ala

praefectus alae
the commander of the cavalry

āla, ae, f.: a wing, 1.301; the feather of an arrow, 9.578; the wing of an army; cavalry, 11.730; troop, battalion, 11.604; horsemen, mounted huntsmen, 4.121.

āla, ae, f. [for axla, contr. from axilla, Cic. Or. 45, 153; cf. ἄγχος = ὦμος (Hesych.) = shoulder = O. H. Germ. Ahsala; Germ. Achsel].

• Lit., a wing, as of a bird: galli plausu premunt alas, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 26; Verg. A. 3, 226 al.: Me. Vox mihi ad aurīs advolavit. So. Ne ego homo infelix fui, qui non alas intervelli, that I did not pluck off its wings, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 170 (322).—Poet., of the gods: Mors atris circumvolat alis, Hor. S. 2, 1, 58: volucris Fati Tardavit alas, id. C. 2, 17, 25: bibulae Cupidinis alae, Ov. A. A. 1, 233: furvis circumdatus alis Somnus, Tib. 2, 1, 89: me jocundis Sopor impulit alis, Prop. 1, 3, 45: Madidis Notus evolat alis, Ov. M. 1, 264.—Of sails: velorum pandimus alas, Verg. A. 3, 520.—Of oars: classis centenis remiget alis, Prop. 4, 6, 47: remigium alarum, Verg. A. 1, 301 (cf. Hom. Od. 11, 125); so inversely remi is used of wings: super fluctus alarum insistere remis, Ov. M. 5, 558 (cf. πτεροῖς ἐρέσσει, Eur. Iphig. Taur. 289; Aeschyl. Agam. 52; and cf. Lucr. 6, 743). —Of wind and lightning: Nisus Emicat et ventis et fulminis ocior alis, Verg. A. 5, 319 al.—
• II Transf.
• • A In man, the upper and under part of the arm, where it unites with the shoulder; the armpit, Liv. 9, 41; 30, 34: aliquid sub alā portare, Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 12: hirquinae, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 51 (873): hirsutae, Hor. Epod. 12, 5: halitus oris et alarum vitia, Plin. 21, 20, 83, § 142: virus alarum et sudores, id. 35, 15, 52, § 185: sudor alarum, Petr. 128 (many Romans were accustomed to pluck out the hair from the armpits, Sen. Ep. 114; Juv. 11, 157; v. alipilus).—
  • B In animals, the hollow where the foreleg is joined to the shoulder; the shoulder - blade.—Of elephants, Plin. 11, 40, 95, § 324.—Of frogs, Plin. 9, 51, 74, § 159.—
  • C In trees and plants, the hollow where the branch unites with the stem, Plin. 16, 7, 10, § 29; so id. 22, 18, 21, § 45; 25, 5, 18, § 38 al.—
  • D In buildings, the wings, the side apartments on the right and left of the court, the side halls or porches, the colonnades; called also in Gr. πτερά, Vitr. 6, 4, 137; 4, 7, 92.—
  • E In milit. lang., the wing of an army (thus conceived of as a bird of prey), commonly composed of the Roman cavalry and the troops of the allies, esp. their horsemen; hence, alarii in contrast with legionarii, and separated from them in enumeration, also having a leader, called praefectus alae, Tac. H. 2, 59 al.; cf. Lips. de Milit. Rom. 1, 10 Manut.; Cic. Fam. 2, 17 fin.; Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 51; Smith, Dict. Antiq.; Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 4, 6; cf. Gell. 10, 9, 1: Alae, equites: ob hoc alae dicti, quia pedites tegunt alarum vice, Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 121: peditatu, equitibus atque alis cum hostium legionibus pugnavit, Cato ap. Gell. 15, 9, 5; Cic. Off. 2, 13, 45: dextera ala (in alas divisum socialem exercitum habebat) in primā acie locata est, Liv. 31, 21; Vell. 2, 117 al.—An ala, as a military division, usu. consisted of about 500 men, Liv. 10, 29.☞ Such alae gave names to several towns, since they were either levied from them, quartered in them, or, after the expiration of their time of service, received the lands of such towns.—So, Ala Flaviana, Ala Nova, et saep. (cf. castrum, II. 1. fin.).

āla, ae, f. (v. ago, also = agla, u. davon Demin. axilla, deutsch ›Achsel‹, wie mala v. mando u. davon Demin. maxilla, palus v. pango, also = paglus u. dav. Demin. paxillus), der Flügel des Vogels usw. als das In-Bewegung-Setzende (während pennae = der Flügel des Vogels als Gefieder), I) eig.: alae pennae, Plaut.: galli plausu premunt alas, Cic.: levare se alis, v. Raben, Liv.: alis plaudens columba, Verg.: movere alas, Ov.: alas explicare, Mart., expandere, Plin.: alas quatere, Verg.: alis everberabat os oculosque Galli corvus, Quint.: alam frangere, Plin.: alarum articulos insecare, Plin. – der Bienen, pandere alas ad solem aestivum, Verg.: alas eripere regibus apum, Verg. – des Ikarus, alas accommodare od. assumere umeris, Ov. – an Göttern, hic paribus nitens Cyllenius alis constitit, Verg.: alius illi (Iovi) alas imposuit, alius cornua, Sen.: der Harpyien, der Fama, des Amor, der Iris, Verg. – poet. des (als Vogel gedachten) Schiffes, das Ruder, classis centenis remiget alis, Prop. (vgl. alarum remi od. remigium, v. den Flügeln, Verg. u.a.); od. das Segel, velorum pandimus alas, Verg. – u. poet. als Bild der raschen od. der sanften, unmerklichen Bewegung, v. Winden, madidis notus evolat alis, Ov.: u.v. Blitz, emicat et ventis et fulminis ocior alis, Verg. – v. der Zeit, Sen.: des Todes, Hor.: des Schlafes, Tibull. – u. als Bild der Schnelligkeit übh., sibi fecerat alas concitus equus, Sil. – vgl. das Wortspiel: Me. Vox mihi ad aures advolavit. So. Ne ego homo infelix fui, qui non alas intervelli, Plaut. Amph. 325 sq.

II) übtr.: A) der dem Flügel entsprechende Teil am tierischen Körper u. am Baume: 1) beim Menschen, die Achsel, der obere u. untere Teil des Arms, wo er an die Schultern grenzt, alae grandes, Iuven.: umbonibus incussāque alā sternere hostes, Liv.: sub ala fasciculum portare librorum, Hor.: tu viperam sub ala nutricas, Petron. 77, 1 (sprichw., s. vīpera). – bes. die mit Haaren bewachsene, einen unangenehmen, schweißigen Bocksgeruch ausströmende Achselgrube, -höhle, graveolentia alarum, Plin.: alarum neglegens sudor, Petr.: gravis hirsutis cubet hircus in alis, Hor. – Die Achselhaare pflegten die Alten sich auszureißen, alas vellere, Sen. u. Iuven.: dah. das Wortspiel: Sy. Sine pinnis volare hau facilest; meae alae pinnas non habent. Mi. Nolito edepol devellisse; iam his duobus mensibus volucres alae tibi erunt hirquinae, Plaut. Poen. 872 sqq. – meton., alae, die Arme, Itala Luc. 2, 28 u. Esth. 4, 11. – 2) bei den Tieren, die »Höhlung« wo die vordern Schenkel an den Bug anschließen, die Achsel, Plin. 9, 159 u.s. – 3) der durch Anfügung eines Astes, Zweiges od. Blattes gebildete Winkel, auch wir (als botan. t.t.) die Achsel, Plin. 16, 29 u.ö.

B) als t.t. der Baukunst, Plur. alae = die rechts u. links im Atrium u. im einzelligen Tempel hinlaufenden Seitenräume, die die Tiefe der Zimmer haben, aber nach dem Atrium zu offen sind, Seitenhallen, Säulengänge, Vitr. 6, 3, 4; 4, 7, 2. Vgl. Beckers Gallus Bd. 2. S. 213 ff. (Ausg. 3).

C) als milit. t.t. der Flügel des Heeres, die Flügeltruppen, zunächst die Scharen der röm. Reiterei, die, regelmäßig 300 Mann bei einer Legion, die Linie des Fußvolks auf beiden Seiten deckten, s. Cinc. b. Gell. 16, 4, 6. Serv. Verg. Aen. 4, 121. – später eine Abteilung der Bundesgenossen, bes. ihre Reiterei, die eig. die Flanken der röm. Legionen decken sollten, aber auch oft in die erste Linie gestellt wurden, die Schwadron, Schar, Abteilung, gew. 500 Mann; als die Bundesgenossen das röm. Bürgerrecht erhalten hatten, die im röm. Heere dienenden »Hilfstruppen (Reiterei u. Fußvolk)« übh. (gew. alarii equites, alariae cohortes od. bl. alarii gen., s. ālārius), cum te Pompeius alae alteri praefecisset, Cic.: Campanorum alam, quingentos ferme equites, excedere acie iubet, Liv.: peditatu, equitibus atque alis cum hostium legionibus pugnavit, Liv. Vgl. Ruhnk. Suet. Aug. 38. Heine Cic. de off. 2, 45. – endlich zur Kaiserzeit diejenigen Reiterabteilungen des röm. Heeres, die nicht ausdrücklich zu einer Legion gehörten, gew. Fremde, 500, auch 1000 Mann (dah. ala miliaria) stark, Inscr. – zuw. auch für eine »Schar« Reiterei von 500 od. 1000 Mann bei andern Völkern, zB. der »Leibschar« der mazed. Könige b. Nep. Eum. 1, 7. Liv. 37, 40, 5: u. bei Dichtern für »Reiterschar« übh., wie Verg. Aen. 11, 730, u. für »berittene Jäger« insbes., Verg. Aen. 4, 121 (Vgl. Sil. 2, 419).

1 ala [CL] 1 wing. b (artificial). c (fig.). d fin. mergula nec penitus nigris contemnitur alis Aldh. VirgV 222; ad quid pignus ălis, o Dedale, quod caret ālis? Serlo Wilt. II 14; gravior est brucus quam locusta ‥, quia ei desunt ale J. Sal. Pol. 590C; cignus ‥ / ludenti similis paulisper sublevat alas Neckam DS II 371; in his cherubin alas suas extendunt ut intellectus studentis ascendat R. Bury Phil. 1. 17.  b ingenium per quod ale artificialiter composite aerem verberent Bacon NM 533.  c Zephiri velocior alis Aldh. Aen. 100. 35; sufficiunt alae fidei in palatio regis Alcuin Ep. 28 p. 70; tamquam alis presumptuosi ingenii ‥ adustis Gir. TH I 13; sub umbra alarum parentum latuit scholaris Neckam NR II 40; Garl. Tri. Eccl. 108 (v. aquila 1c); s1355 ut ‥ sub alis domini pape manerent in tuto Avesb. 127b.  d fulcior haud volitans veloci praepetis ala Aldh. Aen. 71 (Piscis) 3; a1100 dexteram alam de crasso pisce (St. Vigor, Cérisy) MonA VI 1074b; c1266 habebit ‥ sub brancia [salmonis] quantum latitudinis tres digiti vel ala piscis amplectitur extendendo (Cust. Westm. iv 8) Flete Westm. 66. 2 wing, (military force stationed on) flank, cavalry. b horse. legio, feþu; alae, fedes Ælf. Gl.; plurimas equestrium alas ad predandum quaquaversum direxit G. Steph. II 69; ponens aciem suam anteriorem ‥ pro ala ‥ a dextris Elmh. Hen. V 50.  b ala, aequus GlC A 488. 3 a sail of windmill. b ‘wing’ (shoulder-band) of gown. a 1287 in xxx ulnis caneveci emptis ad alas molendini Pipe Wint. 11M59/B1/46 r. 12d..  b 1576 pro factura alarum duplic’ pro una toga Ac. LChamb. 67 f. 8v. 4 aisle: a of church; b of other building. a sub medio longitudinis aule ‥ due turres erant, prominentes ultra ecclesie alas (Eadmer S. Audoen.) Gerv. Cant. I 8; murus ‥ qui, chorum cingens et presbiterium, corpus ecclesie a suis lateribus, que ale vocantur, dividebat Ib. 13; 1234 quod persona ‥ ecclesie et parochiani sui faciant quandam alam ad construendum ibi quoddam altare Cl 365; 1264 quercus aptas ad maeremium ad alam ecclesie sue inde faciendam Cl 7; 1293 in pleno comitatu sub alis capelle in castro Huntingdon’ habito Reg. Ant. Linc. III 836; 1343 (v. aluratio); c1350 ascendat ‥ super plumbum alarum ‥ ad supervidendum MonExon 271; 1358 in loco eminenciori et devociori dicti porticus sive ale, in quo quidem loco idem miles intendit sepeliri (Reg. Ebor.) Fabr. York 335 (cf. ib.: porticus sive aule); 1430 ad clausuram capelle sive ale S. Gabrielis Reg. Cant. II 479; 1431 fabrice cujusdam ele ex parte boriali ecclesie Ib. 465; latitudo brachiorum duarum elarum super duplices columpnas W. Worc. Itin. 280.  b 1141 latitudo hujus grangie xv pedes, preter alam que habebat iiij pedes Dom. S. Paul. 136; ale hujus orrei sunt latitudinis vj pedum et dim.; altitudo alarum vj pedum et dim. Ib. 123; c1155 una domus xxiiij pedum in longitudine cum una ala (Ext. Leighton Buzzard) Beds Hist. Rec. Soc. VIII 22; 1233 ad scindulas emendas ‥ ad alas aule regis ibidem [Woodstock] cooperiendas Liberate 10 m. 10; 1254 ale dicte grangie minantur ruinam CalIMisc I 205; 1313 de xxv ringis de una ala siliginis ‥ magne grangie Rec. Elton 220; 1322 salva ‥ libertate habendi corbell’ in muro predicto, si ad eum aliquam alam facere voluerit Cart. Osney II 286. 5 measure of length (? upper arm, ell; cf. alna, ulna). 1382 unam peciam panni ‥ continentem v alas, aliam peciam de mixto continentem vij alas (Cl) Foed. VII 356a.

2 ala , ale. [hippelaphus] bibit ‥ alam seu beram avidissime ‥, idque sine ebrietate Caius Anim. 11.

3 ala v. alga(a)

āla, (8) æ, f. (axla, cf. dimin. axilla), ¶ 1 aile [en tant que membre formant en qq. sorte lʼaisselle, lʼépaule de lʼoiseau, tandis que pennæ est lʼaile en tant que plumage]: meæ alæ pennas non habent Pl. Pœn. 871 mes ailes nʼont point de plumes ; alis se levare Liv. 7, 26, 5, se soulever sur ses ailes || seu mors atris circumvolat alis Hor. S. 2, 1, 58, soit que la mort me frôle de ses noires ailes ; fulminis alæ Virg. En. 5, 319, les ailes de la foudre ¶ 2 aisselle : sub ala fasciculum librorum portare Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 12, porter un paquet de livres sous le bras ¶ 3 sens métaph. divers [par ex. en parlant de la partie creuse formée à lʼemboîtement du rameau, de la feuille sur une tige] : Plin. 16, 22 ; 16, 29 ; 22, 45, etc. || ailes de bâtiment : Vitr. Arch. 4, 7, 2 ; 6, 3, 4 ¶ 4 [le plus usuel] aile dʼune armée : ala dextra Liv. 27, 2, 6 ; sinistra Liv. 27, 1, 8, aile droite, aile gauche ; [avant la guerre sociale les ailes étaient occupées par les troupes alliées, infanterie et cavalerie] : Liv. 26, 14, 6 ; 31, 21, 7 ; Cato Orig. Inc. lib. rel., 2 ; [duæ alæ, les deux ailes de la légion = le contingent allié] Liv. 27, 1, 7 ; 27, 2, 6, etc.; [mais ala a fini par sʼappliquer plus spécialement à la cavalerie] : ala equitum Liv. 26, 38, 14, etc., corps de cavalerie alliée ; [chaque ala comportait cinq turmæ, escadrons, de 60 cavaliers] || [après la guerre sociale, la cavalerie auxiliaire fournie par les pays étrangers occupe les ailes ; ala désigne alors un corps de cavalerie auxiliaire] : Cic. Off. 2, 45 ; Tac. H. 1, 54 ; [cohortes, cohortes = infanterie, alæ = cavalerie, le tout formant les auxilia, troupes auxiliaires] Tac. H. 1, 60, etc. || en dehors de Rome : ala Numidarum Liv. 21, 45, 2, corps de cavaliers Numides, cf. 22, 47, 7 ; 26, 38, 14, etc. || [poét.] alæ, escadrons : Virg. En. 11, 604, etc.; [en gén.] troupe à cheval [chasseurs] : Virg. En. 4, 121.

ala , ae. f.
翼。腋下。Alae praefectus 馬將軍。— equitum — 翼馬兵。Alae velorum 舟帆。Alae fulminis 雷之疾快。

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āla ae, f

• for * axla; dim.of axis, a wing: aquila suspensis demissa leniter alis, L.: stridentes, V.— Fig.: mors alis circumvolat atris, H.: furva, Tb.: iocunda, Pr.: fulminis ocior alis, V.: timor addidit alas, i. e. speed, V.—Of sails: velorum pandimus alas, V.—In man, the armpit, L.: aliquid sub alā portare, H.—Of an army, the wing, usu. including the cavalry and the auxiliaries, C., L.— A division of cavalry: Campanorum, L.: mille ferme equitum, L.—Poet.: Dum trepidant alae, while the troops are in hot pursuit, V.

ALA

ALApart of a Roman house. [DOMUS]

ALA

ALA, ALA´RES, ALA´RII. These military terms had different meanings at different periods.

1. In the original constitution of the Roman army, each legion of citizens was accompanied by a body of 300 equites (Plb. 1.16, 2; 2.24, 3; 6.20, 9). These were drawn up on the flanks of the infantry, and hence were termed alae (cf. Cincius in Gell. 16.4.6, alae dictae exercitus equitum ordines, quod circum legiones dextra sinistraque, tanquam alae in avium corporibus, locabantur).

2. When, at a later date, the socii were required to contribute a contingent to the Roman army, the Roman legions were placed in the centre of the line of battle, and the allies formed the wings. Hence the allied troops, both cavalry and infantry, were sometimes termed alae or alarii; and we find mention, not only of equites, but also of cohortes alares or alarii (Liv. 10.40, 8; 41, 5; 43, 3). These were commonly grouped together as the dextera ala and the sinistra ala (id. 31.21), although these terms did not always correspond to their position in the line of battle (id. 27.2).

3. After the franchise had been extended to the whole of Italy, and thus all Italian troops were included in the legions, the term alarii was transferred to the foreign troops (auxilia) serving along with the Roman armies. Thus Caesar (B.C. 1.73) distinguishes the cohtortes alariae from the legionariae cohortes (cf. B. G. 1.51).

4. Under the Empire, the word ala usually denotes auxiliary cavalry, the term cohortes being used without any epithet to denote auxiliary infantry, as contrasted with the legiones. Thus Tacitus (list. 4.18) mentions the ala Batavorum, &c., and many others are known to us from inscriptions (cf. Henzen, Index inscript. c. 8. p. 131). Sometimes a body of horse was named from the officer who had first raised it, or who commanded it at the time: cf. ala Liliana (Tac. Hist. 1.75), ala Auriana (ib. 3.5). The ala was originally divided into the turmae, each containing three decuriae. But at a later time the ala was either miliaria or quingenaria: in the former case there were 24 turmae, in the latter 16, besides various officers (Hygin. Castrum, 16, 23, 30; cf. Henzen, Annal. dell' Inst. 1860, p. 71).

[A.S.W]

Ala

in a Roman house. See domus, p. 545.

Ala

in military language. See alarii; exercitus.