that
that
pron.
P. and V. ἐκεῖνος, Ar. and V. κεῖνος.
At that place: P. and V. ἐκεῖ.
From that place: P. and V. ἐκεῖθειν, V. κεῖθεν.
To that place: P. and V. ἐκεῖσε, Ar. and V. κεῖσε.
In that case: P. ἐκείνως.
In that way: P. ἐκείνῃ, Ar. and V. κείνῃ (Eur. Alc. 529).
And that too: P. and V. καὶ ταῦτα (Aesch. Eum. 112).
pron.
P. and V. ἐκεῖνος, Ar. and V. κεῖνος.
At that place: P. and V. ἐκεῖ.
From that place: P. and V. ἐκεῖθειν, V. κεῖθεν.
To that place: P. and V. ἐκεῖσε, Ar. and V. κεῖσε.
In that case: P. ἐκείνως.
In that way: P. ἐκείνῃ, Ar. and V. κείνῃ (Eur. Alc. 529).
And that too: P. and V. καὶ ταῦτα (Aesch. Eum. 112).
that
conj.
After verbs of saying: P. and V. ὅτῐ, ὡς, V. ὁθούνεκα, οὕνεκα.
In order that: P. and V. ἵνᾰ, ὅπως, ὡς.
So that: P. and V. ὥστε.
In that, because: P. and V. ὅτῐ, V. ὁθούνεκα, οὕνεκα, P. διότι.
conj.
After verbs of saying: P. and V. ὅτῐ, ὡς, V. ὁθούνεκα, οὕνεκα.
In order that: P. and V. ἵνᾰ, ὅπως, ὡς.
So that: P. and V. ὥστε.
In that, because: P. and V. ὅτῐ, V. ὁθούνεκα, οὕνεκα, P. διότι.
THAT
conjunctive (A) Serving to connect an idea with the chief proposition. This idea is either (I) The simple subject of the predicate connected with the copula in the chief proposition or of the verb which occupies its place. Then (1) if this idea be general and not compounded the simple infinitive or another noun is used; e.g. it is a chief duty that one assist him who is most in need of our help (hoc) maxime officii est ut quisque maxime opis indigeat ita eum potissimum opitulari. Nothing is more pleasant than that one be loved by all nihil suavius est quam ab omnibus diligi or quam amor omnium. (2) If the idea be limited to a single person the accusative and infinitive is used. To this belong especially the impersonal expressions “it is pleasant delightful sad ” etc.; “it is probable clear evident true profitable just necessary lawful” (licet after which the person with the infinitive is used in the accusative if the permission be taken as general but in the dative if it refer only to a single person); Vid: Krebs § 437. (☞ Several of these modes of expression take also quod and ut after them in certain cases; Vid: below Nos. IV and V). Examples: I am delighted that you are well gratum est te valere: it grieves me that we have been almost too late in learning dolet mihi nos paene sero scisse etc.: it is true (proved) that friendship can exist only between the good verum est (constat) amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non posse: it is not permitted that a man often be what he wishes non licet hominem esse saepe ita ut vult. This idea may also be expressed by another noun with the pronoun possessive; as it is pleasant (delightful) that you are restored grata est confirmata tua valetudo. (3) If it be a compound idea either the infinitive with an adverb or another noun with an adjective or participle is used; e.g. nothing is more to be desired than that one may live happily nihil magis optandum quam beate vivere or quam vita beata: nothing was so prejudicial to the Lacedaemonians as that the constitution of Lycurgus was taken away Lacedaemoniis nulla res tanto erat damno quam disciplina Lycurgi sublata. Or the idea is (II) The simple object of the verb in the chief clause. Then we find either the noun in the accusative with or without the pronoun possessive or another noun in the genitive or the accusative and infinitive. To this belong (a) All the verba sensuum et affectuum; i.e. which express perception and feeling knowing recognizing remembering expecting believing etc.; Vid: Grotef. § 240: Zumpt § 602 sqq. Hence also after fac when = finge i.e. imagine picture to yourself; e.g. imagine that you were in my place fac qui ego sum esse te; eum te esse finge qui ego sum. ☞ After the verbs “to hope swear promise vow threaten ” the accusative and future infinitive are used and after “to hope ” also the present infinitive if in the next proposition the subject be only of the present and the perfect infinitive if the subject be of the past; Vid: Krebs § 442: Grotef. § 220. Zumpt § 605 2. (b) The verba declarandi; i.e. the verbs of “saying narrating showing reminding convincinu teaching proving ” (efficere etc.); Vid: Grotef. and Zumpt locc. cilt. (c) Nearly allied with all these are the ideas “to settle fix will forbid impose grant ” (that a thing is so etc.) which (if the object of the verb is named simply as such but not as a wish or end in view for in this case ut follows; Vid: below V) take after them an accusative and infinitive; Vid: Zumpt §614 sq. ☞ (a) The phrases “they say it is said” (dicunt tradunt ferunt produnt perhibent) admit a change into the passive form when the accusative becomes the nominative; e.g. they say that Romulus was the first king of Rome dicunt Romulum primum regem Romanorum fuisse or Romulus primus rex Romanorum fuisse dicitur: they say that you were present dicunt vos adfuisse or vos dicebamini adfuisse; Vid: Grotef. § 173 3: Zumpt § 607. (b) After non dubito “I doubt not ” Cic. always uses quin; it is only in the sense of “I do not hesitate” that a simple infinitive follows; Vid: Grotef. § 238 b. 3 and 240 obs.; Zumpt § 540. Or (III) The idea is a local or other definite addition to the chief clause which may be resolved into a noun in the ablative with a preposition. Then the infinitive is changed into the gerund or the participle future passive e.g. the tribunes prevailed by this that they threatened etc. tribuni pervicere denunciando etc.: men learn to do evil by this that they do nothing nihil agendo homines male agere discunt: justice consists in this that we render to every one his own justitia in suum cuique tribuendo cernitur. Or it is (IV) Description or by circumlocution (1) of the subject where “that” may be exchanged with “who which ” etc. It is then to be rendered by quod. To this belong especially the expressions ” there is reason there is no reason ” est (habeo) non est nihil est (after which however we may also employ cur in Latin as “why” in English); Vid: Krüger § 615 note 6 (on the difference of the construction of quod with the subjunctive and indicative); Zumpt §562: also the expressions “it is pleasant delightful to me it pains me ” etc. Examples: There is no reason that you should fear that you should envy nihil est quod (i.e. illud quod) timeas quod invideas illis: it pains me that you are angry dolet mihi quod stomacharis. To this also we may refer the expression “add to this ” eo or ut accedit; after which quod is used if a new reason is brought forward ut when a concomitant circumstance is added to be for the first time brought under consideration; Vid: Krebs 6 428 2 and 434; Herzog Caes. B.G. 3 13. (2) Of the object where “that” in English may be exchanged with “since” or “because.” Likewise by quod. This case can occur only after verbs which being originally transitive have become intransitive by use. To this belong especially verbs of the affections and their expression; as to be glad (gaudere) to be sad (dolere) to wonder (mirari) etc.; after which quod (ὅτι) is used when a definite fact is mentioned but si (εἰ) if the thing appears as a mere conjecture or representation. Again the verbs “to thank to congratulate to praise to accuse;” in all which cases we can ask the question “for what? on what account?” Vid: Grotef. § 234 A; Zumpt § 629; Krebs § 427. (3) Of a definitive addition or complement where in English “that” may be exchanged with “so far as.” Likewise by quod; e.g. I have never seen you that I know non ego te quod (quantum) sciam umquam vidi: Vid: Grotef. § 234 A I; Zumpt § 559; Krebs § 349 10. (V) In all three cases ut is used if the nature aim purpose operation or consequence supposition permission exhortation wish or command is to be marked as the subject object or definitive addition or complement of a chief proposition. For special uses of ut Vid: Grotef. § 235 sqq; Zumpt § 616 sqq; Krebs § 414 sqq. ☞ After the words dignus indignus idoneus aptus for ut with is (hic) etc. the Latins use qui (quae quod etc.); e.g. pleasure does not deserve that a wise man should consider it voluptas non est digna ad quam sapiens respiciat: Vid: Grotef. § 236 4; Zumpt §568; Krebs § 344 (☞ dignus with an infinitive poetry and late prose; Vid: Frotscher Quint. 10 1 96 p. 87; Krebs § 344). In like manner qui for ut is etc. is used after is sum non is sum; after talis qualis is (such an one) ejusmodi etc.; after tam tantus (usually with negatives); after quis? and after comparatives with quam if these words import the degree of a property which can or ought to exist; e.g. who am I that I should? etc. quis sum qui (cujus cui etc.); e.g. quis sum cujus aures laedi nefas sit? Vid: Grotef. § 236 Obs. 3 and 4; Zumpt § 556 sqq; Krebs § 343. But we find also ut is etc. if an operation is to be signified or else for the sake of perspicuity (especially if a qui etc. be near); Vid: Krebs §344 fin. Concluding Remarks: (a) The construction with “that not” does not alter in the cases mentioned under Nos: I. II. III. IV. and V. Only after the verbs “to fear to care ” “that not” is ne non; more rarely ut; “that” is ne; Vid: Grotef. § 239 Obs. 5; Zumpt § 533; Krebs § 452: again after the verb “to keep off hinder deter ” “that not” is quominus; Vid: Grotef. §228 c; Zumpt § 543; Krebs § 439. (b) After a negation we find quin for qui (quae quod) non if no emphasis lie on the negation; in like manner also for qui non (why not?); Vid: Zumpt § 538. (c) Ne is used for ut non if the whole proposition is negatived; but ut non if the negative refer only to one word; Vid: Herzog Caes. B.G. 3 17. (d) Our “that - not at all ” “that - not by any means ” is expressed in Latin by ut ne where ne must for the most part be placed separately from ut immediately before the idea which it precludes; e.g. that I should not by any means do this ut hoc ne facerem. (e) “I say maintain affirm that not (no etc.) ” is usually expressed by nego with an accusative and infinitive; e.g. he maintains that there are no gods deos esse negat. (B) Denoting time: cum: ex quo (from the time that): until that dum donec quoad: it is many years ago that I saw him anni sunt plures ex quo eum non vidi. (C) Denoting emotions or passions: (a) in wishes; that! oh that! would that! ut! utinam! o si! God grant that! etc. faxit Deus ut etc.: oh that not! utinam ne! (b) In exclamation and in indignant interrogative the Latins usually adopt an (apparently) independent accusative and infinitive; e.g. ah! me unhappy! that thou shouldst for my sake have fallen into such trouble! me miserum! te in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse! Vid: Grotef. § 241 II.; Zumpt § 609.
conjunctive (A) Serving to connect an idea with the chief proposition. This idea is either (I) The simple subject of the predicate connected with the copula in the chief proposition or of the verb which occupies its place. Then (1) if this idea be general and not compounded the simple infinitive or another noun is used; e.g. it is a chief duty that one assist him who is most in need of our help (hoc) maxime officii est ut quisque maxime opis indigeat ita eum potissimum opitulari. Nothing is more pleasant than that one be loved by all nihil suavius est quam ab omnibus diligi or quam amor omnium. (2) If the idea be limited to a single person the accusative and infinitive is used. To this belong especially the impersonal expressions “it is pleasant delightful sad ” etc.; “it is probable clear evident true profitable just necessary lawful” (licet after which the person with the infinitive is used in the accusative if the permission be taken as general but in the dative if it refer only to a single person); Vid: Krebs § 437. (☞ Several of these modes of expression take also quod and ut after them in certain cases; Vid: below Nos. IV and V). Examples: I am delighted that you are well gratum est te valere: it grieves me that we have been almost too late in learning dolet mihi nos paene sero scisse etc.: it is true (proved) that friendship can exist only between the good verum est (constat) amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non posse: it is not permitted that a man often be what he wishes non licet hominem esse saepe ita ut vult. This idea may also be expressed by another noun with the pronoun possessive; as it is pleasant (delightful) that you are restored grata est confirmata tua valetudo. (3) If it be a compound idea either the infinitive with an adverb or another noun with an adjective or participle is used; e.g. nothing is more to be desired than that one may live happily nihil magis optandum quam beate vivere or quam vita beata: nothing was so prejudicial to the Lacedaemonians as that the constitution of Lycurgus was taken away Lacedaemoniis nulla res tanto erat damno quam disciplina Lycurgi sublata. Or the idea is (II) The simple object of the verb in the chief clause. Then we find either the noun in the accusative with or without the pronoun possessive or another noun in the genitive or the accusative and infinitive. To this belong (a) All the verba sensuum et affectuum; i.e. which express perception and feeling knowing recognizing remembering expecting believing etc.; Vid: Grotef. § 240: Zumpt § 602 sqq. Hence also after fac when = finge i.e. imagine picture to yourself; e.g. imagine that you were in my place fac qui ego sum esse te; eum te esse finge qui ego sum. ☞ After the verbs “to hope swear promise vow threaten ” the accusative and future infinitive are used and after “to hope ” also the present infinitive if in the next proposition the subject be only of the present and the perfect infinitive if the subject be of the past; Vid: Krebs § 442: Grotef. § 220. Zumpt § 605 2. (b) The verba declarandi; i.e. the verbs of “saying narrating showing reminding convincinu teaching proving ” (efficere etc.); Vid: Grotef. and Zumpt locc. cilt. (c) Nearly allied with all these are the ideas “to settle fix will forbid impose grant ” (that a thing is so etc.) which (if the object of the verb is named simply as such but not as a wish or end in view for in this case ut follows; Vid: below V) take after them an accusative and infinitive; Vid: Zumpt §614 sq. ☞ (a) The phrases “they say it is said” (dicunt tradunt ferunt produnt perhibent) admit a change into the passive form when the accusative becomes the nominative; e.g. they say that Romulus was the first king of Rome dicunt Romulum primum regem Romanorum fuisse or Romulus primus rex Romanorum fuisse dicitur: they say that you were present dicunt vos adfuisse or vos dicebamini adfuisse; Vid: Grotef. § 173 3: Zumpt § 607. (b) After non dubito “I doubt not ” Cic. always uses quin; it is only in the sense of “I do not hesitate” that a simple infinitive follows; Vid: Grotef. § 238 b. 3 and 240 obs.; Zumpt § 540. Or (III) The idea is a local or other definite addition to the chief clause which may be resolved into a noun in the ablative with a preposition. Then the infinitive is changed into the gerund or the participle future passive e.g. the tribunes prevailed by this that they threatened etc. tribuni pervicere denunciando etc.: men learn to do evil by this that they do nothing nihil agendo homines male agere discunt: justice consists in this that we render to every one his own justitia in suum cuique tribuendo cernitur. Or it is (IV) Description or by circumlocution (1) of the subject where “that” may be exchanged with “who which ” etc. It is then to be rendered by quod. To this belong especially the expressions ” there is reason there is no reason ” est (habeo) non est nihil est (after which however we may also employ cur in Latin as “why” in English); Vid: Krüger § 615 note 6 (on the difference of the construction of quod with the subjunctive and indicative); Zumpt §562: also the expressions “it is pleasant delightful to me it pains me ” etc. Examples: There is no reason that you should fear that you should envy nihil est quod (i.e. illud quod) timeas quod invideas illis: it pains me that you are angry dolet mihi quod stomacharis. To this also we may refer the expression “add to this ” eo or ut accedit; after which quod is used if a new reason is brought forward ut when a concomitant circumstance is added to be for the first time brought under consideration; Vid: Krebs 6 428 2 and 434; Herzog Caes. B.G. 3 13. (2) Of the object where “that” in English may be exchanged with “since” or “because.” Likewise by quod. This case can occur only after verbs which being originally transitive have become intransitive by use. To this belong especially verbs of the affections and their expression; as to be glad (gaudere) to be sad (dolere) to wonder (mirari) etc.; after which quod (ὅτι) is used when a definite fact is mentioned but si (εἰ) if the thing appears as a mere conjecture or representation. Again the verbs “to thank to congratulate to praise to accuse;” in all which cases we can ask the question “for what? on what account?” Vid: Grotef. § 234 A; Zumpt § 629; Krebs § 427. (3) Of a definitive addition or complement where in English “that” may be exchanged with “so far as.” Likewise by quod; e.g. I have never seen you that I know non ego te quod (quantum) sciam umquam vidi: Vid: Grotef. § 234 A I; Zumpt § 559; Krebs § 349 10. (V) In all three cases ut is used if the nature aim purpose operation or consequence supposition permission exhortation wish or command is to be marked as the subject object or definitive addition or complement of a chief proposition. For special uses of ut Vid: Grotef. § 235 sqq; Zumpt § 616 sqq; Krebs § 414 sqq. ☞ After the words dignus indignus idoneus aptus for ut with is (hic) etc. the Latins use qui (quae quod etc.); e.g. pleasure does not deserve that a wise man should consider it voluptas non est digna ad quam sapiens respiciat: Vid: Grotef. § 236 4; Zumpt §568; Krebs § 344 (☞ dignus with an infinitive poetry and late prose; Vid: Frotscher Quint. 10 1 96 p. 87; Krebs § 344). In like manner qui for ut is etc. is used after is sum non is sum; after talis qualis is (such an one) ejusmodi etc.; after tam tantus (usually with negatives); after quis? and after comparatives with quam if these words import the degree of a property which can or ought to exist; e.g. who am I that I should? etc. quis sum qui (cujus cui etc.); e.g. quis sum cujus aures laedi nefas sit? Vid: Grotef. § 236 Obs. 3 and 4; Zumpt § 556 sqq; Krebs § 343. But we find also ut is etc. if an operation is to be signified or else for the sake of perspicuity (especially if a qui etc. be near); Vid: Krebs §344 fin. Concluding Remarks: (a) The construction with “that not” does not alter in the cases mentioned under Nos: I. II. III. IV. and V. Only after the verbs “to fear to care ” “that not” is ne non; more rarely ut; “that” is ne; Vid: Grotef. § 239 Obs. 5; Zumpt § 533; Krebs § 452: again after the verb “to keep off hinder deter ” “that not” is quominus; Vid: Grotef. §228 c; Zumpt § 543; Krebs § 439. (b) After a negation we find quin for qui (quae quod) non if no emphasis lie on the negation; in like manner also for qui non (why not?); Vid: Zumpt § 538. (c) Ne is used for ut non if the whole proposition is negatived; but ut non if the negative refer only to one word; Vid: Herzog Caes. B.G. 3 17. (d) Our “that - not at all ” “that - not by any means ” is expressed in Latin by ut ne where ne must for the most part be placed separately from ut immediately before the idea which it precludes; e.g. that I should not by any means do this ut hoc ne facerem. (e) “I say maintain affirm that not (no etc.) ” is usually expressed by nego with an accusative and infinitive; e.g. he maintains that there are no gods deos esse negat. (B) Denoting time: cum: ex quo (from the time that): until that dum donec quoad: it is many years ago that I saw him anni sunt plures ex quo eum non vidi. (C) Denoting emotions or passions: (a) in wishes; that! oh that! would that! ut! utinam! o si! God grant that! etc. faxit Deus ut etc.: oh that not! utinam ne! (b) In exclamation and in indignant interrogative the Latins usually adopt an (apparently) independent accusative and infinitive; e.g. ah! me unhappy! that thou shouldst for my sake have fallen into such trouble! me miserum! te in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse! Vid: Grotef. § 241 II.; Zumpt § 609.
that:
I. Demonstrative pronoun: to be expr. by iste (yon, t. of yours: t. near you, dem. of the 2nd pers.): ille (t. other, t. one at a distance, dem. of the 3rd pers.): both of which may be strengthened by the dem. particle -ce, v. Lat. Gr. § 78, Obs. 1: or by is, which is the logical and determinative pron., and weaker than either of the preced.; hence it is often omitted: it is the proper antecedent to qui. For the use of these prons. see Lat. Gr §§ 365, 368, 370-374, 616, 619. Remarks:--(i.) since is is not a proper demons. it should not be used in such sentences as the foll., epistolae Ciceronis placent non eae Plinii; hae or illae must be used (Nägelsb. Styl. p. 243): with a rel. clause, however, we find Cic. Off. 3, begin thus: P. Scipionem, Marce fili, eum, qui primus Africanus appellatus sit, dicere solitum scripsit Cato.... (ii.) ille is often emph.: Xenophon, t. famous follower of Socrates, Xenophon Socraticus ille, Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 58. (iii.) iste is sometimes contemptuous: Lat. Gr. § 369. (iv.) the Eng. and Lat. idioms do not correspond in the use of the demons.: hic is not unfreq. used in pref. to is or even ille: sometimes the converse is the case. This is a mere point of style. In historians, esp. Caesar, hic is used to put a thing before the eyes of the reader: huic rei (for that purpose) quod satis est visum militum reliquit, Caes. B. G. 5, 2: and almost always in explanations, "t. is to say" = hoc est: cf. Cic. Mil. 9, 24: for id est, see id. Fin. 2, 1, 1: (it may also be rendered videlicet, v.NAMELY ): the mere unemphatic this is "is": idque ejus rei causa (for this reason) antiquitus institutum videtur ne ...: Caes. B. G. 6, 11: cf. 7, 1, id esse facile. (v.) and t. (emphatic) = et is, isque, atque is, et is quidem: Lat. Gr §§ 374, 619, 638, Obs. 2: devoted to the noblest pursuits, and t. from a boy, studiis optimis deditus idque a puero, Cic. Fam. 13, 16, 4: t. very thing = id adeo, Lat. Gr. § 614: so, id demum, maxime, quidem: I had t. moment come into the Appian road when he met me, emerseram commode in Appiam (ex Antiati) quum in me incurrit, Cic. Att. 2, 12, ad init. (so, tantum quod, v. JUST ). (vi.) this ... t.: v. under THIS .
II. Relative pronoun: qui, quae, quod: v.WHO .
III. Conjunction:
A. Introducing noun clauses:
1. expr. by acc. and inf.: this is the case after verbs of thinking, knowing, perceiving, saying, hearing, or equiv. phr.: Lat. Gr. §§ 507, 508: news was brought t. the ambassadors had arrived from Rome, ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est, Liv. 21, 9.
2. expr. by quod (as to the fact t.): esp. freq. after verbs or phr. of mental emotion: rejoice t. a thousand eyes behold thee speaking, gaude quod mille oculi spectant te loquentem, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 19: cf.BECAUSE .
3. expr. by ut (negatively by ne): esp. after verbs of entreating, commanding, effecting, resolve, fear, v. Lat. Gr. §§ 451, 452, 460. It must be remembered that after any verb of fearing ut expr. t. not, ne, t.: I fear he will not come, vereor ut veniat: I fear he will come, vereor ne veniat. [N.B.--All such clauses are properly final clauses, denoting either purpose or result: a large number of verbs take either the acc. and inf. or ut with the subj., according as the clause is viewed simply as the object of the verb, or as depending upon it as purpose or result: thus impero admits either constr.: the admissible constr. must therefore be sought under each verb or phr. The constr. with ut after many adjs. goes to support the view that it is in origin a rel. pron.: thus, non est verisimile ut literas adamarit, Cic. Rosc. Am. 41, 121: sometimes the sentence gives exactly the Eng. idiom (t. being orig. a dem.): nec minus id contendunt et laborant ne ea quae dixerint enuntientur, Caes. B. G. 1, 31: id egi ne interessem rebus gerendis = I took care t. I was not mixed up with public transactions, Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2.? closing bracket missing]
4. Granting t. = ut (ellipt. for fac ut): ut ita sit, Cic. Verr. 3, 64, 151: to think t.! is expr. ellipt. by the inf.: as, mene incepto desistere victam, Virg. Aen. 1, 37: v. Lat. Gr. § 516.
B. Introducing final clauses: in order t., so t.:
1. when purpose is denoted, ut (uti), quo, negatively ne (less freq. ut ne): hence instead of ut nemo, ne quis, etc., must be used.
2. When result is denoted, ut (uti): negatively, ut non: after verbs of prevention, quominus, quin, the latter also after verbs of doubting. See Lat. Gr. §§ 450-463. The rel. qui may be subst. for ut: Lat. Gr. §§ 478-481.
C. Oh t.! (in wishes):
1. ŭtĭnam: Lat. Gr. §§ 444, 446. O utinam occurs in Ov. H. 1, 5.
2. O si: Oh t. fortune would show me a jar of money! O si urnam argenti fors mihi monstret, Hor. S. 2, 6, 10.
I. Demonstrative pronoun: to be expr. by iste (yon, t. of yours: t. near you, dem. of the 2nd pers.): ille (t. other, t. one at a distance, dem. of the 3rd pers.): both of which may be strengthened by the dem. particle -ce, v. Lat. Gr. § 78, Obs. 1: or by is, which is the logical and determinative pron., and weaker than either of the preced.; hence it is often omitted: it is the proper antecedent to qui. For the use of these prons. see Lat. Gr §§ 365, 368, 370-374, 616, 619. Remarks:--(i.) since is is not a proper demons. it should not be used in such sentences as the foll., epistolae Ciceronis placent non eae Plinii; hae or illae must be used (Nägelsb. Styl. p. 243): with a rel. clause, however, we find Cic. Off. 3, begin thus: P. Scipionem, Marce fili, eum, qui primus Africanus appellatus sit, dicere solitum scripsit Cato.... (ii.) ille is often emph.: Xenophon, t. famous follower of Socrates, Xenophon Socraticus ille, Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 58. (iii.) iste is sometimes contemptuous: Lat. Gr. § 369. (iv.) the Eng. and Lat. idioms do not correspond in the use of the demons.: hic is not unfreq. used in pref. to is or even ille: sometimes the converse is the case. This is a mere point of style. In historians, esp. Caesar, hic is used to put a thing before the eyes of the reader: huic rei (for that purpose) quod satis est visum militum reliquit, Caes. B. G. 5, 2: and almost always in explanations, "t. is to say" = hoc est: cf. Cic. Mil. 9, 24: for id est, see id. Fin. 2, 1, 1: (it may also be rendered videlicet, v.
II. Relative pronoun: qui, quae, quod: v.
III. Conjunction:
A. Introducing noun clauses:
1. expr. by acc. and inf.: this is the case after verbs of thinking, knowing, perceiving, saying, hearing, or equiv. phr.: Lat. Gr. §§ 507, 508: news was brought t. the ambassadors had arrived from Rome, ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est, Liv. 21, 9.
2. expr. by quod (as to the fact t.): esp. freq. after verbs or phr. of mental emotion: rejoice t. a thousand eyes behold thee speaking, gaude quod mille oculi spectant te loquentem, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 19: cf.
3. expr. by ut (negatively by ne): esp. after verbs of entreating, commanding, effecting, resolve, fear, v. Lat. Gr. §§ 451, 452, 460. It must be remembered that after any verb of fearing ut expr. t. not, ne, t.: I fear he will not come, vereor ut veniat: I fear he will come, vereor ne veniat. [N.B.--All such clauses are properly final clauses, denoting either purpose or result: a large number of verbs take either the acc. and inf. or ut with the subj., according as the clause is viewed simply as the object of the verb, or as depending upon it as purpose or result: thus impero admits either constr.: the admissible constr. must therefore be sought under each verb or phr. The constr. with ut after many adjs. goes to support the view that it is in origin a rel. pron.: thus, non est verisimile ut literas adamarit, Cic. Rosc. Am. 41, 121: sometimes the sentence gives exactly the Eng. idiom (t. being orig. a dem.): nec minus id contendunt et laborant ne ea quae dixerint enuntientur, Caes. B. G. 1, 31: id egi ne interessem rebus gerendis = I took care t. I was not mixed up with public transactions, Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2.? closing bracket missing]
4. Granting t. = ut (ellipt. for fac ut): ut ita sit, Cic. Verr. 3, 64, 151: to think t.! is expr. ellipt. by the inf.: as, mene incepto desistere victam, Virg. Aen. 1, 37: v. Lat. Gr. § 516.
B. Introducing final clauses: in order t., so t.:
1. when purpose is denoted, ut (uti), quo, negatively ne (less freq. ut ne): hence instead of ut nemo, ne quis, etc., must be used.
2. When result is denoted, ut (uti): negatively, ut non: after verbs of prevention, quominus, quin, the latter also after verbs of doubting. See Lat. Gr. §§ 450-463. The rel. qui may be subst. for ut: Lat. Gr. §§ 478-481.
C. Oh t.! (in wishes):
1. ŭtĭnam: Lat. Gr. §§ 444, 446. O utinam occurs in Ov. H. 1, 5.
2. O si: Oh t. fortune would show me a jar of money! O si urnam argenti fors mihi monstret, Hor. S. 2, 6, 10.