via

viae latitudo ex lege octo pedes habet
the width of a road is by law eight feet tridui viam processerat
he had advanced for a journey of three days ratione et via
by manner and way

via , ae, f.: a highway, road, path, 1.401, et al.; limit, tropic, zodiac, 6.796; course, 5.28; voyage, wandering, 3.714; passage, entrance, 2.494; method, way, means, 12.405. (vehō)

vĭa (vĕa, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14), ae (gen. sing. vias, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P., or Ann. v. 421 Vahl.; viāï, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 6, 16, or Ann. v. 209 ib.; Lucr. 1, 406; 1, 659; 2, 249 et saep.; dat. plur. VIEIS, Inscr. Lat. 206, 50), f. [Sanscr. vah-āmi, bring, lead; Gr. ὄχος, ὄχημα, vehicle; Germ. Wagen; Engl. wagon; from this root are also veho, vexo, etc.], a way, in the most general sense (for men, beasts, or carriages, within or without a city), a highway, road, path, street.

• I Lit.
• • • 1 In gen.: viae latitudo ex lege duodecim tabularum in porrectum octo pedes habet, in anfractum, id est ubi flexum est, sedecim, Dig. 8, 3, 8: Romam in montibus positam et convallibus, non optimis viis, angustissimis semitis, Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96: et modo quae fuerat semita, facta via est, Mart. 7, 61, 4: aut viam aut semitam monstret, Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 30 (214): mi opsistere in viā, id. Curc. 2, 3, 5 (284): ire in viā, Ter. Eun. 495: omnibus viis notis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat, Caes. B. G. 5, 19 (opp. semita), id. ib. 7, 8; Liv. 44, 43, 1; cf.: decedam ego illi de viā, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 80 (481); cf. id. Curc. 2, 3, 8 (287): paulum ad dexteram de viā declinavi, Cic. Fin. 5, 2, 5: decedere viā, Suet. Tib. 31: aestuosa et pulverulenta via, Cic. Att. 5, 14, 1: quā (viā) Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire non poterant, Caes. B. G. 1, 9: cursare huc illuc viā deterrimā, Cic. Att. 9, 9, 2: in viam se dare, to set out on a journey, id. Fam. 14, 12: te neque navigationi neque viae committere, id. ib. 16, 4, 1: tu abi tuam viam, Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 88 (1025): milites monuit, viā omnes irent, nec deverti quemquam paterentur, along the highway, Liv. 25, 9, 4.—In a double sense: ire publicā viā, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 35 (35).—Prov.: qui sibi semitam non sapiunt, alteri monstrant viam, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 358 Vahl.): de viā in semitam degredi, Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 40 (660): totā errare viā, Ter. Eun. 245.—
    • 2 In partic., as the name of a particular street or road: tres ergo viae, a supero mari Flaminia, ab infero Aurelia, media Cassia, Cic. Phil. 12, 9, 22: Via Appia, id. Mil. 6, 15; id. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; cf. Liv. 9, 29, 6; v. Appius: Via Campana, Suet. Aug. 94; v. Campania: Sacra Via, in Rome, in the fourth region, Varr. L. L. 5, § 47 Müll.; Fest. p. 290 ib.; Cic. Planc. 7, 17; Hor. Epod. 4, 7; 7, 8: Via Sacra, id. S. 1, 9, 1; also written as one word, SACRAVIA, Inscr. Grut. 638, 7; 1033, 1; cf. Charis. p. 6 P.; Diom. p. 401 ib. (v. sacer, I. A.); cf. Becker, Antiq. 1, p. 219 sq.— Hence, Sacrăvĭenses, ĭum, m., those dwelling on the Sacra Via, Fest. s. v. October equus, p. 178 Müll.—
  • B Transf.
  • • 1 Abstr., like our way, for march, journey (syn. iter): cum de viā languerem, Cic. Phil. 1, 5, 12: nisi de viā fessus esset, id. Ac. 1, 1, 1: tridui via, a three days’ march or journey, Caes. B. G. 1, 38: bidui, id. ib. 6, 7; Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27: longitudo viae, Liv. 37, 33, 3: flecte viam velis, Verg. A. 5, 28: tum via tuta maris, Ov. M. 11, 747: feci Longa Pherecleā per freta puppe vias, id. H. 16, 22: ne inter vias praeterbitamus, metuo, by the way, on the road, Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 43 (1162); Ter. Eun. 629; Turp. ap. Non. p. 538, 8 et saep.—
    • 2 In gen., a way, passage, channel, pipe, etc.; thus, a lane in a camp, Caes. B. G. 5, 49; a passage between the seats of a theatre, Mart. 5, 14, 8; Tert. Spect. 3; of the veins: omnes ejus (sanguinis) viae, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 137; of the chyle ducts: quaedam a medio intestino usque ad portas jecoris ductae et directae viae, id. ib.; the windpipe, Ov. M. 15, 344; 14, 498; a cleft through which any thing penetrates, Verg. G. 2, 79; cf. Ov. M. 11, 515; the path or track of an arrow, Verg. A. 5, 526; a stripe in a party-colored fabric, Tib. 2, 3, 54 et saep.—
• II Trop.
• • A In gen., a way, method, mode, manner, fashion, etc., of doing any thing, course (cf. modus): vitae, Cic. Fl. 42, 105; id. Agr. 1, 9, 27; id. Sest. 67, 140; Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 26; Sen. Brev. Vit. 9, 5; Lact. Epit. 67, 12: via vivendi, Cic. Off. 1, 32, 118: rectam vitae viam sequi, id. ib.: Socrates hanc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse, id. ib. 2, 12, 43: haec ad aeternam gloriam via est, Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 18: haec una via omnibus ad salutem visa est, Liv. 36, 27, 8: invenire viam ad mortem, Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 12: totidem ad mortem viae sunt, Sen. Contr. 1, 8, 6: cum eum hortarer ut eam laudis viam rectissimam esse duceret, Cic. Brut. 81, 281: haec est una via laudis, id. Sest. 65, 137: totam ignoras viam gloriae, id. Phil. 1, 14, 33: quae tum promptissima mortis via, exsolvit venas, Tac. A. 16, 17: habeo certam viam atque rationem, quā omnes illorum conatus investigare et consequi possim, Cic. Verr. 1, 16, 48: defensionis ratio viaque, id. ib. 2, 5, 1, § 4: non tam justitiae quam litigandi tradunt vias, id. Leg. 1, 6, 18: docendi via, id. Or. 32, 114: optimarum artium vias tradere, id. Div. 2, 1, 1: (di) non ... nullas dant vias nobis ad significationum scientiam, id. ib. 2, 49, 102: rectam instas viam, i. e. you speak correctly, truly, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 41 (56).—Adverb.: rectā viā, directly: ut rectā viā rem narret ordine omnem, Ter. Heaut. 706.—
  • B Pregn. (cf. ratio), the right way, the true method, mode, or manner: ingressu'st viam, i. e. rectam, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 273 (425): in omnibus quae ratione docentur et viā, primum constituendum est, quid quidque sit, etc., rationally and methodically, Cic. Or. 33, 116: ut ratione et viā procedat oratio, id. Fin. 1, 9, 29.—Adverb.: viā, rightly, properly (opp. to wandering out of the way): ipsus eam rem secum reputavit viā, Ter. And. 442: viā et arte dicere, Cic. Brut. 12, 46. —
  • C Viam perficere, i. e. to attain an end, Just. Inst. proöem. 1.

via, ae, f. (altlat. vea, verw. mit eo, ire), der Weg, I) eig.: A) der Raum, auf dem man geht, fährt usw., a) der Weg, die Straße, Fahrstraße, militaris, Heerstraße, Hauptstraße, Cic.: via Appia, Flaminia, s. Appius, Flaminius: via Ostiensis, s. Ōstiēnsisunter Ostia. – via triumphalis, s. triumphālis. – via silici strata, Inscr.: vias sternere silice in urbe, glareā extra urbem substruere marginareque, Liv.: in viam se dare, Cic.: viae se committere, Cic.: ex via excedere, Caes.: so auch de via decedere, Suet.: declinare de via ad dexteram, Cic.: viā ire, auf der Straße = auf geradem Wege gehen, -bleiben, Liv.: dare alci viam, Raum geben, Platz machen, Liv.; aber dare alci viam per fundum, einen Weg erlauben, Cic.: viam facere od. pandere od. aperire, Liv. u.a.: viam inire od. ingredi, Cic., od. insistere, Ter.: signat viam, den Weg, die Bahn (die der Pfeil durchlaufen soll), Verg.: viam reperire non posse, keinen Weg (ins Meer), v. einem Flusse, Verg. – inde in collem aperta undique et conspecta ferebat via, Liv.: via in Persidem ferens, Curt. – Sprichw., qui sibi semitam non sapiunt, alteri monstrant viam, Enn. fr. scen. 321: de via in semitam degredi, Plaut. Cas. 675: totā viā errare, gänzlich irren, Ter. eun. 245. – b) der Weg, die Straße = die Gasse, in der Stadt, transversa, Cic.: sacra, s. sacer. – im Lager, Caes. b.G. 5, 49, 7. – c) derGang, α) im Theater, Mart. 5, 14, 8. Tert. de spect. 3. – β) der Gang od. Kanal im Körper, v. der Speiseröhre, Cic.: v. der Luftröhre, Ov. – γ) die Ritze, Spalte, durch die etwas dringt, Verg. georg. 2, 79. – δ) der Streifen an einem Kleide, Tibull. 2, 3, 54. – B) abstr., der Weg = Gang, die Reise, der Marsch, nocturna, der Nachtmarsch, Liv.: inter vias, unterwegs, Komik. u. Corp. inscr. Lat. 3, 2726, I (aber inter viam bloß schlechte Konjektur Cic. ad Att. 4, 3, 5): in via, Ter.: de via languere, von der Reise, Cic.: viam facere, gehen, reisen, Plaut. u. Ov.: rectā viā, geradeswegs, Ter.: dah. rectā, viā, narrare, gerade heraussagen, Ter.: primā viā, beim Beginn des W. = gleich vom Anfang an, Plaut. mil. 253: unam tibi viam et perpetuam esse vellent, wünschten, daß du nie wiederkämest, Cic. – verb., mare et (atque) viae, viae ac mare, See- u. Landreisen, lassus maris et viarum, Hor. carm. 2, 6, 7: odio maris atque viarum, Hor. ep. 1, 11, 6: taedio viarum ac maris, Tac. ann. 2, 14. – II) bildl.: A) im allg.: vitae via, haec vitae via, Cic. Flacc. 105; de lege agr. 1, 27; Sest. 140 u.a. Hor. ep. 1, 17, 16. Sen. de brev. vit. 9, 5. Lact. epit. 67, 12: via vivendi, Cic. de off. 1, 118: rectam vitae viam sequi, ibid.: via ad gloriam, Cic. de off. 2, 12, 43. – de via (vom geraden Wege der Tugend) decedere, Cic.: redire in viam, Ter., in veram viam, Plaut.: viam aperire potentiae, luxuriae, Eingang verschaffen, Vell.: utor viā, ich gehe die Mittelstraße, Cic. – B) insbes.: 1) der Weg = die Gelegenheit, zu etw. zu gelangen, das Mittel, Mittel und Wege, optimarum artium vias tradere, Cic.: habeo certam viam, Cic.: viam fraudis inire, Liv. – 2) der Weg, Gang = die Methode, Regel, Verfahrungsweise, die Art und Weise, via curandi, medendi, Cels.: patrum, Ter.: aliā aggrediemur viā, Ter.: per omnes vias leti, Liv.: utraque (lex) suā viā it, geht seinen eigenen Gang, Sen. – dah. viā, methodisch, regelmäßig, in gehöriger Ordnung, dicere, Cic.: progredi, Cic.: verb. ratione et viā, Cic.: viā quādam et ratione, Cic. – ➳ Alte Genetivformen: vias, Enn. ann. 441: viai, Enn. ann. 203*. Lucr. 1, 406 u.a.: Dat. Plur. vieis, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 206. lin. 50. 56. 69: Abl. vieis, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 200, 26: vies, Corp. inscr. Lat. 4, 1410. – vulg. Nbf. veha nach Varro r.r. 1, 2, 14.

via [CL] 1 road, pathway. b (quattuor viae) cross-roads. semen quod secus viam cecidit duplici laesura disperiit Bede Luke 430A; quis autem nescit semitam angustiorem esse quam viam? Alcuin Exeg. 565A; pro quo strictior fiat publica via DB I 1rb; et unaqueque civitas tot magistras vias quot magistras portas habet ad theloneum et consuetudines (Leg. Hen. 80. 3b) GAS 596; si quis homo archiepiscopi effodit illam regalem viam quae vadit de civitate ad civitatem Text. Roff. f. 170; caput ipsius ‥ in trivio universalis vie illud positurus ad signum G. Herw. f. 329; 1230 secus viam bigarum CurR XIV 1046; 1243 una via in foresta domini episcopi est estupata per hominem sagriste Dunelmensis AssizeR Durh 46; c1250 abuttant uno capite super viridem viam inter Carton' et Estfeld' Carte Nativ. 3 (cf. ib. 90: 1293 abuttant ‥ super le Greneweye); 1255 dicunt quod ‥ alta via et generalis inter Brehull’ et Pidinton’ ‥ omnino esset astopata (Inq.) Ambrosden I 353; 1263 tres alias vias profitabiles ad burgum de Adgareslep (Pat) EHR XVI 333; 1305 predictum S. extra domum suam traxerunt [et] in vica regia ipsum verberaverunt JustIt 1015 m. 10; 1368 pro injusta via facta ultra ceparale domini Hal. Durh. 72; 1378 communis via ‥ est ruinosa pro defectu obscuracionis fossatorum (CoramR) Pub. Works I 132; 1402 ita quod non sint communes latrones nec derobatores viarum Pat 367 m. 16; invenimus vias mirabiliter tritas per Gallicanum exercitum G. Hen. V 11; ? 1482 via pedestris regis ‥ defecta est CourtR Carshalton 77.  b 12‥ octo vacce capellani cum equo secundum ordinem pascantur per quatuor vias Conc. Scot. II 45. 2 (lactea via) Milky Way. agmine stellarum multo varioque refulget / celestis via que lactea nomen habet Neckam Poems 114. 3 path, way, (esp. inside) passage(way). b channel, duct; c (anat.). fundavit ‥ domum [sc. ecclesiae] columnis variis ‥ suffultam ‥ variis anfractibus viarum aliquando sursum aliquando deorsum per cocleas circumductam Eddi 22; de omnibus consuetudinibus quas exigebat de eis in furnis et molendinis ‥ in viis terrarum et aquarum Act. Hen. II I 114; s1330 per quandam viam subterraneam, clausis januis dicti castri, infra illud sunt ingressi Avesb. f. 78b; 1333 pro xxiiij crat’ emptis pro viis super dicta scaffota faciendis KR Ac 469/12 m. 10.  b 1162 in reparatione cujusdam vie de camera xxx s. Pipe 67; c1228 dicit quod, decem annis elapsis, non fluxit ille aque ductus, modo vellent ducere per aliam viam Feod. Durh. 252.  c sperma ‥ per urinales vias et nucham ad virgam descendit Gilb. VII 283. 2; ysofagus est via cibi in gutture SB 26; trache arteria est via hanelitus SB 42. 4 course, line of travel. b (recta via) by a direct route, straight. repente ductor substitit ‥ gressum retorquens ipsa me qua venimus via reduxit Bede HE V 12; videnda est via per quam discurrunt [sol et luna], que est in zodiaco circulo Walcher Drac. 87; alius ‥ Saturnus fuit extra vias solis, id est zodiaci Bern. Comm. Aen. 124; unde te intromittis? vade vias tuas Latin Stories 35; ut per illam viam peregrini transire cessarent, preeligentes longiorem in circuitu peregrinacionem suscipere V. Ric. II 72.  b recta se via ‥ ad hospicium dirigit matris Enc. Emmae III 10; s1009 venit ‥ exercitus paganorum ad Sanduuic et recta via perrexerunt Cantuareberi AS Chr.; ibis cum tuis recta via ad cellam tuam (Ita 24) VSH II 125. 5 journey, way; b (fig., of earthly life, esp. opp. to patria); c (in var. euphem. expr. for death, via universitatis, via patrum, or sim.; cf. Jos. xxiii 14). d (per viam) along the way, en route. e (media via) half-way. f (in via, w. gen.) on the way. de monachis in viam directis hunc morem coenobia illa tenent Lanfr. Const. 162; 1156 omnes peregrini et quicunque ad orationem vel mercatum ‥ venerint ‥ in tota via ‥ sint securi Act. Hen. II I 120; 1407 viam arripuit in portum cui nomen Sandeford imponitur Lit. Cant. III 100.  b in via, ubi tanta varietas, tanta diversitas et adversitas, tanta distractio ‥ est H. Bos. LM 1348A; qui sanctis suis virtutem prestat in via, et premia largitur in patria Grim Thom. app. 452; 1301 queritur utrum ultima perfeccio anime humane sit causata effective ab anima, sive in via sive in patria Quaest. Ox. 351; sed habebunt visionem certissimam in clarissimo Dei verbo sicut et Christus habuit hic in via Bradw. CD 777D.  c in viam patrum exiit exspectans diem Domini in judicio venturo Eddi 15; eodem anno beatae memoriae Marinus papa universitatis viam migravit Asser Alf. 71; sic eodem momento viam universae nationis Domino ducente incedam B. V. Dunst. 11; s1161 Theobaldus ‥ plenus dierum decretam universe carnis ingreditur viam H. Bos. Thom. III 1.  d leo ‥ per viam eis obvians familiaris et obsequiosus die nocte eis fuit usque in Egyptum Eul. Hist. I 74; 1392 pro herburgagio per viam ‥ per x dies, eundo, morando, et redeundo Ac. H. Derby 175.  e 1238 ad locum qui vocatur F., sc. media via inter H. et S. CurR XVI 148M.  f in predicta prisona ‥ remanent, sunt in via gravis desperacionis et perdicionis vite eorum BBAdm I 253; circa perquisicionem possessionis ‥ dicti jocalis, cum sepius fuerat, propter deposicionis incuria, in via deperdicionis Reg. Whet. I 468. 6 opportunity or possibility of going, passage, access, way, (esp. libera via) right of way or passage. eos in carcere mittebat. ‥ et ille rex respondit ‥ ‘da eis viam et sine illos abire’ Hugeb. Will. 4 p. 95; c1202 liberam viam eundi et redeundi pacifice ab abbacia usque ad aquam de B. Ch. Chester 330; c1220 cum libera via antiqua et consueta versus molendinum predictum Reg. Ant. Linc. IV 78; 1230 preterea concessi eisdem liberam viam ultra pasturam meam Ambrosden I 294; 1420 et hospitali S. Leonardi pro licentia vie ad pistrinam in Usegate in Ebor’ ij s. Ac. Durh. 407 (cf. ib. 709: 1428 elemosinario pro waylefe, vj s. viij d.); 1436 tenetur episcopus dare eis unam viam que dicitur Lonynge per quam possent ire ad magnam moram Reg. Brechin I 84. 7 (fig. or in fig. context) path, way, route (esp. w. ref. to spec. end); b (via veritatis, pacis, justitiae, or sim., w. ref. to conduct or way of life of spec. character). difficulter posse sublimitatem animi regalis ad humilitatem viae salutaris ‥ inclinari Bede HE II 12 p. 107; c798 per apostolicae doctrinae publicam pergite stratam, nec per diverticula cujuslibet novitatis ‥ a via regia declinate Alcuin Ep. 137 p. 211; fertur tunicam induisse ‥ arctam et arduam viam que ducit ad vitam ita agressa est V. Fridesw. B 4; Hugo et illius antecessores ‥ artam vite viam tenuerunt et per eandem ‥ discipulos ad Christum perducere moliti sunt Ord. Vit. XIII 13 p. 30; c1165 genus hominum ‥ quibus vestra discretio omnem salutis viam querebatur esse preclusam J. Sal. Ep. 166 (140 p. 24); quesierat iste Paulinus an esset via in scripturarum intelligenciam Gros. Hexaem. proem. 1; Abraham ‥ primus omnium manifeste in veram theosophiam viam invenit Ps.-Gros. Summa 275.  b Brettones confitentur ‥ intellexisse se veram esse viam justitiae quam praedicaret Augustinus Bede HE II 2 p. 82; multos ‥ praedicando ad viam veritatis perduxit Ib. V 11 p. 302; anima ‥ puram veritatem respuat et falsitatis viam intendat J. Blund An. 323; c1236 fratrum minorum conversatio est populi cum quo habitant ‥ ad currendum ‥ in viam pacis ‥ stimulatio et propulsio Gros. Ep. 34; 1264 si qua eciam via pacis alia brevior nobis et regno nostro magis idonea possit inveniri, nos et barones nostri ‥ illam proponimus imitari Cl 386; c1323 in aliquam viam pacis concordabunt Lit. Cant. I 109; 1377 ne ‥ via concordie ‥ diucius deferatur FormOx 381; s1459 ubi cito transgressio remittitur ‥ ne proniores ‥ sint isti ‥ ad recidivum, servet princeps planam viam justicie Reg. Whet. I 347. 8 (of Christ) the Way (Joh. xiv 6). 1504 ad te qui via, veritas, et vita es StatOx 313. 9 method, way (of doing something, proceeding, or sim.), (also) opportunity. b (via facti) ‘voie de fait’, violence. c (via, per viam, or sim., w. gen. or adj.) by way (of), by means (of). d (viis et modis) by (all) ways and means (also leg. as sb., w. ref. to kind of summons). e (omnibus viis, omni via) by every means, in every way. solet aliquotiens in scripturis ordo verborum causa decoris aliter quam vulgaris via dicendi habet figuratus inveniri Bede ST 142; omnis tibi via negandi precluditur, et confiteri necesse est P. Blois Serm. 770B; opponantur lux et tenebra ‥ non secundum viam contrariorum J. Blund An. 128; 1280 si aliquis cum ‥ muliere contractus fuerit et ‥ mulier jus ‥ et seisinam ‥ in manus domini reddiderit et ille qui cum ea contractus est illud jus et seisinam de manu domini receperit, precluditur via in perpetuum quibuscunque heredibus ‥ mulieris SelPlMan 29; 1289 supplicavi regi ut, circumspecta via appellacionis ‥ filio meo ‥ dignaretur ‥ subvenire RGasc II 294a; 1293 exceptis duobus fratribus tantum ‥ quibus via scrutinii videbatur magis expedire DCCant. Register/Q f. 15b; innata est nobis via cognicionis procedendo a communioribus ad minus communia T. Sutton Gen. & Corrupt. 50; consequens falsum, sicut probabo quinque vel sex viis ‥ prima via est talis ‥ Duns Ord. VII 395; non apparet via ad probandum distinccionem specificam inter actus credendi, opinandi, et sciendi Ockham Quodl. 483; sit consiliarius assidue inquisitivus et interrogativus viarum et modorum quibus est contra papam hereticum procedendum Id. Dial. 738; questio: ‥ respondeo: prima via questionis abolenda est Hauboys 248; 1446 omnia bona ‥ adipiscenda quacunque via ac titulo, viz. hereditario, adventicio, provecticio (Indent.) MunAcOx 554; excogitare ‥ vias, modos, et media quibus posset eum depellere Reg. Whet. I 148; 1484 via compromissi est bona et brevis Reg. Aberbr. II 209.  b 1521 omnia facta guerre, inimicitie et vie facti cessabunt Foed. XIII 746.  c theologus habet inquirere qua via contingat animam mereri J. Blund An. 22; per viam districcionis ‥ precedere provocamur Leg. Ant. Lond. 138; propter calorem qui generatur via rarefactionis. sed ‥ alia infinita non generantur per rarefactionem Bacon Tert. 163; quicquid enim mali cuicumque a Deo acciderit est ad sui bonum vel commodum per viam purgacionis, per viam meriti augmentacionis, per viam magis mali precavicionis aut per viam pulchre punicionis Wycl. Mand. Div. 393; 1479 soluta pro quodam regaldo dato uni ministrallo ‥ via elemosinaria causa ejus paupertatis et etatis Med. Stage II 251.  d 1334 volentes viis et modis quibus poterimus ‥ remedium opponere oportunum RScot 295b; rex ‥ omnia mandata apostolica viis et modis renuens Eul. Hist. III 93; 1583 citationem quam vocant ‘viis et modis’ sigillo vicecancellarii obsignatam StatOx 428.  e notifico ‥ ad remissionem peccatorum meorum ‥ ut pascatis omni via [AS: ealle wega] pauperem unum Anglicum indigentem, si sit ibi, vel alium inveniatis (Quad.) GAS 148; viis omnibus oportuit tam dominum regem quam ceteros in loco eodem pernoctare Ad. Mur. Chr. 167; omnibus viis ac modis sibi possibilibus Elmh. Cant. 207. 10 (pl.) way of life, manners, habits, ways. miseram animam exalavit, viarum suarum fructus recepturus Flor. Hist. II 266; utinam cito gentes ille Francorum ‥ ab injusticiis et viis suis pessimis ‥ resileant G. Hen. V 14.

vĭa (6) (primit^t vea), æ, f. , ¶ 1 chemin, route, voie : æstuosa et pulverulenta via iter conficere Cic. Att. 5, 14, 1, voyager par une route brûlante et poudreuse ; via, qua Assoro itur Hennam Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 96, route par laquelle on va dʼAssore à Henna (qui mène...), cf. Cæs. G. 1, 9 ; in viam se dare Cic. Fam. 14, 12 ; viæ se committere Cic. Fam. 16, 4, 1, se mettre en route, se risquer à faire route || via, grande route, bonne route, oppos. à semita, sentier : Enn. d. Cic. Div. 1, 132 ; Pl. Cas. 557 ; Cæs. G. 5, 19 || [fig.] tota via errare Ter. Eun. 245, se tromper totalement ; in viam redire Cic. Phil. 12, 7, revenir dans la bonne route ¶ 2 voie, rue : via Flaminia, Aurelia, Cassia Cic. Phil. 12, 22, voie Flaminia, Aurélia, Cassia ; Appia via Cic. Mil. 15, voie Appienne ; Sacra via Cic. Planc. 17, voie Sacrée [à Rome], cf. Varro L. 5, 47 ; Fest. 290 [et qqf. Sacravia Diom. 436, 17, dʼoù Sacravienses, habitants de la voie Sacrée] ¶ 3 route, voyage, trajet, course : de via languere Cic. Phil. 1, 12, être fatigué du voyage, cf. Cic. Ac. 1, 1 ; bidui, tridui via Cæs. G. 6, 7 ; 1, 38, deux jours, trois jours de marche ; via maris Ov. M. 11, 747, voyage par mer : tamquam longam aliquam viam confeceris Cic. CM 6, comme si tu avais achevé qq. longue route || inter vias Pl. Aul. 371 ; Pœn. 1159 ; Ter. Eun. 629, en chemin ¶ 4 passage, conduit, canal : Cic. Nat. 2, 137 ; Ov. M. 15, 344 ¶ 5 [fig.] a) voie, genre, méthode : via exercitationis Cic. de Or. 1, 14, une méthode dʼexercice pratique ; via vivendi Cic. Off. 1, 118, un genre de vie, cf. Cic. Off. 2, 43 ; b) moyen, procédé, méthode : via laudis Cic. Br. 281, route pour arriver à la gloire, cf. Cic. Sest. 137 ; Phil. 1, 33 ; quæ res duplicem habent dicendi viam Cic. Or. 114, ces matières comportent deux méthodes ; litigandi viæ Cic. Leg. 1, 18, les voies et moyens pour chicaner ; c) joint à ratio : in omnibus quæ ratione docentur et via Cic. Or. 116, dans toutes les questions qui sʼenseignent rationnellement et méthodiquement, cf. Cic. Fin. 1, 29 || via et arte Cic. Br. 46, méthodiquement et théoriquement.

➳ vea ou veha Varro R. 1, 2, 14 || gén. vias Enn. Ann. 441 ; viai Enn. Ann. 203 ; Lucr. 1, 406, etc. || dat.-abl. pl. vieis CIL 1, 593, 50 ; 56 ; 69.

via , ae. f.
路。道路。街。階平處。行路。溝。何從。言次序。— publica vel militaris vel praetoria vel consularis 官路。大道。— trita vel tritissima 熟路。明路。— celebris vel copiosa 大路。通衝。— recta 直路。— deterrima vel inepta 不好路。— diflicilis vel ardua 難行之道。— difficilis clivis 難上之坡路。— inexplicabilis continuis imbribus 陰雨泥濘之路。— inextricabilis 汙泥之路。— facilis vel mollis 平路。— aperta simplex et directa 明直道。Viam inire vel invadere vel corripere 速行。速起程。Viam silice sternere vel consternere vel munire 修路。鋪石板。Multorum dierum viam progredi 行多日之路。In viam ingredi vel in viam se dare vel viae se committere 起程。就道。Viam facere 行路。修路。開路。Via errare vel deerrare vel de via declinare 失路。De via decedere 讓路。離路。迷道。Eum de via deducere vel eum recta via depellere 引錯路。Eum in viam deducere vel inducere 引導回本路。Eamem viam insistere 同走一條路。Insistere viam agendi hoc 找行此之法。Viae celebrantur 此路人往來不斷。Inter vias 路上。行次。Abi tacitus viam tuam 不言而行汝路。

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via ae (old viāī, Enn. ap. C.), f

• VAG-, a way, highway, road, path, street: Roma, non optimis viis: ire in viā, T.: omnibus viis notis essedarios emittebat, Cs.: via, quā Assoro itur Hennam: viā ire, by the highway, L.: tres ergo viae, a supero mari Flaminia, ab infero Aurelia, media Cassia: Via Sacra, H.: castra angustiis viarum contrahit, etc., i. e. of the passages(between the tents), Cs.—Prov.: qui sibi semitam non sapiunt alteri monstrant viam, Enn. ap. C.: totā errare viā, T.— A way, passage, channel, pipe, entrance: omnes eius (sanguinis) viae, i. e. veins: a medio intestino usque ad portas iecoris ductae viae, ducts: Spirandi viae, the windpipe, O.: Finditur in solidum cuneis via, a cleft, V.: harundo Signavit viam flammis, its path, V.—A way, march, journey: in viam se dare: tridui, a three days' journey, Cs.: longitudo viae, L.: Flecte viam velis, V.: lassus maris et viarum, H.: inter vias, on the road, T.—Fig., a way, method, mode, manner, fashion, course: ut rectā viā rem narret, i. e. directly, T.: vitae via conversa, H.: rectam vitae viam sequi: haec una via omnibus ad salutem visa est, L.: gloriae: (di) non . . . nullas dant vias nobis ad significationum scientiam.—Abl, by the right way, in the proper manner, correctly, unerringly, properly: in omnibus quae ratione docentur et viā, primum, etc.: ipsus secum eam rem reputavit viā, T.: viā et arte dicere.

Via

(ὁδός). A road. The earliest roads in Greece were the sacred ways, which led to the most important religious centres, where national festivals were celebrated, such festivals also serving the purpose of public markets or fairs. In general, the Greeks set a high value on well-levelled roads, which made travelling easy; but, in the best days of Greece, only unpaved roads were known, paved roads being of comparatively late origin.

The finest work in ancient road-making was that done by the Romans, who, mainly for military purposes, connected Rome with her newly acquired provinces by means of high-roads. They laid out their roads as far as possible in straight lines. The nature of the ground was almost entirely disregarded; where mountains intervened they were broken through, and interposing streams and valleys were spanned with bridges and viaducts.

The first Roman high-road, which, even in its present condition, is worthy of admiration, was the Via Appia, so called after the censor Appius Claudius, who constructed it. It was made in B.C. 312 to join Rome to Capua, and was afterwards continued as far as Brundisium. This “queen of roads,” regina viarum (Stat. Silv. ii. 2, 12), was a stone causeway, constructed, according to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily pass each other. The surface was paved with polygonal blocks of hard stone, generally basalt, fitted closely together, and so laid down that the middle of the road was at a higher level than the sides, to allow the rain-water to run off. According to a subsequent method, the Roman roads first received a foundation of rubble or breccia, on which rested a layer of flat stones eight inches thick; above this was an equally thick layer of stones set in lime, which was covered by another layer of rubble about three inches deep. Above the rubble was laid down the pavement proper, consisting of either hard stone (silex) or else irregular blocks of basaltic lava.

In the time of the emperor Hadrian, the cost of constructing such a road amounted to $4500 per Roman mile (about 4/5 English mile). From the end of the second century B.C. posts set up at a distance of 1000 paces from each other served to measure distances. See miliarium.

The making and maintenance of the roads in Italy were provided for at the expense of the aerarium, or State treasury. During the republican age the roads were under the supervision of the censors. From the time of Augustus they were under imperial officials entitled curatores viarum. In the provinces, in general, the cost of the military roads, and indeed of all public works, was defrayed out of the provincial taxes. In the imperial provinces soldiers were also frequently employed in constructing roads. In a few cases toll was levied by special imperial permission. The following list of the great Roman roads that issued directly from the capital will be convenient for reference:

I. The Via Appia, the Great South Road. It was in perfect repair when Procopius wrote, long after the devastating inroads of the northern barbariaus; and even to this day the cuttings through hills and masses of solid rock, the filling up of hollows, the bridging of ravines, the substructions to lessen the rapidity of steep descents, and the embankments over swamps, demonstrate the vast sums and the prodigious labour that must have been lavished on its construction. It issued from the Porta Capena, and, passing through Aricia, Tres Tabernae, Appii Forum, Tarracina, Fundi, Formiae, Minturnae, Sinuessa, and Casilinum, terminated at Capua, but was eventually extended through Calatia and Caudium to Beneventum, and finally from thence through Venusia, Tarentum, and Uria, to Brundisium.

The ramifications of the Via Appia most worthy of notice are:

(a) The Via Setīna, which connected it with Setia.

(b) The Via Domitiāna struck off at Sinuessa, and, keeping close to the shore, passed through Liternum, Cumae, Puteoli, Neapolis, Herculaneum, Oplonti, Pompeii, and Stabiae to Surrentum, making the complete circuit of the Bay of Naples.

(c) The Via Campāna or Consulāris, from Capua to Cumae, sending off a branch to Puteoli, and another through Atella to Neapolis.

(d) The Via Aquillia began at Capua, and ran south through Nola and Nuceria to Salernum; from thence, after sending off a branch to Paestum, it took a wide sweep inland through Eburi and the region of the Mons Alburnus up the valley of the Tanager; it then struck south through the very heart of Lucania and Bruttium, and, passing Nerulum, Interamnia, and Consentia, returned to the sea at Vibo, and thence through Medma to Rhegium. This road sent off a branch near the sources of the Tanager, which ran down to the sea at Blanda or the Laus Sinus, and then continued along the whole line of the Bruttian coast through Laus and Terina to Vibo, where it joined the main stem.

(e) The Via Egnatia began at Beneventum, struck north through the country of the Hirpini to Equus Tuticus, entered Apulia at Aecae, and, passing through Herdonia, Canusium, and Rubi, reached the Adriatic at Barium, and followed the coast through Egnatia to Brundisium.

(f) The Via Traiāna began at Venusia and ran in a nearly straight line across Lucania to Heraclea on the Sinus Tarentinus; thence following, southward, the line of the east coast, it passed through Thurii, Crotona, and Scyllacium, and completed the circuit of Bruttium by meeting the Via Aquillia at Rhegium.

(g) A Via Minucia is mentioned by Cicero, and a Via Numicia by Horace, both of which seem to have passed through Samnium from north to south, connecting the Valerian and Aquillian, and cutting the Appian and Latin Ways. Their course is unknown. Some believe them to be one and the same.

II. The Via Latīna, another great line leading to Beneventum, but keeping a course farther inland than the Via Appia. Soon after leaving the city, it sent off a short branch (Via Tusculāna) to Tusculum, and, passing through Compitum Anagninum, Ferentium, Frusino, Fregellae, Fabrateria, Aquinum, Casinum, Venafrum, Teanum, Allifae, and Telesia, joined the Via Appia at Beneventum.

A cross-road, called the Via Hadriāna, running from Minturnae through Suessa Aurunca to Teanum, connected the Via Appia with the Via Latina.

III. From the Porta Esquilina issued the Via Labicāna, which, passing Labicum, fell into the Via Latina at the station ad Bivium, thirty miles from Rome.

IV. The Via Praenestīna, originally the Via Gabīna, issued from the same gate with the former. Passing through Gabii and Praenesté, it joined the Via Latina just below Anagnia.

V. Passing over the Via Collatīna as of little importance, we find the Via Tiburtīna, which issued from the Porta Tiburtina, and, proceeding northeast to Tibur, a distance of about twenty miles, was continued from thence, in the same direction, under the name of the Via Valeria, and, traversing the country of the Sabines, passed through Carseoli and Corfinium to Aternum on the Adriatic, thence to Adria, and so along the coast to Castrum Truentinum, where it fell into the Via Salaria.

A branch of the Via Valeria led to Sublaqueum, and was called Via Sublacensis. Another branch extended from Adria along the coast southward through the country of Frentani to Larinum, being called, as some suppose, Via Frentāna Apŭla.

VI. The Via Nomentāna, anciently Ficulnensis, ran from the Porta Collina, crossed the Anio to Nomentum, and, a little beyond, fell into the Via Salaria at Eretum.

VII. The Via Salaria, also from the Porta Collina (passing Fidenae and Crustumerium), ran north and east through Sabinum and Picenum to Reaté and Asculum Picenum. At Castrum Truentinum it reached the coast, which it followed until it joined the Via Flaminia at Ancona.

VIII. Next comes the Via Flaminia, the Great North Road, commenced in the censorship of C. Flaminius, and carried ultimately to Ariminum. It issued from the Porta Flaminia, and proceeded nearly north to Ocriculum and Narnia in Umbria. Here a branch struck off, making a sweep to the east through Interamna and Speletium, and fell again into the main trunk (which passed through Mevania) at Fulginia. It continued through Fanum Flaminii and Nuceria, where it again divided, one line running nearly straight to Fanum Fortunae on the Adriatic, while the other, diverging to Ancona, continued from thence along the coast to Fanum Fortunae, where the two branches, uniting, passed on to Ariminum through Pisaurum. From thence the Via Flaminia was extended under the name of the Via Aemilia, and traversed the heart of Cisalpine Gaul through Bononia, Mutina, Parma, Placentia (where it crossed the Po), to Mediolanum. From this point branches were sent off through Bergomum, Brixia, Verona, Vicentia, Patavium, and Aquileia to Tergesté on the east, and through Novaria, Vercelli, Eporedia, and Augusta Praetoria to the Alpis Graia on the west, besides another branch in the same direction through Ticinum and Industria to Augusta Taurinorum. Nor must we omit the Via Postumia, which struck from Verona right down across the Apennines to Genoa, passing through Mantua and Cremona, crossing the Po at Placentia, and so through Iria, Dertona, and Libarna, sending off a branch from Dertona to Asta.

Of the roads leading out of the Via Flaminia in the immediate vicinity of Rome, the most important is the Via Cassia, which, diverging near the Pons Mulvius, and passing not far from Veii, traversed Etruria through Baccanae, Sutrium, Vulsinii, Clusium, Arretium, Florentia, Pistoria, and Luca, joining the Via Aurelia at Luna.

(a) The Via Amerīna broke off from the Via Cassia near Baccanae, and held north through Falerii, Tuder, and Perusia, reuniting itself with the Via Cassia at Clusium.

(b) Not far from the Pons Mulvius the Via Clodia separated from the Via Cassia, and, proceeding to Sabaté on the Lacus Sabatinus, there divided into two, the principal branch passing through central Etruria to Rusellae, and thence due north to Florentia, the other passing through Tarquinii, and then falling into the Via Aurelia.

(c) Beyond Baccanae the Via Cimīna branched off, crossing the Mons Ciminus, and rejoining the Via Cassia near Fanum Voltumnae.

IX. The Via Aurelia, the Great Coast Road, issued originally from the Porta Ianiculensis, and subsequently from the Porta Aurelia. It reached the coast at Alsium, and followed the shore of the lower sea, along Etruria and Liguria, by Genua, as far as Forum Iulii in Gaul. In the first instance it extended no farther than Pisa.

X. The Via Portuensis kept the right bank of the Tiber to Portus Augusti.

XI. The Via Ostiensis originally passed through the Porta Trigemina, afterwards through the Porta Ostiensis, and kept the left bank of the Tiber to Ostia. From thence it was continued, under the name of Via Severiāna, along the coast southward through Laurentum, Antium, and Circaei, till it joined the Via Appia at Tarracina. The Via Laurentīna, leading direct to Laurentum, seems to have branched off from the Via Ostiensis at a short distance from Rome.

XII. Lastly, the Via Ardeatīna, from Rome to Ardea. According to some, this branched off from the Via Appia.

Travelling on the public roads was facilitated by the establishment of (a) mutationes (ἀλλαγαί) or posting-houses, where horses were changed and vehicles were obtainable if required; and (b) mansiones (καταλύσεις), stations, caravansaries, or resting-places, where the journey could be conveniently broken. The towns and places where a halt on one ground or the other could be made are frequently detailed in the Antonine Itinerary. See cursus publicus; itineraria.

The following illustration of a part of the Via Stabiana at Pompeii shows four stepping-stones. They are to be found in nearly every street in the town, whatever its breadth. The narrower streets are practically blocked by single large stones in their centres; the broader streets are crossed by rows, containing from two to five stones. Their shape is, generally, a flat-topped oval: larger and smaller stones lying side by side. They measure, very commonly, about three feet by eighteen inches, and have their longer axis parallel to the footway on either side of the street. The height of the footway ranges from twelve to eighteen inches above the carriage-way, and the particular height is, in most cases, that of the stepping-stones also. The surface of the street being elliptical, the stone on the centre stands slightly higher than those at the sides. Many streets are marked with wheel-ruts, some of them deeply cut. They are found both in the interstices between the steppingstones and elsewhere. The distance from rut to rut measures, as a rule, one yard, which was, accordingly, the gauge of the ordinary vehicles. Some special consideration of these stepping-stones is desirable.

Until the reign of Septimius Severus (A.D. 193- 211) riding and driving, both in Rome and in the provincial towns, were closely restricted, and at times forbidden, by law (C. I. L. i. 206; Marquardt, Privatleben, ii. 727-738). Claudius (A.D. 41-54) forbade travellers to drive in carriages through provincial towns (Sueton. Claud. c. 25). Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180) again forbade riding and driving in provincial towns. Under Severus carriages, in Rome at least, seem to have been more commonly used (Dio Cass. lxiv. 4).

Thus, the street-traffic of the ordinary Roman provincial town seems to have resembled that of the Tangier or Tetuan of to-day. Heavy burdens were carried on the backs of horses, mules, or cattle. Walking was the rule, riding on horseback or in a litter was the exception, driving almost unknown. Before the date of the edict of Claudius, and perhaps later, the law was probably indulgent to towns such as Baiae and Pompeii. Thither came the “carriage-company” of Rome to seek health and spend money. In the case of Pompeii carriages and horses were, beyond a doubt, confined to certain streets. An extant inscription shows that the station of the cisiarii was not even within the town walls. (See cisium.) Other streets were always reserved for foot-passengers, and possibly for litters. Others, again, once open to all traffic, and still bearing the marks of wheels, were afterwards closed to all but foot-passengers by huge steppingstones or iron gratings.

The deep ruts already mentioned were the natural result of confining the traffic to a few streets. None of these were broad enough to allow of any considerable variation of the track, even had the fixed stepping-stones presented no additional difficulty. Moreover, there is evidence that some of the existing pavements bore traffic for at least 120 years. It is not surprising that even a small amount of wheeled traffic, unrelieved by the use of springs, and acting on the same stones for so many years, should have left deep traces behind.

The reasons for the erection of very large stepping-stones were, no doubt, at once local and practical. Pompeii occupies the summit and slopes of a small hill. Hence the lower streets, according to the drainage level of the ground, received the rain-water and refuse of the upper. In times of heavy rain the lower streets must have flowed like a torrent. No sewerage-system could have at once mastered the downward rush of the water. Indeed a similar sight may now be witnessed, during the winter rains, in the heavily paved streets of Florence, where stepping-stones of the largest size would not be out of place. At Pompeii, where the lie of the ground, together with the close-set stone surface and sides of the streets, provided a ready-made watercourse, sidewalks of substantial height were absolutely necessary to foot-passengers. The means of crossing from one sidewalk to another, in any weather, were therefore naturally provided by stepping-stones of corresponding size.

See Bergier, Histoire des Grands Chemins de l'Empire Romain (Brussels, 1736); Burn, Rome and the Campagna (London, 1870); and Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome (1892).