atrium

ātrium, iī, n.: a rectangular area in the middle of a dwelling, partly open to the sky; and often surrounded with a colonnade; the court or principal apartment of a dwelling; or, in a house containing more than one court, the forecourt or first hall; a court, hall, 2.483, et al.

ātrĭum, ii, n. [acc. to Scaliger, from αἴθριον, subdiale, since it was a part of the uncovered portion of the house (but the atrium of the Romans was always covered); acc. to Varr. L. L. 5, § 161 Müll., from the Tuscan town Atria, where this style of architecture originated; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 13 Müll.; and Müller, Etrusk. 1, p. 254 sq.; but better from ater, acc. to the explanation of Servius: ibi etiam culina erat, unde et atrium dictum est; atrum enim erat ex fumo, ad Verg. A. 1, 730].

• The fore-court, hall, entrance-room, entry; that part of the Roman house into which one first came after passing the entrance (janua); cf. Vitr. 6, 4; O. Müller, Archaeol. III. § 293, and Etrusk. above cited. In earlier times, the atrium was used as a dining-room, Cato ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 726. Here stood, opposite the door, the lectus genialis, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 87; here sat the housewife with her maidens spinning, Arn. adv. Gent. 2, 67; here clients were in attendance, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 31; Juv. 7, 7 and 91; and here hung the family portraits and other paintings, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 55; Mart. 2, 90; Val. Max. 5, 8, 3; Vulg. Matt. 26, 58; ib. Marc. 14, 54; ib. Joan. 18, 15 al.—Poet. in the plur., of a single atrium: Apparet domus intus et atria longa patescunt, Verg. A. 2, 483; so Ov. M. 14, 260; Juv. 8, 20 al.—Meton. for the house itself: nec capient Phrygias atria nostra nurus, Ov. H. 16, 184; id. M. 13, 968.—So of the entrance-room in the dwelling of the gods: dextrā laevāque deorum Atria nobilium (as it were clients, v. supra) valvis celebrantur apertis, Ov. M. 1, 172; Stat. Th. 1, 197.—
• II In temples and other public buildings there was often an atrium, a hall, court: in atrio Libertatis, Cic. Mil. 22, 59; Liv. 25, 7; 45, 15; Tac. H. 1, 31; Suet. Aug. 29: Vestae, Plin. Ep. 7, 19, 2; also called atrium regium, Liv. 26, 27; cf. Ov. F. 6, 263; id. Tr. 3, 1, 30: atrium tabernaculi, Vulg. Exod. 27, 9; ib. Lev. 6, 26: in atriis Domūs Dei, ib. Psa. 91, 14; 134, 2; Smith, Dict. Antiq.—So atrium auctionarium, an auction-hall, auction-room, Cic. Agr. 1, 3; so Inscr. Orell. 3439; and absol., atria: cum desertis Aganippes Vallibus esuriens migraret in atria Clio, Juv. 7, 7. Such halls were the Atria Licinia, Cic. Quinct. 6, 25: ATRIVM SVTORIVM, the shoemakers’ hall, a place in Rome, Calend. Praenest. Inscr. Orell. II. 386.

ātrium, ī, n. (vgl. αἴθριος, ὑπαίθριος), das Atrium, in den altital. ländlichen Wohnungen eine vom Rauche des Kaminfeuers geschwärzte Stube (noch heute in den kleinrussischen Häusern ähnl. »die schwarze Stube« gen.); später der erste oder vorderste und zugleich der größte bedeckte Saal des Hauses, die Halle, Vitr. 6, 5 (8), 3. Quint. 11, 2, 20: atria minora ac maiora, Vitr. 6, 5 (8), 5. – Daß das Atrium aus einem bedeckten Raume bestand und nicht mit cavaedium gleichbedeutend sein kann, erhellt hinreichend aus seiner Bestimmung u. den hier getriebenen Beschäftigungen. Im Atrium stand das Braut- u. Ehebett (lectus genialis od. adversus, sc. ianuae), s. Schmid Hor. ep. 1, 1, 87. – Hier waren die Ahnenbilder (imagines od. expressi cerā vultus) aufgestellt, Sen. de ben. 3, 28, 1. Iuven. 8, 19 sq. Mart. 2, 90, 6. Val. Max. 5, 8, 3; auch andere Gemälde aufgehängt, Plin. 34, 55. – Hier beschäftigte sich die Hausfrau nebst ihrer weiblichen Umgebung mit Weben und ähnlicher Arbeit, Arnob. 2, 67. – Im Atrium pflegte man in den ältesten Zeiten das Mahl einzunehmen, Cato fr. bei Serv. Verg. Aen. 1, 726; es war übh. der Sammelplatz der Familie. – Hier erwarteten die Klienten den Patronus u. den Jurisconsultus, Hor. ep. 1, 5, 31. Iuven. 7, 7 u. 91: hi non in foro nec in consultorum atrio, sed in Pythagorae tacito illo sanctoque secessu iura didicerunt, Sen. ep. 90, 6. – Auch bei öffentlichen Gebäuden gab es atria, atrium publicum in Capitolio, Liv. 24, 10, 9: Palatii atrium, Serv. Verg. Aen. 11, 235: atrium sutorium, Fasti Praen. Mart. 23 (Corp. inscr. Lat. 1. p. 315): atria auctionaria, Cic. agr. 1, 7. Corp. inscr. Lat. 9, 3307; dgl. die Atria Licinia sein mochten, Cic. Quinct. 25; bl. Atria gen. b. Iuven. 7, 7. – Bes. hatten die Tempel ein Atrium, wie atrium Libertatis (am Forum, Cic. ad Att. 4, 16, 14, doch auch eine aedes Libertatis auf dem Aventinus, Liv. 24, 10 extr.), u. dort war das Archiv der Zensoren (Liv. 43, 16, 13), dort wurden Kriminaluntersuchungen vorgenommen (Cic. Mil. 59), Losungen abgehalten (Liv. 45, 15, 5), Gesetze angeheftet (Fest. p. 241^a, 31), dort war auch die von Asinius Pollio angelegte Bibliothek aufgestellt (Ov. trist. 3, 1, 71). – atrium Vestae, der Aufenthalt der Vestalinnen, am südwestlichen Ende des Forums, am Fuße des Mons Palatinus gelegen, Ov. fast. 6, 263. Plin. ep. 7, 19, 2; dass. atrium regium, Liv. 26, 27, 3. – ➳ Bei Dichtern häufig der Plur. atria = Sing. atrium, u. wegen der Größe u. Pracht genannt ampla (Verg. Aen. 1, 725), longa (ibid. 2, 483), alta (ibid. 4, 665). regalia (Ov. met. 5, 3), marmore tecta (ibid. 14, 260). – Ebenso Plur. meton. für »Wohnungen der Reichen, Paläste«, atria divitis Crassi, Varr. sat. Men. 36: atria duo Maenium et Titium, Liv. 39, 44, 7: plebis aedificiis obseratis, patentibus atriis principum, Liv. 5, 41, 7; u. poet. für »eine Wohnung, ein Haus«, Ov. her. 15 (16), 184. Ov. met. 13, 968 u. s. – u. von den »Hallen« der Götter, Ov. met. 1, 172. Stat. Theb. 1, 197.

atrium [CL] 1 outer room, hall. b courtyard or plot. c (fig.). d household, hearth (cf. 2 astrum 2). aule Graece ~ium dicitur Bede Orth. 2775; cum illa ‥ intraret ~ium domus in cujus interioribus daemoniosus torquebatur Id. HE III 11; atria gazarum rumpunt regalia Alcuin Carm. 1. 53; ~ium, mycel and rum heall Ælf. Sup.; 10‥ ~ium, ‥ inburh WW; offendens ad limen domus quam subitura erat, prona cecidit ‥ ; ~ium namque subsidebat inferius limine W. Cant. Mir. Thom. II 49; [aula] ~ium habeat, quod ab atro dicitur Neckam Ut. 109.  b 801 pro ~io intra muros civitatis unde fratribus S. Petri habitatio honesta construi potuisset Alcuin Ep. 211; ~ium, ‥ cafertun Ælf. Sup.; 11‥ in capella ‥ quam feci in ~io meo Cart. Darley 439; c1200 ortum ante portam ~ii MonA VI 336; 1236 concessimus ‥ quod aliquibus placeis, ~iis, litiis ‥ et aliis civitatis Burdegalie paduentiis uti possint ‥ ad pannos faciendos (Pat) RL II 11; 1322 J. fugit, et eum secuti sunt usque ad ~ium W. filii A. SelCCoron 75; 1671 ad partem pomarii et ~ii sive curtelagii Crawley 540.  c superni ~ia paradisi et caelestis regni vestibula patefecit Aldh. VirgP 39 (cf. ib. V. 1306: pulsantes atria caeli); veritas ‥ per ‥ imaginacionis ~ia transiens thalamum intellectus ingreditur R. Bury Phil. 1. 25; pontifex ‥ populum ‥ super paludes heresium ad ~ia vite ducit Gir. PI I 19 p. 109.  d 1224 talis est consuetudo manerii domini regis de Bray quod postnata filia que remanet in ~io retinebit totam hereditatem patris sui BNB III 7; naute, qui sunt in villa eradicati et ~ium habentes in villa habebunt rectum secundum usum et consuetudinem hominum ville vel provincie (DL Misc. Bk. 5) Eng. Justice 136; Bracton 267b (v. astrarius a). 2 (eccl.) churchyard, precinct, or forecourt. b (?) porch, galilee. istius antiqui reparavit et atria templi Wulf. Swith. prol. 41 (cf. Arch. J. CXIV 44–6); 1080 in cimiteriis: ‥ si ‥ aliqui ‥ ibi faciant mansionem dum guerra duraverit et ipsi propter guerram in ~io manserint (Conc. Illebon. 8) Ord. Vit. V 5; nec in sanctificato ~io aliquo [AS: binnon nanum gehalgodum lictune] aliquis jaceat si moriatur (Quad.) GAS 165; expectante eum [sacerdotem] plebe cum fure ‥ in ~io ecclesiae (Jud. Dei) Ib. 420; quicunque reus ‥ ad ecclesiam pro presidio confugerit, ex quo ~ium ingressus fuerit, securus sit (Leg. Ed.) Ib. 630; 1136 infra ~ium ecclesie Regesta 975; ~ium templi ‥ muro circumvallavit Ric. Hex. Hist. Hex. 3; per medium aule fugientes a facie armatorum aperta eis janua ~ium introeuntium W. Fitzst. Thom. 137; 1191 ecclesiam B. Pauli in ~io monasterii ‥ sitam Reg. Malm. I 375; 1198 debet xl m. super terram suam in ~io S. Petri Pipe 57; circuendo extrinsecus totam ecclesiam et ~ium Offic. Sal. 74; 1201 nullatenus ecclesiam ‥ et ~ium ecclesiae negotiaturi intrare ‥ presumant (Wells) BBC 173; 1202 abbas de Persora dicit quod ~ium ecclesie sue est et non liberum tenementum abbatis de Westmonasterio CurR II 93; 1240 cimiteria ‥ inhoneste credimus ‥ sordibus deturpari; propter quod ‥ rectoribus ‥ inhibemus ne ipsi in dictis ecclesiarum ~iis animalia sua pascant Conc. Syn. 297; 1245 in xv millibus pauperum pascendis in ~io S. Pauli die Conversionis ejusdem Liberate 21 m. 7; in ‥ capellis earumque ~iis populi ‥ obtruncati jacuerunt Mir. Montf. 67; 1295 attendentes ~ium ecclesie Linc’ tam angustum esse quod propter ‥ multitudinem moriencium illatorum commode non sufficit ad sepulcra Reg. Ant. Linc. II 466; s1312 quidam ‥ cardinalis interfectus fuit prope ecclesiam S. Pauli in ~io Ann. Paul. 272; hoc ~ium, a kyrkyerd, ‥ hoc simutorium, hoc ~ium, a schererd WW; a kyrkegarth, cimitorium, poliandrum, ~ium CathA.  b 1468 ~ii ejusdem capelle parietes ‥ construxit Invent. Ch. Ch. 163; 1522 pro inferiori cubiculo ex parte boriali ~ii Cant. Coll. Ox. II 258 (cf. ib.: pro le slatyng in duobus angulis in ~io).

ātrĭum, (10) ĭī, n. (ater), atrium, salle dʼentrée : Cic. Q. 3, 1, 2 ; Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 31 ; Plin. 34, 55, cf. Serv. En. 1, 726 || [poét.] la maison elle-même : Ov. H. 16, 184 ; M. 13, 968 || salle dʼentrée dans la demeure des dieux : Ov. M. 1, 172 ; Stat. Th. 1, 197 || portique dʼun temple : Cic. Mil. 59 ; Liv. 26, 27, 3 ; Plin. Min. Ep. 7, 19, 2 || atria auctionaria Cic. Agr. 1, 7, salle des ventes.

atrium , ii. n.
門院。丹墀。

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ātrium ī, n

• AID-, a room which contains the hearth, fore-court, hall, principal room, H.—Plur., of one room (poet.): longa, V.: marmore tecta, O.—In a temple or palace, the main hall: Libertatis: regium, L.—An auction room: migrare in atria, Iu.: atria auctionaria.—Plur, a dwelling, house(poet.): atria vestra ruent, O.

ATRIUM

A´TRIUMis used in a distinctive as well as collective sense, to designate a particular part in the private houses of the Romans [DOMUS], and also a class of public buildings, so called from their general resemblance in construction to the atrium of a private house. There is likewise a distinction between atrium and area ; the former being an open area surrounded by a colonnade, whilst the latter had no such ornament attached to it. The atrium, moreover, was sometimes a building by itself, resembling in some respects the open basilica [BASILICA], but consisting of three sides. Such was the Atrium Publicum in the Capitol, which, Livy informs us, was struck with lightning, B.C. 214 (Liv. 24.10). It was at other times attached to some temple or other edifice, and in such case consisted of an open area and surrounding portico in front of the structure, like that before the church of St. Peter's, in the Vatican, or still more like the atrium which leads to the church of S. Ambrogio at Milan, built by S. Ambrose on the ruins of a temple of Bacchus. The recently discovered atrium Vestae appears to have resembled the atrium of a house, surrounded by the apartments of the Vestals. We also read of two atria libertatis, one or other of which was employed as a record office by the censors, as a prison, and as the earliest public library of Rome (Cic. ad Att. 4.1. 6, pro Mil. 22, 59; Liv. 25.7, 34.44-Z2, 43.16-Z2, 45.15-Z2; Ov. Tr. 3.1, 71; Tac. Hist. 1.31; Suet. Aug. 29); of an atrium Minervae, near the Curia Julia, an atrium Caci, an atrium sutorium (Mommsen, Corp. Inscr. 1. p. 389), and atria Licinia (Cic. pro Quint. 3, 12; 6, 25). The name is also applied to the halls in which auctions were held (atria auctionaria, Cic. Agr. 1.3, 7; Orelli, Inscr. 3439, 3883).

[A.R] [J.H.F]

Atrium

See domus.