Homilia .... in Christi domini et Saluatoris nostri Natiritatem. These pieces are given in the Concilia, vol. iii. col. 1090. 1095, 10981, ed. Labbe. 4. Epistola Pauli Emeseni Episcopi ad Anutholium Magistrum Militiae, given in a Latin version in the Ad Ephesinum Concilium variorum Patrum Epistolae of Christianus Lupus, 4to. Louvain, 1682, Ep. 107. This Paulus of Emesa is to be distinguished from a predecessor of the same name, who was present at the Council of Seleuceia, A. D. 359, and adhered to the party of Acacius (Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. col. 839, but he does not give his authority): but who seems afterwards, under the emperor Jovian. to have united himself with the orthodox (Socrates, H. E. 3.25, 4.12; Sozomen, H. E. 6.4, 12), and to have acted with them possibly at the synod of Antioch (A. D. 363), certainly at that of Tyana (A. D. 367 or 3G6).

Paulus EPISCOPUS.

9. Episcopus. Gennadius (De Viris illustribus, 31) mentions "Paulus Episcopus," he does not say of what see, as having written a little book on repentance, De Paenitentia Libellus, in which he cautions the penitent against such an excess of sorrow as might lead to despair. We have no means of identifying this Paulus. The period occupied by the writers enumerated by Gennadius includes that in which Paul of Emesa [No. 8] flourished; and as he was the most eminent prelate of the time of his name, he may possibly be the writer mentioned by Gennadius.

Paulus GERMINUS.

10. Germinus. [Germinus.

Paulus JURISCONSULTUS.

11. Jurisconsultus. [See below.]

Paulus

12. Monachus. [No. 19.]

Paulus or Paulus the Nestorian

13. The Nestorian. [No. 15.]

Paulus

14. Of Pannonia. Gennadius (De Virt Illustribus, 100.75) calls him Paulus Presbyter, and states that he knew from his own testimony (ex lictis ejus), that he was a Pannonian; but does not say to what church he belonged. He lived probably in the fifth century--Trithemius and Cave say in A. D. 430,--and wrote De Virginitate servanda et contemtu Mundi ac Vitae institutione Libri duo addressed to a holy virgin Constantia. He took the opportunity of abusing "the heretic Jovinian," the great opponent of monasticism [Hieronymus], as a luxurious glutton. The work is lost. In some MSS. of Gennadius, and by Honorins of Autun (De Scriptor. Eccles. 2.74), he is called, not. Paulus, but Petrus. (Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 414; Trithemius, De Scriptor. Eccles. 100.146; Fabricius, Biblioth. Med. ct Infim. Latinitat. vol. v. p. 217, ed. Mansi.)

Paulus or Paulus the Persian

15. The Persian. Paulus. a native of Persia, but said to have been a disciple of the heresiarch Nestorius, and a deacon of the church of Constatntinople, was one of the most ardent supporters of Nestorianisr at the time of the outbreak of the controversy respecting it. He wrote (1) a work, Περὶ κρίσεως, De Judicio, and apparently (2) another work, Περὶ τοῦ ὄντος ἀγαθοῦ, De vero Bono. A fragment of the former is quoted in the proceedings of the Lateran Council, held under Pope Martin I., A. D. 649 (Actio s. Secretaries v. apud Concilia, vol. vi. col. 320. ed. Labbe), and by the confiessor St. Maximus [Maximus Confessor], in his Tomus Dogmaticus adversus Hleracii Ecthesin (Opera, vol. ii. p. 91, ed. Combéfis). An extract on the subject indicated by the title of the second work, and from which the existence of the work itself is illferred, is among the Excerpta Miscelanca, extant in MS. in the Imperial Library at Vienna. It may be that the title is appropriate> only to the extract. and that this may be taken from the work De Judicio (Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann, 436, vol. i. p. 426.)

Paulus

16. Presbyter. [No. 14.]

Paulus

17. Of Samosata, a celebrated heresiarch of the third century. Of the early life of this celebrated man we know nothing more than that he was a native of Samosata, and that he neither inherited any property from his parents, nor followed any art or profession by which he could acquire wealth, before his exaltation to the bishopric of Antioch, apparently in A. D. 260. Cave ascribes his elevation to the influence of Zenobia [Zenobia], whose husband Odenathus [Odenathus] was allpowerful in the Fast. But although Athanasius states that Paul was in favour with Zenobia (Athanas. Historia Arianor. ad Monachos, 100.71), he does not say that she procured his election to the bishopric, and in fact the context rather intimates that she did nob procure or aid his elevation; and beside, it does not appear that either Odenathus or Zenobia had any power at Antioch till after A. D. 260. There is no reason, therefore, to doubt that the election of Paul was free and spontaneous on the part of the church at Antioch; and this circumstance, combined with the silence of the ecclesiastical writers, who would gladly have laid hold of any thing to his disadvantage, leads to the conclusion that his character before his elevation was not only free from any serious blemish, but so commendable as to lead to his being raised from an originally humble condition to the highest dignity in the church.

But this elevation was apparently the cause of his undoing. He manifested in his subsequent conduct great rapacity, arrogance, and vanity. To this his comiiection with Zenobia probably conducted, bringing him into contact with the corrupting influences of an Oriental court, and either awakening his ambition and avarice, or bringing then out more prominently. It is true that our knowledge of him is derived from the statements of his enemies; but, after making all reasonable abatement on this account, enough remains to show his general character, especially as the charges which are contained in the encyclical letter published by the council which deposed him, the greater part of which is given by Eusebius (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 7.30), were published at the time, and therefore had they been altogether groundless. would have been open to denial or refutation. He obtained, while holding his bishopric, the secular office of procurator ducenarius, so called from the holder of it receiving a yearly salary of two hundred sestertia; and is said to have loved the pomp and state of this secular calling better than the humbler and more staid deportment which became his ecclesiastical office; and it was probably by the exercise, perhaps the abuse of his procuratorsllip, that he amassed the immense wealth, which, contrasted with his original poverty, so scandalized his opponents. He was led also, by his habits of secular grandeur and the pride they inspired, to introduce into the church a greater degree of pomp than had as yet been allowed, erecting for himself an episcopal tribunal (βῆμα and a lofty seat (θρόνον ὑψηλὸν and having this seat placed in a recess, screened from public observation (see Valesius on the word σήκρητον, not. ad Euseb. H. E. 7.30), in imitation of the higher judges and magistrates. When abroad he assumed all the airs of greatness; being attended by a numerous retinue, and affecting to rend letters and to dictate as he went, in order to inspire the spectators with an idea of the extent and pressing character of his engagements. But if he expected to make by these proceedings a favourable impression, he was signally disappointed. The heathen and Jewish part of the population, hostile to Christianity, were excited to jealousy and indignation; and among the Christians themselves, the really humble were disgusted; and those who were most desirous of the elevation of the Church and its dignitaries, were scandalized at such vain ostentation. Only the weakest and most worldly were induced to admire. The decencies of public worship were violated; for Paul encouraged his admirers of both sexes to manifest their approval by waving their handkerchiefs, rising up and shouting, as in the theatres; and rebuked and insulted those whom a sense of propriety restrained from joining in these applauses. His style of preaching tended to aggravate the disaffection which his general deportment inspired. He was equally unsparing in his strictures on those former teachers of the church whose memory was held in reverence, and in his praises of himself, "after the manner rather of a rhetorician or a mountebank, than of a bishop" (Euseb. ibid.). He allowed and excited womnen to sing his praises publicly in the church, amid the solemnities of Easter; and encouraged his flatterers among the neighbouring bishops to praise him in their discourses to the people, and extol him "as an angel from heaven." To these charges of open and ascertainable character, his accusers add others of more secret, and therefore more dubious nature, resting in fact on suspicion. The intimacy which he cherished with a succession of young and beautiful women, and his encouragement of similar intimacy in his presbyters and deacons, gave rise to the most unfavourablie slurmises; and, he was further charged with secring himself from being accused by the partners of his secret guilt. by loading them with wealth, or by leading them so to commit themselves, that apprehension on their own account might make then silent as to him.

Probably, however, these offensive traits of his character would have excited less animadvlersion. had they not been connected with theological opinions, which excited great horror by their heterodoxy. In fact his accusers admit that. though "all groaned and lamented his wickedness in secret," they feared his power too much to provoke him by attempting to accuse him; but the horror excited by his heresy inspired a courage which indignation at his immorality had failed to excite; and they declare that when he set himself in opposition to God, they were compelled to depose him, and elect another bishop in his room (Euseb. ibid.).

The heresy of Paul is described by his opponents (Euseb. 7.30; Epiph. Haeres. lxv. ed. Petavii) as identical with that of Artemas or Artemon [Artemon, No. 3. It is evident, from the portion of the letter of his accusers which is given by Eusebius, that he deified the divinity of Christ and his coming from heaven, and affirmed that he was "from beneath" (λέγει Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν κατώθεν), apparently meaning thereby that he was in his nature simply a man. Epipianius Has given a fuller account of his opinions but less trustworthy. The following passage (Hacres. is, however, apparently correct. "He (Paul) affirms that God the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are one God; and that his word (λόγος) and the Spirit (πνεῦμα) exist continually (ἀεὶ ὄντα) in God, as the word, or rather reason (λόγος) of man exists continually in his heart: that the Son of God has no distinct personality (μὴ εἶναι δὲ τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐνυπόστατον), but exists in God himself; as also Sabellius, Novatus and Noetus, and others think, though he (Paul) does not (i. e. in other respects) agree with, but thinks differently from them; and affirms that the Word came and dwelt in the man Jesus. And thus he says God is one; not that the Father is the Father, and the Son is the Son, and the Holy Spirit is the Holy Spirit (i. e. not that the Father, Son, and Spirit are respectively distinct persons); but that the Father and his Son in him, like the word (or reason λόγος of man in him. are one God: deriving his heresy from these words, from the declaration of Moses (Deut. 6.4), 'the Lord thy God is one Lord.' And he does not say with Noetus that the Father suffered, but he says that the Word came and alone did the work, and returned to the Father. And there is much that is absurd beside this." The charge which Philastrius makes against Paul, of teaching circumcision. is unsupported by older and better testimony, and no doubt untrue: it arose probably from the supposed Judaical character of Paul's opinions.

The heresy of Paul having stirred up his opponents to take measures which his moral delinquency had failed to stimulate them to, it was determined to hold a council. Dionysius of Alexandria was invited to attend, but excused himself on the ground of age and infirmity. He showed his opinion on the questions in dispute by a letter, not addressed to Paul, as bishop. and not even including a salntation to him, but addressed to the church of Antioch (Euseh. H. E. 7.27, and Epistol. Synod Antioch. apud Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 7.30). This treatment from a man usually so moderate as Dionysins. shows that Paul had to anticipate anything but fairness and equity at the hands of his judges. It may be observed here that the letter given in the Concilia (vol. i. col. 849, &c. ed. Labbe, vol. i. p. 1040, ed. Mansi), as from Dionysius to Paul, cannot, consistently with the above statement, be admitted as genuine. It is doubtful whether it is a forgery, or an actual letter of some other contemporary bishop to Paul. to which the name of Dionysius has been mistakenly prefixed. The ten questions or propositions profssedly addressed by Paul to the writer of this letter (Παύλου Σαμοσάτεω αἱρετικοῦ προτάσεις δέκα, ὓς προέτεινε τῷ Πάπᾳ Διονυσίῳ, Pauli Sanisosuate.sis IJcerctici decems Qtuaestioncs, qlitqs Dionqs/10 Alexandrsinseo proposzit), subjoined, together with the answer to them, to the letter of Dionysius, cannot have been addressed to him. Whether they can be regarded as really addressed by Paul to any one else will depend on the decision as to the origin of the letter itself. Notwithstanding the refusal of Dionysius to attend, a council assembled (A. S. 264 or 265), over which Firmilian. lian bishop of the Cappadocian Caesareia, and one of the most eminent prelates of his day, presided. Gregory Thaumatutrgus and his brother Athenodorus [Gregorius Thaumaturgus] were present. Firmilians condemned the opinions held by or imputed to Paul (between whom and his opponents much dialectic fencing took place), but accepted the explanation or promise of retractatier offered by Paul, and prevailed on the council to defer giving its judgment (Eulseb. H. E. 7.28, 30). As, however, Paul, after the council had broken up. continued to inculcate his obnoxious opinions. a second council was summoned, to give an effective decision. Firmilian died at Tarsus on his way to attend it; and Helenus of Tarsus appears to have presided. Eusebius expressly states that this second council was held after the accession of Aurelian, who came to the throne in A. D. 270 [Aurelianus], but Tillemont places it in A. D. 269 (see Vales. Annot. in Euseb. H. E. 7.29). Whether a council was held between the two of which Eusebius speaks is not clear; some expressions of Rufinus, and the circumstance that Firmilian visited Antioch twice on this affair (Epist. Synod. apud Euseb. 7.30), lead Tillemont to conclude positively that three councils were held, but we think the proof insufficient. At the last council Paul attempted to conceal his opinions, but they were detected by the skill of the presbyter Malchion, who was, or had been, the master of one of the schools of secular literature at Antioch. The Jecision of the council appears to have been unanimous : Paul was deposed, and Domnus, the son of Demetrianus, one of the former bishops of Antioch, was appointed in his room. Paul appears to have denied the jurisdiction or disputed the sentence of the council; and, probably encouraged by the patronage of Zenobia, refused to give up possession of the church. The council, therefore, found it needful to address a letter to the universal Christian world, informing them of their proceedings, and inviting them to recognise Domnus; adding, with a sneer little becoming their dignity, "that Paul might, if he chose, write to Artemas (or Artemon), and that the followers of Artemon might hold communion with Paul." It is from this synodal letter, of which Eusebius has preserved (H. E. 7.30) a considerable part, that our chief knowledge of Paul's character is derived. A letter of the council to Paul, before his deposition, is given in the Concilia of Labbe (vol. i. col. 844) and Mansi (vol. i. col. 1033).

When the power of Zenobia was overthrown, and the East subdued by Aurelian [Aurelianus], the council, or rather those with whom it rested to carry out their sentence, appealed to the emperor. Aurelian referred the matter to the bishops of Italy, and, upon receiving their decision against Paul, ordered him to be expelled (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 7.30) : after which event nothing more is known of him. A sect holding his opinions, and called from him Pauliani or Paulianistae (Παυλιανισταί), existed for a time, but they appear never to have become important; and in the fifth century were either entirely extinct, or were so few as to have escaped notice.

Paul does not appear to have written much. The ten questions or propositions extant under his name, and addressed, according to the existing title, to Dionysius of Alexandria, have been noticed. A Greek MS. work, ascribed by some to Joannes Damascenus, contains a fragment of a work of Paul, entitled οἱ πρὸς Σαδειανὰν λόγοι, Ad Sabianum Libri, and some fragments of his are cited in the Concilia (vol. iii. p. 338, ed. Labbe). Vincentius Lirinensis, in his Commonitorium, states that the writings of Paul abounded in quotations from the Scriptures both of the O. T. and N. T. Further Information

Euseb. ll. cc.; Athanas. l. c. and Ad Episcopos Aegypt. ct Lybiae, 100.4, De Synodis, 4.43, Contra Apollinar. lib. 2. c.3; Epiphan. Haeres. lxv.; Augustin. De Haeresibus, 100.44; Theodoret. Haeret. Fabul. Compend. lib. 2. c.8,11; Philastrius, Haeresis, lxv.; Suidas, s. v. *Pau/los; Concilia, vol. i. p. 843, &c. ed. Labbe, p. 1031, &c. ed. Mansi; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 260, vol. i. p. 135; Le Quien. Orieus Christianus, vol. ii. col. 705; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. iv. p. 289, &c.; Semler, Hist. Eccles. Selecta Cap. Saecul. iii. c. 4.2.2; Neander, Church History (by Rose), vol. ii. p. 269, &c.; Priestley, Hist. of the Christian Church, vol. i. p. 396, &c.

Paulus SILENTIARIUS

18. Silentiarius (Σιλεντιάριος). Vossius (De Historicis Graecis, 4.20) and some other writers incorrectly call him Paulus Cyrus Florus. Agathias, from whom what little we know of his personal history is derived, calls him (Hist. 5.9, p. 153, ed. Paris, p. 106, ed. Venice, p. 296, ed. Bonn), Παύλος Κύροι τοῦ Φλώρου or τοῦ Κύρου τοῦ Φλώρον, which may be interpreted "Paul, the son of Cyrus Florus," or more probably, "Paul, the son of Cyrus, the son of Florus." It is supposed by Ducange that Cyrus, the father of Paul, was the ἀπὸ ὑπάτων, consul codicillaris, who wrote several of the Epigrammata in the Anthologia Graeca (vol,ii. p. 454, ed. Brunck, vol. iii. p. 159, ed. Jacobs). But if Jacobs is right in identifying the Cyrus of the Anthologia with the Cyrus of Panopolis, in Egypt, whose poetical talents are celebrated by Evagrius and Suidas [Cyrus, Christians, No. 1], and who lived in the time of the emperors Theodosius II. and Leo I., he can hardly have been the father of Paulus, who belongs to the time of Justinian I. Ducange seems disposed to identify Florus, the grandfather of Paulus, with Florus, ἀπὸ ὑπάτων, "consul codicillaris," mentioned in several of the Novellae, and in the Codex of Justinian; but Fabricius thinks this Florus is of too late a date to be the grandfather of Paul. That the ancestors of Paul were illustrious, and that he inherited great wealth, are facts mentioned by Agathias (ibid.), who also tells that he was chief of the silentiarii, or secretaries of the emperor Justinian (δς δὴ ταπρῶτα τελῶν ἐν τοῖς ἀμφὶ τὸν βασιλέα σιγῆς ἐπιστάταις). Works

Paul wrote various poems, of which the following are extant :-- 1. Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ναοῦ τῆς ἁγίας Σοφίας

Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ναοῦ τῆς ἁγίας Σοφίας, Descriptio Magnae Ecclesiae s. Sanctae Sophiae. This poem, consisting of 1029 verses, of which the first 134 are iambic, the rest hexameter, gives a clear and graphic description of the superb structure which forms its subject, and at the second dedication of which (A. D. 562), after the restoration of the dome, which had fallen in, it was recited by its author. Agathias has attested (l.c.) the accuracy and completeness of the description. He says," If any one who happens to reside in some place distant from the city wishes to obtain a distinct notion of every part, as though he were there and looking at it, let him read what Paul the son of Cyrus, the son of Florus, has composed in hexameter verse." Ducange adds his testimony also to the accuracy and clearness of the description, as well as to the elegance of the versification. Editions

The poem was first published by Ducange, from a transcript belonging to Salmasius, from a MS. in the Palatine Library. Ducange corrected the text of the MS., supplied the smaller lacunae, and added a valuable preface and Latin version, and a Descriptio Ecclesiae S. Sophiae, by way of commentary. With this illustrative apparatus, the work was published in the Paris edition of the Corpus Historiae Byzantinae subjoined to the Historia of Cinnamus, fol. Paris, 1670 ; and was reprinted in the Venetian edition of the Corpus Historiae Byzantinae, with the works of Anna Comnena and Cinnamus, fol. 1729. It was again published, with the text revised by Bekker, in the Bonn edition of the Byzantine historianna, 8vo. 1837. In this last edition, beside the Descriptio of Ducange, there is given a De Aede Sophiana Commentarius of Bandurius, written by him as a commentary on the fourth book of an anonymous work, De Antiquitatibus CPolitanis, with plans and elevations of the building. The work of Paulus was also published by Graefe, 8vo. Leipzig, 1822. 2. Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ἄμδωνος

Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ἄμδωνος, Descriptio Ambonis, consisting of 304 verses, of which the first twenty-nine are iambic, the rest hexameter. This poem is in fact a second part of the former, and, as the title informs us, was read after the first. It was not given by Ducange, or in the Venetian reprint. It was published by Graefe, and in the Bonn edition of the Byzantine writers, subjoined to the former work, with some various readings, but without any preface, version, or notes. 3. Epigrammata

A number of Epigrammata, eighty-three in all, given in the Anthologia (vol. iii. p. 71, &c. ed. Brunck, vol. iv. p. 41, &c. ed. Jacobs). Among these is a poem, Εἰς τὰ ἐν Πυθίοις θέρμα, De Thermis Pythiis, improperly inserted by the first editors of the Anthologia, and was entitled in their edition, Ἡμίαμδα δίμετρα πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν Κωνσταντῖνον τὸν Πορφυρογένητον, Semiiambi ad Imperatorem Constantinum Porphyrogenitum. This title led Fabricius and others to the conclusion that it was written by a younger Paul. But the title is omitted in some MSS., and there is reason to believe that it is erroneous, and that the poem is the production of the Paul of Justinian's time. Further Information

Ducange, Praef. in Paul. Silentiar. ; Jacobs, Catalogus Poetarum Epigrammaticorum, subjoined to the Anthologia; Vossius, De Historicis Graecis, l.c. ; Oudin, Commentar. de Scriptoribus Eccles. vol. i. col. 1439; Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 487, vol. vii. p. 581.

Paulus SIMPLEX

19. Simplex, the Simple (ὀ ἁπλοῦς), so called on account of the child-like simplicity of his character. He was a countryman, with a wife and family, who, at sixty years of age, embraced a life of religious solitude, in which he attained great eminence. His native country appears to have been Egypt. but the place of his residence is not described. His retirement into the desert was occasioned by his surprising his wife, who was exceedingly beautiful, and must have been much younger than himself, in the act of adultery with a paramour with whom she appears to have long carried on a criminal intercourse. Abandoning to the care of the adulterere. not only his guilty wife, but also his innocent children, according to Palladius and Socrates, he took his departure, after having, "with a placid smile" (ἠρέμα ἐπιγελάσαι), or "a decorous smile" (γελάσας σεμνόν), said to the adulterer, "Well. well; truly it matters not to me. By Jesus ! I will not take her again. Go you have ber and her children; for I am going away, and shall become a monk." The incident affords a curious illustration of the apathy which was cherished as a prime monastic virtue; and offers an instance of what was probably in that day still rarer, monastic swearing. A journey of eight days brought him to the cell of St. Antony [Antonius, No. 4], then in the zenith of his reputation. "What do you want?" said the saint. "To be made a monk," was Paul's answer. "Monks are not made of old men of sixty," was the caustic rejoinder. But the pertinacity of Paul overcame the opposition of Antony, and sustained him through the ordeal of the stern discipline by which Antony hoped to weary him. The assiduity of Paul in the exercises of an ascetic life was rewarded, according to his credulous biographer Palladius, with miraculous gifts, and "he surpassed even his master in vexing the daemons, and putting them to flight" (Sozomen). The date of Paul's retirement, and the time of his death, are not known; but an anecdote recorded in the Eccles. Graec. Monumenta of Cotelerius (vol. i. p. 351) shows that he was living at the accession of the emperor Constantius II., A. D. 337. (Palladius, Hist. Lausiac. 100.28, in the Biblioth. Patrum, fol. Paris, 1654, vol. xiii. p. 941; Sozomen, H. E. 1.13; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. vii. p. 144, &c.)

Paulus

20. Sophista. [No. 22.]

Paulus SOPHISTA.

21. Sophista. the Sophist, of Lycopolis in Egypt, son of Besarion or Didymus, lived in the reign of the emperor Constantine, and wrote a work now lost, described by Suidas as Ὑπόμνημα, Commentarius. (Suidas, s. v. Αἰγύπτιος.)

Paulus

22. Of Tyre, a sophist or rhetorician of the time of Hadrian. He was deputed, apparently by his countrymen, as their delegate to the emperor, and succeeded in obtaining for Tyre the rank of a metropolis. He wrote the following works enumerated by Suidas, but all now lost. 1. Τέχνη ῥητορική, Ars Rhetorica. 2. Προγυμνάσματα, Progymnasmata. 3. Μελέται, Declamationes. (Suidas, s.v. Eudocia, Ἰωνιά, s.v. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p. 135; Tillemont, Hist. des Empereurs, vol. ii. p. 278.) [J.C.M]

Paulus Aegine'ta

(Παῦλος Αἰγινήτης), a celebrated Greek medical writer, of whose personal history nothing is known except that he was a good deal, visiting, among other places, Alexandria (4.49, p. 526). He is sometimes called Ἰατροσοφιστής (see Dict. of Ant. s. v.) and Περιοδευτής, a word which probably means a physician who travelled from place to place in the exercise of his profession. The exact time when he lived is not known; but, as he quotes Alexander Trallianus (3.28, 78, pp. 447, 495, 7.5, 11, 19, pp. 650, 660, 687), and is himself quoted by Yahya Ibn Serábí or Serapion (Pract. 7.9, pp. 73, 74, ed. Lugd. 1525), it is probable that Abúl-Faraj is correct in placing him in the latter half of the seventh century after Christ. (Hist. Dynast. p. 114.) Works

Suidas says he wrote several medical works, of which the principal one is still extant, with no exact title, but commonly called "De Re Medica Libri Septem." This work is chiefly a compilation from former writers; and the preface contains the following summary of the contents of each book : -- "In the first book you will find every thing that relates to hygiene, and to the preservation from, and correction of, distempers peculiar to the various ages, seasons, temperaments, and so forth; also the powers and uses of the different articles of food, as is set forth in the chapter of contents. In the second is explained the whole doctrine of fevers, an account of certain matters relating to them being premised, such as excre-mentitious discharges, critical days, and other appearances, and concluding with certain symptoms which are the concomitants of fever. The third book relates to topical affections, beginning from the crown of the head, and descending down to the nails of the feet. The fourth book treats of those complaints which are external and exposed to view, and are not limited to one part of the body, but affect various parts. Also, of intestinal worms and dracunculi. The fifth treats of the wounds and bites of venomous animals; also of the distemper called hydrophobia, and of persons bitten by dogs which are mad, and by those which are not mad; and also of persons bitten by men. Afterwards it treats of deleterious substances, and of the preservatives from them. In the sixth book is contained every thing relating to surgery, both what relates to the fleshy parts, such as the extraction of weapons, and to the bones, which comprehends fractures and dislocations. In the seventh is contained an account of the properties of all medicines, first of the simple, then of the compound, particularly of those which I had mentioned in the preceding six books, and more especially the greater, and, as it were, celebrated preparations; for I did not think it proper to treat of all these articles promiscuously, lest it should occasion confusion, but so that any person looking for one or more of the distinguished preparations might easily find it. Towards the end are certain things connected with the composition of medicines, and of those articles which may be substituted for one another, the whole concluding with an account of weights and measures." (Adams's Translation.) Of these books the sixth is the most valuable and interesting, and contains at the same time the most original matter. His reputation among the Arabians seems to have been very great. and it is said that he was especially consulted by midwives, whence he received the name of

Al-kawábelí, or "the Accoucheur." (Abú-l-Faraj, l.c.) He is said by the Arabic authorities to have written a work, "De Mulierum Morbis," and another, "De Puerulorum Vivendi Ratione atque Curatione." His great work * This work is said by Abú-l-Faraj (l.c.) to have consisted of nine books, a statement which is explained by Fabricius and others. by supposing that the seventh book, and either the third or sixth, which are longer than the others, were divided by the Arabians into two; but perhaps a more natural way of accounting for the statement is to consider "nine" a mere clerical error for "seven," the two words being (with the exception of the diacritical points) almost exactly alike. was translated into Arabic by Honain Ibn Ishak, commonly called Joannitius. (See J. G. Wenrich, De Auctor. Graecor. Version. et Comment. Syriac. Arab. Armen. et Pers., Lips. 81vo. 1842.) An account of the medical opinions of Paulus Aegineta may be found in Haller's Biblioth. Chirurg. vol. i., and Biblioth. Medic. Pract. vol. i. ; in Sprengel's Hist. de la Méd. vol. ii.; and especially in Freind's Hist. of Physic, vol. i. Editions

The Greek text has been twice published, Venet. 1528, fol. and Basil. 1538, fol. There are three Latin translations, which were published altogether nearly twenty times in the sixteenth century : 1. that by Albanus Torinus, Basil. 1532, fol.; 2. that by J. Guinterius Andernacus, Paris. 1532, fol.; and 3. that by Janus Cornarius, Basil. 1556, fol., which last translation is inserted by H. Stephens in his "Medicare Artis Principes," Paris. 1567, fol. Translations

Separate editions have appeared in Latin of the first, second, sixth, and seventh books; and the sixth book has also been translated into French by Pierre Tolet, Lyons, 1539, 12mo. The whole work has been translated into English by Francis Adains, of Banchory Ternan, near Aberdeen, with a very copious and learned commentary, intended to furnish "a complete manual of the Surgery and Medicine of the Ancients, with a brief but comprehensive outline of the sciences intimately connected with them, especially Physiology, the Materia Medica, and Pharmacy." The first volume was published at London, 8vo, 1834, but this edition was never finished; of the second and improved edition, the first volume appeared in 1844, the second in 1846, and the third and last is expected to appear in the course of the present year, 1847, London, 8vo, "printed for the Sydenham Society." (Choulant, Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin.) [W.A.G]

Paulus , Aemi'lius

The annexed stemma exhibits all the persons of this name descended from the consul of B. C. 302. The only two sons that Paulus Macedonicus left were adopted into other gentes, and the family-name in consequence perished with him. It was, however, revived at a later period in the family of the Lepidi, who belonged to the sane gens, and was first borne by L. Aemilius Paulus, the brother of the triumvir ; but as this Aemilius and his descendants belonged to the family of the Lepidi, and not to that of the Pauli, they are inserted under the former head. [Lepidus, Nos. 16, 19, 22.]

Paulus , Aemi'lius

1. M. Aemilius Paulus, L. F., consul B. C. 302 with M. Livius Denter, defeated near Thuriae the Lacedemonian Cleonymus, who was ravaging the coast of Italy with a Greek fleet. In the following year, B. C. 301, in which year there were no consuls, Paulus was magister equitum to the dictator Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus. While the dictator went to Rome for the purpose of renewing the auspices, Aemilius was defeated in battle by the Etruscans. (Liv. 10.1-3.)

Paulus , Aemi'lius

2. M. Aemilius Paulus, M. F. L. N., son of the preceding, was consul B. C. 255 with Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, about the middle of the first Punic war. The history of the expedition of these consuls to Africa, and of their shipwreck on their return, is given under Nobilior, No. 1.

Paulus , Aemi'lius

3. L. Aemilius Paulus., M. F. M. N. son of No. 2, was consul the first time, B. C. 219, with M. Livius Salinator. He was sent against the Illyrians, who had risen again in arms tulder Demetrius of the island of Pharos in the Adriatic. Paulus conquered him without any difficulty : he took Pharos, reduced the strong-holds of Demetrius, and compelled the latter to fly for refuge to Philip, king of Macedonia. For these services Paulus obtained a triumph on his return to Rome; but he was notwithstanding brought to trial aloing with his colleague M. Livius Salinator, on the plea that they had not fairly divided the booty among the soldiers. Salinator was condemned, and Paulus escaped with difficulty. (Plb. 3.16_19, 4.37; Appian. Illyr. 8; Zonar. 8.20 ; Liv. 22.3.5.) [Demetrius, pp. 965, b., 966, a.]

In B. C. 216 Aemilius Paulus was consul a second time with C. Terentius Varro. This was the year of the meremorable defeat at Cannae. [Hannibal, p. 336.] The battle was fought against the advice of Paulus; and he was one of the many distinguished Romans who perished in the engagement, refusing to fly from the field, when a tribune of the soldiers offered him his horse. The heroism of his death is sung by Horace (Hor. Carm. 1.12):__ animaeque magnae Prodigum Paulum superante Poeno Gratus insigni referam Camena. (Comp. Liv. 22.35-49; Plb. 3.107-116.) Paulus was one of the Pontifices (Liv. 23.21). He was throughout his life a staunch adherent of the aristocracy, and was raised to his second consulship by the latter party to counterbalance the influence of the plebeian Terentius Varro. He maintained all the hereditary principles of his party, of which we have an instance in the circumstance related by Valerius Maximus. The senate always looked with suspicion upon the introduction of any new religious rites into the city, and accordingly gave orders in the (first) consulship of Paulus for the destruction of the shrines of Isis and Serapis, which had been erected at Rome. But when no workman dared touch the sacred buildings the consul threw aside his praetexta, or robe of office, seized a hatchet, and broke the doors of one of the temples. (V. Max. 1.3.3).

Paulus , Aemi'lius or Aemi'lius Macedonicus

4. L. Aemilius Paulus, L. F. M. N., afterwards surnamed Macedonicus, was the son of No. 3, and the most distinguished member of his family. He was born about B. C. 230 or 229, since at the time of his second consulship, B. C. 168, he was upwards of sixty years of age. He was one of the best specimens of the high Roman nobles. He inherited all the aristocratical prejudices of his father, would not condescend to court and flatter the people for the offices of the state, maintained with strictness severe discipline in the army, was deeply skilled in the lore of the augurs, to whose college he belonged, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character, notwith-standing the temptations to which his integrity was exposed on his conquest of Macedonia. His name is first mentioned in B. C. 194, when he was appointed one of the three commissioners for founding a colony at Croton. Two years afterwards, B. C. 192, he was elected curule aedile with M. Aemilius Lepidus, and possessed already so high a reputation that he carried his election against twelve competitors, all of whom are said to have obtained the consulship afterwards. His aedileship was distinguished for the zeal with which he prosecuted the pecuarii. In the following year, B. C. 191, he was praetor, and obtained Further Spain as his province, whither he went with the title of proconsul. Here he had to carry on war with the Lusitani. At first he was unsuccessful, being defeated near Lyco, a town of the Bastetani, with a loss of 6000 of his men; but he subsequently retrieved this misfortune by gaining a great victory over the enemy, by which Spain was for a time rendered more tranquil. He returned to Rome in B. C. 189, and shortly afterwards became a candidate for the consulship. Several times, however, did he sue in vain for this honour (comp. Liv. 39.32; Aur. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 56) ; and it was not till B. C. 182 that he obtained the consulship along with Cn. Baebius Tamphilus. In the following year, B. C. 181, Paulus was sent against the Ingauni, a Ligurian people, who possessed a considerable naval power, with which they were in the habit of plundering the merchantvessels as far as the Atlantic. These people he entirely subdued, razed their fortifications, and carried off their shipping; and in consequence of his success he obtained a triumph on his return to Rome.

For the next thirteen years Aemilius Paulus lived quietly at Rome, devoting most of his time to the education of his children. During the latter part of this time Rome was at war with Perseus, king of Macedonia; but as the Roman commanders had hitherto failed to bring the contest to a conclusion, the people demanded a general of greater experience and abilities, and unanimously pressed Paulus to undertake the conduct of the war. At first he was not disposed to comply with their request, as he was upwards of sixty, and still remembered with bitterness their former rejection of him at the consular comitia. But he yielded at length to the general solicitation, and was accordingly elected consul a second time, B. C. 168, with C. Licinius Crassus. Age had not in the least impaired his vigour or his faculties. He arrived at Macedonia early in the summer of this year, and on the 22nd of June completely defeated the Macedonian monarch near Pydna. This battle decided the war, and Perseus shortly afterwards surrendered himself and was brought to Paulus, who treated him with great kindness and courtesy. A detailed account of this campaign is given under Perseus. Paulus remained in Macedonia during the greater part of the following year as proconsul, and in the course of B. C. 167 he made a journey through Greece, in which he redressed many grievances of which the states complained, and made them various presents from the royal treasury. On his return to Macedonia he held a court at Amphipolis, where he arranged the affairs of Macedonia, in conjunction with ten Roman commissioners, whom the senate had despatched for the purpose, and passed sentence upon the various parties that had espoused the cause of Perseus. He concluded the business by the celebration of most splendid games, for which preparations had been making a long time previously. But before leaving Greece, Paulus marched into Epeirus, where, in accordance with a cruel command of the senate, he gave to his soldiers seventy towns to be pillaged, because they had been in alliance with Perseus. He then straightway proceeded to Oricum, where he embarked his troops, and crossed over to Italy.

Aemilius Paulus arrived in Italy towards the close of B. C. 167. The booty which he brought with him from Macedonia, and which he paid into the Roman treasury, was of enormous value; but the soldiers were indignant that they had obtained so small a share in the plunder; and it was therefore not without considerable opposition that he obtained his triumph. This triumph, which was celebrated at the end of November, B. C. 167, was the most splendid that Rome had yet seen; it lasted three days, and is described at length by Plutarch. Before the triumphal car of Aemilius walked the captive monarch of Macedonia and his children, and behind it were his two illustrious sons, Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus the younger, both of whom had been adopted into other families. But the glory of the conqueror was clouded by family misfortune. At this very time he lost his two younger sons; one, twelve years of age, died only five days before his triumph, and the other, fourteen years of age, three days only after his triumph. The loss was all the severer, since he had no other son left to carry his name down to posterity.

In B. C. 164 Paulus was censor with Q. Marcius Philippus, and died in B. C. 160, after a long and tedious illness. The fortune he left behind him was so small as scarcely to be sufficient to pay his wife's dowry. The "Adelphi" of Terence was brought out at the funeral games exhibited in honour of Aemilius Paulus.

Aemilius Paulus was married twice. By his first wife, Papiria, the daughter of C. Papirius Maso, consul B. C. 231, he had four children, who are given in the preceding stemma. He afterwards divorced Papiria; and by his second wife, whose name is not mentioned, he had two sons, whose death has been mentioned above, and a daughter, who was a child at the time that her father was elected to his second consulship. [Aemilia, No. 3.] (Plutarch, Life of Aemilius Paulus ; Liv. 34.45, 35.10, 24, 36.2, 37.46, 57. 39.56, 40.25_28, 34, 44.17__45.41, Epit. 46; Polyb. xxix.--xxxii.; Aur. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 56; V. Max. 5.10.2; Vell. 1.9, 10; Orelli, Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 16).

Paulus , Avidie'nus

a rhetorician mentioned by the elder Seneca (Controv. 17).

Paulus Cate'na

one of the ministers of the tyranny of the court under the emperor Constantius II. He was a native either of Hispania or Dacia (comp. Amm. Marc. 14.5, 15.3), and held the office of notary. Ammianus describes him as a "smooth-faced" sycophant, who being sent into Britain, after the overthrow of Magnentius, treated the officers of the province with great cruelty, and enriched himself with their spoils. His cruelty provoked Martinus, pro-praefect of the province, whom he had accused and thrown into fetters, to attempt his life; but the blow did not take effect. Paulus acquired his cognomen Catena, "the fetter," from the skill with which he wound the chains of falsehood and calumny round his victims. After the death of Constantius, A. D. 361, Paul and some other of the ministers of his cruelty were burnt alive by order of Julian the Apostate. (Amm. Marc. ll. cc. and 22.3.) [J.C.M]

Paulus , Ju'lius

the brother or Claudius Civilis, who was the leader of the Batavi in their revolt from Rome, A. D. 69-70. On a false charge of treason Julius Paulus had been previously put to death by Nero's legate, Fonteius Capito, in A. D. 67 or 68. (Tac. Hist. 4.13, 32.) [Civilis.]

Paulus , Ju'lius

one of the most distinguished of the Roman jurists, has been supposed, without any good reason, to be of Greek origin, and from a Phoenician town.

Others conjecture that he was a native of Patavium (Padua), because there is a statue there, with an inscription, Paulus ; but the statue and inscription may refer to another Paulus (Gellius, 5.4, 19.7). Paulus was in the auditorium of Papinian (Dig. 29. tit. 2. s. 97; 49. tit. 14. s. 50), and consequently was acting as a jurist in the joint reigns of Septimius Severus and Antoninus Caracalla, and also during the reign of Caracalla. Paulus was exiled by Elagabalus, but he was recalled by Alexander Severus when he became emperor, and was made a member of his consilium (Aurel. Vict. De Caes. xxiv.; Lamprid. Alex. 25). Paulus also held the office of praefectus praetorio : he survived his contemporary Ulpian. In two passages of the Digest which have been already referred to, Paulus (Libro tertio Decretorum) speaks of two cases in which he gave an opinion contrary to Papinian, but the emperor decided according to Papinian's opinion. Works

Paulus was perhaps the most fertile of all the Roman law writers, and there is more excerpted from him in the Digest than from any other jurist, except Ulpian. It is said that there are 2462 excerpts from Ulpian, in the Digest, and 2083 from Paulus, or 2080, according to Puchta (Cursus, &c. vol. i. p. 458), which make about one sixth of the whole Digest. The excerpts from Paulus and Ulpian together make about one half of the Digest. Cervidius Scaevola, Paulus, and Ulpian, are named by Modestinus (Dig. 27. tit. 2. s. 13.2), who was the last of the great jurists, τῶν νομικῶν κορυφαίους : Paulus is honoured by Gordian with the title "prudentissimus" (Cod. 5. tit. 4. s. 6). It has been objected to him that his style is too condensed, and that he is sometimes obscure; but his style is as good as that of other writers of the period, though not so easy as that of Ulpian. Some writers have discovered something of Grecism in him, which is made an argument in favour of his Greek origin. The writings, like those of all the Roman jurists who are known to us only by excerpts, require a careful study, as we have the fragments detached from their context.

Paulus commented on Javolenus, Labeo, Salvius Julianus, C. Scaevola, and Papinian. He is cited by Macer and Modestinus. Writings mentioned in the Florentine Index

The writings of Paulus mentioned in the Florentine Index are the following; from some of which there is only a single excerpt or a few, and from some not one in the Digest. 1. His great work, Ad Edictum, in 80 books. 2. Quaestiones, in 26 books; both these works are commented on by Cujacius (Op. tom. v.). 3. Responsa, in 23 books. 4. Brevia, in 23 books. 5. Ad Plautium, in 13 books. 6. Libri ad Sabinum, in 16 books. 7. Ad Leges Jul. et Pap., in 10 books. 8. Regularia, in 7 books, and 9. Liber Singularis Regularium, both of which are excerpted in the Digest : the Index also mentions Regularium βιβλίον ἕν. 10. Sententiae sive Facta, in 6 books, but there is no excerpt in the Digest; and this work is conjectured to be the same as the Sex Libri Imperialium Sententiarum, which are mentioned afterwards in this article. 11. Sententiar. Libri quinque, dedicated to his son : this work was used in the Visigoth collection called the Breviarium, where it is divided into titles, and called Sententiae Receptae, a name which may have been given to it on account of its importance, and in consequence of the sanction of Constantine and Valentinian. 12. Ad Vitellium, in 4 books. 13. Ad Neratium, in 4 books. 14. Fideicommissa, in 3 books. 15. Decretorum Libri III., of which it is conjectured that the Decretorum Libri sex, or Imperialium Sententiarum in Cognitionibus prolatarum Libri sex, or Sententiae sive Decreta, may be a second edition. 16. De Adulteriis, in 3 books. 17. Libri tres Manualium. 18. Institutiones, in 2 books, from which there is a fragment in Boethius, Ad Ciceronis Topica, lib. 2 (ad 100.4). 19. De Officio Proconsulis, in 2 books. 20. Ad Legem Aeliam Sentiam, in 3 books. 21. Ad Legem Juliam, in two books.There is only a single excerpt in the Digest (48. tit. 9. s. 15). 22. De Jure Fisci, in 2 books : there is only one excerpt from this work Dig. 34. tit. 9. s. 5. 23. Regularium Liber Singularis, which has been already referred to. 24. De Censibus, in 2 books, written in the time of Elagabalus Dig. 50. tit. 15. s. 8. Treatises in single books

All the following treatises were in single books :-- 1. De Poenis Paganorum. 2. De Poenis Militum. 3. De Poenis omnium Legum. 4. De Usuris. 5. De Gradibus et Affinibus : Cujacius (Op. tom. iii. Observ. 6.100.40) says that "a person worthy of credit, into whose hands this book had come entire, had affirmed that this work was almost entirely given in the 10th fragment De Gradibus" Dig. 38. tit. 10; which fact, if true, shows that many of these single treatises were no more than chapters. 6. De Jure Codicillorum. 7. De Excusationibus Tutelarum (Vat. Frag. § 246). 8. Ad Regulam Catonianam. 9. Ad Sct. Orfitianum. 10. Ad Sct. Tertullianum. 11. Ad Sct. Silanianum. 12. Ad Sct. Velleianum. 13. Ad Sct. Libonianum, seu Claudianum ; thus it stands in the Index. 14. De Officio Praefecti Vigilum. 15. De Officio Praefecti Urbi. 16. De Officio Praetoris Tutelaris : there is no excerpt from this work in the Digest, but there are two excerpts in the Fragmenta Vaticana, §§ 244, 245. 17. De extraordinariis Criminibus : there is no excerpt in the Digest. 18. Hypothecuria, which should be Ad Hypothecariam Formulam : there is no excerpt in the Digest. 19. Ad MunicipalemThere is no excerpt in the Digest, but there is an excerpt in the Fragmenta Vaticana, § 237, the commencement of which is also in the Digest (27. tit. 1. s. 46.1), but it is cited from the Liber de Cognitionibus ; there is also another excerpt in the Fragmenta Vaticana, § 243. 20. De Publicis Judiciis. 21. De Inofficioso Testamento. 22. De Septemviralibus Judiciis, which, as has been suggested by Gronovius, should doubtless be De Centumviralibus Judiciis. 23. De Jure Singulari. 24. De Secundis Tabulis. 25. Ad Orationem D. Severi. 26. Ad Orationem D. Marci. 27. Ad Legem Velleiam : there is no excerpt in the Digest. 28. Ad Legem Cinciam. 29. Ad Legem Faleidiam. 30. De tacito Fideicommisso. 31. De Portionibus quae Liberis Damnatorum conceduntur. 32. De Juris et Facti Ignorantia. 33. De AdulteriisDig. 48. tit. 16. s. 16 ; yet there are excerpts from the Tres Libri de Adulteriis, which lead to the inference that there may be some error as to the Liber Singularis de Adulteriis. 34. De Instructo et Instrumento. 35. De Appellationibus : there is no excerpt from this work in the Digest. 36. De Jure Libellorum. 37. De Testamentis, by which is intended the Liber de Forma Testamenti Dig. 32. s. 98. 38. De Jure Patronatus. 39. De Jure Patronatus quod ex Lege Julia et Papia venit. 40. De Actionibus. 41. De Concurrentibus Actionibus. 42. De Intercessionibus Feminarum ; which is conjectured by Zimmern to be the same as the Ad Sct. Velleianum. 43. De Donationibus inter Virum et Uxorem. 44. De Legibus. 45. De Legitimis Hereditatibus : there are no excerpts from the three last works in the Digest. 46. De Libertatibus dandis. 47. De Senatus Consultis. Works not in the Index

The Index does not contain the following works, unless, as Zimmern remarks, they ought to stand in place of some of the works which are named in the Index, and from which there are no excerpts:-- 1. Libri ad Edictum Aedil. Curul. 2. The excerpts from Alfenus and Labeo. 3. Libri de Officio Consulis.

4. And the following Libri Singulares: De Liberali Causa De Articulis Liberalis Causae (which seems to be the same work) De Assignatione Libertorum De Conceptione Formularum De Dotis Repetitione Ad Legem Fusiam Caniniam De Officiis Assessorum Ad Sct. Turpillianum De Variis Lectionibus De Cognitionibus There are also the notes to Julian, Papinian, and Scaevola, which last, however, are merely cited.

There is also a passage in the Fragmenta Vaticana, § 247, from the Lib. I. Editionis secundae de Jurisdictione singulari. Assessment

The enumeration of the works of Paulus is not made merely for the sake of completeness. To those who are conversant with the matter of jurisprudence it shows his wonderful fertility and the great variety of subjects on which he was employed. Cujacius has devoted to the Libri ad Edictum and the Quaestiones of Paulus the whole of the fifth volume of his works (ed. Neap. 1758), except a few pages, which are upon the Differentiae of Modestinus. The sixth volume of the same edition contains the Recitationes Solemnes of Cujacius (A. D. 1588) on the Responsa of Paulus. The first volume of Cujacius contains the Interpretationes in Julii Pauli Receptarum Sententiarum Libros quinque. The industry of Paulus must have been unremitting, and the extent of his legal learning is proved by the variety of his labours. Perhaps no legal writer, ancient or modern, has handled so many subjects, if we except his great commentator. Further Information

Grotius, Vitae Jurisconsultorum; Cujacius, Op. ed. Neapol. 1758; Zimmern, Geschichte des Römischen Privatrechts, 367, &c.; Paulus, Receptae Sententiae cum Interpretatione Visigoithorum, ed. L. Arndts, Bonn, 1833. [G.L]

Paulus , Passie'nus

a contemporary and friend of the younger Pliny, was a distinguished Roman eques, and was celebrated for his elegiac and lyric poems. He belonged to the same municipium (Mevania in Umbria) as Propertius, whom he numbered among his ancestors. Pliny bestows the most unbounded praises upon the character, life, and poems of Passienus. An anecdote which Pliny relates respecting the jurist Javolenus Priscus and Passienus Paulus has given rise to much discussion, of which some account will be found under Janolenus.(Plin. Ep. 6.15, 7.6, 9.22.)

Paulus , Se'rgius

1. Sergius Paulus, proconsul (ἀνθύπατος) of Cyprus, whom the Apostle Paul converted to Christianity (Acts, 13.7). He is not mentioned by any other writer; but he may have been the father of the Sergius next mentioned.

Paulus , Se'rgius

2. L Sergius Paulus, one of the consuls suffcti in A. D. 94 (Fasti).

Paulus , Se'rgius

3. L. Sergius Paulus, consul A. D. 168 with L. Venuleius Apronianus, in the reign of M. Aurelius (Fasti).

Paulus , L. Ve'ttius

consul suffectus A. D. 81 with T. Junius Montanus (Fasti).

Paulus

(Παῦλος). The name of several Greek writers. (1) Aeginēta, a celebrated medical writer, of whose personal history nothing is known except that he was born in Aegina, and that he travelled a good deal, visiting, among other places, Alexandria. He probably lived in the latter half of the seventh century after Christ. He wrote several medical works in Greek, of which the principal one is still extant, with no exact title, but commonly called De Re Medica Libri Septem. This work is chiefly a compilation from former writers. The Greek text has been edited by Brian (Paris, 1855). There is an English translation by Adams (London, 1834 foll.).

(2) Of Alexandria, wrote, in A.D. 278, an introduction to Astrology (Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὴν ἀποτελεσματικήν), which has come down to us, edited by Schatus or Schato (Wittenberg, 1586).

(3) Of Samosata, a celebrated heresiarch of the third century, was made bishop of Antioch, about A.D. 260. He was condemned and deposed by a council held in 269. Paulus denied the distinct personality of the Son of God, and maintained that the Word came and dwelt in the man Jesus.

(4) Silentiarius, so called, because he was chief of the silentiarii, or secretaries of the emperor Justinian. He wrote various poems, of which the following are extant: (a) A Description of the Church of St. Sophia (Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ναοῦ τῆς ἁγίας Σοφίας), consisting of 1029 verses, of which the first 134 are iambic, the rest hexameter. This poem gives a clear and graphic description of the superb structure which forms its subject, and was recited by its author at the second dedication of the church (A.D. 562), after the restoration of the dome, which had fallen in. Edited by Graefe (Leipzig, 1822) and by Bekker (Bonn, 1837), in the Bonn edition of the Byzantine historians. (b) A Description of the Pulpit (Ἔκφρασις τοῦ ἄμβωνος), consisting of 304 verses, a supplement to the former poem. It is printed in the editions mentioned above. (c) Epigrams, 83 in all, given in the Anthologia. Among these is a poem on the Pythian Baths (Εἰς τὰ ἐν Πυθίοις θέρμα).

Paulus

or Paullus, Aemilius. (1) Marcus, consul B.C. 302, and magister equitum to the dictator Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus in 301.

(2) Marcus, consul 255 with Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, about the middle of the First Punic War.

(3) Lucius, son of No. 2, consul B.C. 219, when he conquered Demetrius off the island of Pharos in the Adriatic, and compelled him to fly for refuge to Philip, king of Macedonia. He was consul a second time in 216 with C. Terentius Varro. This was the year of the memorable defeat at Cannae. (See Hannibal.) The battle was fought against the advice of Paulus; and he was one of the many distinguished Romans who perished in the engagement, refusing to fly from the field when a tribune of the soldiers offered him his horse. Hence we find in Horace (Carm. i. 12) animaeque magnae prodigum Paulum, superante Poeno. Paulus was a stanch adherent of the aristocracy, and was raised to the consulship by the latter party to counterbalance the influence of the plebeian Terentius Varro.

(4) Lucius, afterwards surnamed Macedonĭcus, son of the last, was born about 230 or 229, since at the time of his second consulship (168) he was upwards of sixty years of age. He was one of the best specimens of the high Roman nobles. He would not condescend to flatter the people for the offices of the State, maintained with strictness severe discipline in the army, was deeply skilled in the law of the augurs, to whose college he belonged, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character. He was elected curule aedile in B.C. 192; was praetor in 191, and obtained Further Spain as his province, where he carried on war with the Lusitani; and was consul in 181, when he conquered the Ingauni, a Ligurian people. For the next thirteen years he lived quietly at Rome, devoting most of his time to the education of his children. He was consul a second time in 168, and brought the war against Perseus to a conclusion by the defeat of the Macedonian monarch, near Pydna, on the 22d of June. Perseus shortly afterwards surrendered himself to Paulus. (See Perseus.) Paulus remained in Macedonia during the greater part of the following year as proconsul, and arranged the affairs of Macedonia in conjunction with ten Roman commissioners, whom the Senate had despatched for the purpose. Before leaving Greece he marched into Epirus, where, in accordance with a cruel command of the Senate, he gave to his soldiers seventy towns to be pillaged because they had been in alliance with Perseus. The triumph of Paulus, which was celebrated at the end of November, 167, was the most splendid that Rome had yet seen. It lasted three days. Before the triumphal car of Aemilius walked the captive monarch of Macedonia and his children, and behind it were his two illustrious sons, Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus the younger, both of whom had been adopted into other families. But the glory of the conqueror was clouded by family misfortune. At this very time he lost his two younger sons; one, twelve years of age, died only five days before his triumph, and the other, fourteen years of age, only three days after his triumph. The loss was all the severer, since he had no son left to carry his name down to posterity. In 164 Paulus was censor with Q. Marcius Philippus, and died in 160, after a long and tedious illness. The fortune he left behind him was so small as scarcely to be sufficient to pay his wife's dowry. The Adelphi of Terence was brought out at the funeral games exhibited in his honour. Aemilius Paulus was married twice. By his first wife, Papiria, the daughter of C. Papirius Maso, consul 231, he had four children—two sons, one of whom was adopted by Fabius Maximus and the other by P. Scipio, and two daughters, one of whom was married to Q. Aelius Tubero, and the other to M. Cato, son of Cato the censor. He afterwards divorced Papiria; and by his second wife, whose name is not mentioned, he had two sons, whose death has been recorded above, and a daughter, who was a child at the time that her father was elected to his second consulship.

(5) Iulius. A Roman jurist of high repute in the beginning of the third century A.D., contemporary with Papinianus and Ulpian. With the former he was legal assessor to the emperor Septimius Severus. With the latter he was praefectus praetorio under Alexander Severus, after he had been sent into exile by Elagabalus. He was most productive as a legal author, but in literary skill and finish stood far below his two contemporaries. The extracts from his numerous monographs or more comprehensive works form a sixth part of the Digest. Besides these extracts, his Sententiae, a very popular compendium of undisputed principles on the most frequent points of law, has been preserved in a shortened form.

(6) Paulus Diacŏnus. The Latin name of Paul Warnifrid, a Lombard who became a monk at Monte Casino about A.D. 775. He wrote a history of the Lombards; compiled a Roman history largely from Eutropius; and abridged the glossary of Festus which was itself epitomized from the lexicon of Verrius Flaccus. He also wrote ecclesiastical works. His Roman history was in sixteen books, but was subsequently (about A.D. 1000) enlarged by Landolfus Sagax, who drew upon various sources for his additions, especially upon Orosius and St. Jerome. This enlarged work got the name Historia Miscella, by which it is now known. On the abridgment of Festus, see Festus; Verrius Flaccus.