Paulinus

Paulīnus (Paull-), a, um, v. 2. Paulus, B.

Paulīnus (11) (Paull-), ī, m. , surnom ; not^t Pompeius Paulinus, général des armées romaines en Germanie, sous Néron : Tac. Ann. 13, 53 || C. Suetonius Paulinus, v. Suetonius || Valerius Paulinus, général sous Vespasien : Tac. H. 3, 42.

Pauli'nus

(Παυλῖνος,) literary.

1. Of Antioch (1), better known as Paulinus of Tyre [No. 9.]

Pauli'nus

2. Of Antioch (2). Paulinus was ordained presbyter by Eustathius, bishop of Antioch [EUSTATHIUS], and was a leader among the Eustathian party in that city. When Athanasius, after his return from exile on the death of the emperor Constantius II. and the murder of George of Cappadocia, the Arian patriarch [Georgius, No. 7], assembled a council at Alexandria, Paulinus sent two deacons, Maximus and Calimerus, to take part in its deliberation. He was shortly after ordained by the hasty and impetuous Lucifer of Cagliari [Lucifer bishop of the Eustathians at Antioch; a step unwarrantable and mischievous, as it prolonged the schism in the orthodox party, which would otherwise probably have been soon healed. His ordination took place in A. D. 362. He was held, according to Socrates (H. E. 4.2) and Sozomen (H. E. 6.7), in such respect by the Arian emperor Valens as to be allowed to remain when his competitor Meletius [Meletius] was banished. Possibly, however, the smallness of his party, which seems to have occupied only one small church (Socrat. H. E. 3.99; Sozom. 5.13), rendered him less obnoxious to the Arians, and they may have wished to perpetuate the division of the orthodox by exciting jealousy. Paulinus's refusal of the proposal of Meletius to put an end to the schism is mentioned elsewhere [Meletius, No. 1]; but he at length consented that whichever of them died first, the survivor should be recognized by both parties. On the death of Meletius, however (A. D. 381), this agreement was not observed by his party, and the election of Flavian [Flavianus, No. 1] disappointed the hopes of Paulinus, and embittered the schism still more. In A. D. 382 Paulinus was present at a council of the Western Church, which had all along recognised his title, and now ardently supported his cause; but the Oriental churches generally recognised Flavian, who was de facto bishop of Antioch. Paulinus died A. D. 388 or 389. His partizans chose Evagrius to succeed him [Evagrius, No. 1]. A confession of faith by Paulinus is preserved by Athanasius and Epiphanius in the works cited below. (Epiphanius, Haeres. 77.21, ed. Petavii; Socrates, H. E. 3.6, 9, 4.2, 5.5, 9, 15; Sozomen, H. E. 5.12, 13, 6.7, 7.3, 10, 11, 15; Theodoret, H. E. 3.5, 5.3, 23; Athanasius, Concil. Alexaradrin. Epistol. seu Tomus ad Antiochenses, 100.9; Hieron. Epistol. ad Eustoch. No. 27, edit. vett., 86, ed. Benedict., 108.6, ed. Vallars.; In Rufin. lib. 3.22; Chronicon, ed. Vallars.; Theophan. Chronog. pp. 47, 57, 59, ed. Paris, pp. 37, 45, 47, ed. Venice, pp. 85, 104, 109, ed. Bonn; Le Quien, Oriens Christian. vol. ii. col. 715; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. viii.; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. ix. p. 314.)

Pauli'nus

3. Of Biterrae or Baeterrae (the modern Beziers), in Gaul, of which city he was bishop about A.D. 420. Works Acta S. Genesii notarii Arelatensis

Some have thought that the Acta S. Genesii notarii Arelatensis are to be ascribed to this Paulinus rather than to Paulinus of Nola, under whose name they have been commonly published. Encyclical Letter

Paulinus of Biterrae wrote an encyclical letter, giving an account of several alarming portents which had occurred at Biterrae. This letter is lost. Oudin has mistakenly said that it is cited in the Annales of Baronius. Other works

Possibly Paulinus of Biterrae is the Pautlinus to whom Gennadius (De Viris Illustribus, 100.68) ascribes several Tractatus de Initio Quadragesimae, &c.

Idatius, Chron. ad ann. xxv. Arcad. et Honor.; Miraeus, Auctar. de Scriptorib. Eccles. 100.63; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. v. p. 569; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 410, vol. i. p. 389; Oudin, De Scriptorib. Eccles. vol. i. col. 923; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ix. p. 315, Biblioth. Med. et Infim. Latinit. vol. v. p. 205, ed. Mansi; Acta Sancetor. Aug. vol. v. p. 123, &c.; Gallia Christiana, vol. vi. col. 295, ed. Paris, 1739; Histoire Litt. de la France, vol. ii. p. 131.

Pauli'nus

4. Meropius Pontius Anicius Paulinus. [See below].

Pauli'nus

5. Of Mediolanum or Milan. [See below.]

Pauli'nus

6. Of NOLA. [See below.]

Pauli'nus

7. Of Pella or Poenitens, the Penitent. A full account of the author may be gathered from his poem Eucharisticon de Vita Sua, which is in hexameters, not, as has been incorrectly stated, in elegiac verse. He was the son of Hesperius, proconsul of Africa, who was the son of the poet Ausonius. [Ausonius>; Hesperius.] He was born in A. D. 376, at Pella in Macedonia; and after being at Carthage, where he remained a year and a half during his father's proconsulship, he was taken at three years of age to Bourdeaux, where he appears to have been ediucated. An illness at the age of fifteen interrupted his studies, and the indulgence of his parents allowed him to pursue a life of ease and pleasure, in the midst of which, however, he kept up a regard to appearances. At the age of twenty he married a lady of ancient family, and of some property. At thirty he lost his father, whose death was followed by a dispute between Paulinus and his brother, who wished to invalidate his father's will to deprive his mother of her dowry. In A. D. 414 he joined Attalus, who attempted to resume the purple in Gaul under the patronage of the Gothic prince Ataulphus [Ataulphus; Attalus], and from whom he accepted the title of Comes Rerum Privatarum, thinking thus to be secure from the hostiiity of the Goths. He was, however, disappointed. The city where he resided (apparently Bourdeaux) was taken, and his house plundered; and he was again in danger when Vasates (Bazas), to which he had retired, was besieged by the Goths and Alans. He proposed now to retire to Greece, where his mother had good estates, but his wife could not make up her mind to go. He then thought of becoming a monk, but his friends diverted him from this Plan. Misfortunes now thickened about him; he lost his mother, his mother-in-law, and his wife; his very children forsook him, with the exception of one, who was a priest, and who died soon after suddenly. His estates in Greece yielded him no revenue; and he retired to Massilia (Marseille), where he hired and farmed some land, but this resource failed him, and alone, destitute and in debt, he was reduced to live on the charity of others. During his residence at Massilia, he became acquainted with many religious persons, and their conversation combined with his sorrows and disappointments to impress his mind deeply with religious sentiments. He was baptized in A. D. 422, in his forty-sixth year, and lived at least till his eighty-fourth year (A. D. 460), when he wrote his poem. Some have supposed, but without good reason, that he is the Benedictus Paulinus to whose questions of various points of theology and ethics Faustus Reiensis wrote an answer. [Faustus Reiensis.] Works Eucharisticon de Vita Sua Editions

A poem entitled Eucharisticon de Vita Sua, by a writer of the name of Paulinus, has been twice published. It appeared among the poems of Paulinus of Nola [see below] in the Appendix to the first edition of De la Bigne's Bibliotheca Patrum, which Appendix was published, fol. Paris, 1579, but was omitted in the following editions of the Bibliotheca, whether published at Paris, Cologne, or Lyon, and also in the Bibliotheca of Galland. It was again printed by Christianus Daumius, with the works of Paulinus Petrocorius [Petrocorius], 8vo, Leipzig, 1686. Further Information

Our authority for this article is the Histoire Littéraire de la France, vol. ii. p. 343, &c, 461, &c., not having been able to get sight of the poem itself, which is very rare. See also Fabric. Bililioth. Med. et Infim. Latinit. vol. v. p. 206, ed. Mansi; and Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 290, in his article on Paulinus Nolanus.

Pauli'nus

8. Petrocorius. [Petrocorius.]

Pauli'nus

9. Of Tyre. Paulinus, bishop of Tyre, was the contemporary and friend of Eusebius of Caesareia, who addressed to him the tenth book of his Historia Ecclesiastica. Paulinus is conjectured, from an obscure intimation in Eusebius, to have been a native of Antioch (Euseb. Contra Marcel. Ancyr. 1.4). He was bishop of Tyre, and the restorer of the church there after it had been destroyed by the heathens in the persecution under Diocletian and his successors. This restoration took place after the death of Maximin Daza [Maximinus II.] in A. D. 313, consequently Paulinus must have obtained his bishopric before that time. On the dedication of the new building, an oration, Πανηγυρικός, Oratio Panegyrica, was addressed to Paulinus, apparently by Eusebius himself, who has preserved the prolix composition (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 10.1.4). On the outbreak of the Arian controversy, Paulinus is represented as one of the chief supporters of Arianism. But it is not clear that he took a decided part in the controversy; he appears to have been, like Eusebius, a moderate man, averse to extreme measures, and to the introduction of unscriptural terms and needless theological definitions. Arius distinctly names him among those who agreed with him; but then Arius gave to the confession to which this statement refers the most orthodox complexion in his power. (Theodoret. H. E. 1.5). Eusebius of Nicomedeia (ibid. 6) wrote to Paulinus, rebuking him for his silence and concealment of his sentiments; but it is not clear whether he was correctly informed what those sentiments were. Athanasius (De Synodis, 100.17) charges Paulinus with having given utterance to Arian sentiments, but gives no citation from him. He certainly agreed with the bishops of Palestine in granting to Arius the power of holding assemblies of his partizans; but at the same time these prelates recommended the heresiarch to submit to his diocesan Alexander of Alexandria, and to endeavour to be re-admitted to the communion of the Church. Paulinus's concurrence in these steps shows that if not a supporter of Arianisn, he was at any rate not a bigoted opponent. (Sozomen, H. E 100.15.) Paulinus was shortly before his death translated to the bishopric of Antioch (Euseh. Contra Marcel. 1.4; Philostorg. H. E. 3.15) ; but it is disputed whether this was before or after the council of Nice; some place his translation in A. D. 323, others in A. D. 331. Whether He was present at the council of Nice, or even lived to see it, is not determined. The question is argued at considerable length by Valesius (not. ad Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 10.1), Hanckius (De Rerun Byzant. Scriplor. Pars i. cap. 1.235, &c.), and by Tillemont (Mém. vol. vii. p. 646, &c). We are disposed to acquiesce in the judgment of Le Quien, who places the accession of Paulinus to the see of Antioch in A. D. 323 or 324, and his death in the latter year. (Euseb. Il. cc.; Hieron. Chroonicon, sub init.; Sozomen. Theodoret. Philostorg. Il. cc.; Tillemont, vol. vi. vii; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. col. 708, 803). [J.C.M]

Pauli'nus

Latin fathers.

1. Of Milan (Mediolanensis), was the secretary of St. Ambrose, after whose death he became a deacon, and repaired to Africa, where, at the request of Saint Augustine, he composed a biography of his former patron. While residing at Carthage he encountered Coelestius, detected the dangerous tendency of the doctrines disseminated by that active disciple of Pelagius, and, having preferred an impeachment of heresy, procured his condemnation by the council which assembled in A. D. 212 under Aurelius. The accusation was divided into seven heads, of which six will be found in that portion of the Acts of the Synod, preserved by Marius Mercator. At a subsequent period (217-218) we find Paulinus appearing before Zosimus for the purpose of resisting the appeal against this decision, and refusing obedience to the adverse decree of the pope. Nothing further is known with regard to his history, except that we learn from Isidorus that he was eventually ordained a presbyter. Works

We possess the following works of this author: 1. Vita Ambrosii

This, although commenced soon after A. D. 400, could not, from the historical allusions which it contains, have been finished until 412. Editions

This piece will be found in almost all the editions of St. Ambrose. In many it is ascribed to Paulinus Nolanus, and in others to Paulinus Episcopus. 2. Libellus adversus Coelestium Zosimo Papae oblatus

Drawn up and presented towards the close of A. D. 417. Editions

It was printed from a Vatican MS. by Baronius, in his Annales, under A. D. 218, afterwards by Labbe, in his Collection of Councils, fol. Par. 1671, vol. ii. p. 1578, in the Benedictine edition of St. Augustine, vol. x. app. pt. 2, and by Constant, in his Epistolae Pontificum Romanorum, fol. Par. 1721, vol. i. p. 963. 3. De Benedictionibus Patriarcharum

This is mentioned by Isidorus (De Viris Illustr. 100.41), but was not known to exist in an entire form until it was discovered by Mingarelli in a very ancient MS. belonging to the library out St. Salvator at Bologna. Editions

Mingarelli inserted this work in the Anecdota published at Boolgna, 4to. 1751., vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 199. A corrupt fragment of this tract will be found in the fifth volume of the Benedictine edition of St. Jerome, where it is ascribed to Rutinus. Editions

The three productions enumerated above are placed together in the Bibliototheca Patrum of Galland fol. Venet. 1773, vol. ix. p. 23. Further Information

Cassianus, de Incarn. 100.7; Isidorus, de Viris Illustr. 4; Galland. Bibl. Patr. vol. ix. Proleg. c. ii.; Schönemann, Bibl. Plariot Lut. vol. 2.21.

Pauli'nus

2. Meropius Pontius Anicius Paulinus, bishop of Nola in the early part of the fifth century, AND hence generally designated Paulinus Nolanus, was born at Bordeaux, or at a neighbouring town, he calls Embrotmutym. about the year A. D. 353. Descended from illustrious parents, the inheritor of ample possessions, gifted by nature with time, good abilities, which were cultivated with affectionate assidulity by his preceptor, the poet Ausonius [Ausonius, he entered life under the fairest auspices. was raised to the rank of consul suffectus, before he had attained to the age of twenty-six, and married a wealth lady named Therasia, whose disposition and tastes seem to have been in perfect harmony with his own. After many years spent in the enjoyment of worldly honours, Panlinus became convinced of the truth of Christianity, was by Delphinis, bishop of Bourdeaux. in A. D. 309, distributed large sums to the poor. and passed over with his wife to Spain. The death of an only child, which survived its birth eight days, with perhaps other domestic afflictions concerning which we are imperfectly informed, seem to have confirmed the dislike with which he now regarded the business of the world. After four years passed in retirement he resolved to withdraw himself entirely from the society of tis friends, to apply his wealth to religious purposes, and to delicate, the remainder of his life to works of piety. This determination, while it called forth the earnest remonstrances of his kindred, excited the most lively admiration among all classes of the devout, and the dignity of Presbyter was almost forced upon his acceptance by the enthusiasm of the populace at Barcelona (A. D. 303). He did not, however, remain to exercise his clerical functions in this province, but crossed the Alps into Italy. Passing through Florence, where he was greeted with much cordiality by Ambrose, he proceeded to Rome, and, after meeting with a cold reception from Pope Siricius, who probably looked with suspicion on the hasty irregularity of his ordination, reached Nola, in Campania, where he possessed some property, soon after Easter A. D. 304. In the immediate vicinity of this city were the tomb and miracle-working relics of Felix, a confessor and martyr, over which a church had been erected with a few cells for the accommodation of pilgrims. In these Paulinus, withi a small number of followers, took up his abode, conforming in all points to the observances of monastic establishments, except that his wife appears to have been his companion. After nearly fifteen years passed in holy meditations and acts of charity, he was chosen bishop of Nola in A. D. 409 (or according to Pagi, A. D. 403), and when the stormy inroad of the Goths had passed away, discharged the duties of the office in peace until his death, which took place in >A. D. 431.

The above sketch contains a narrative of all the facts which can be ascertained with regard to this father, but to what extent these may be eked out by laborious conjecture will be seen upon referring to biography compiled by Le Brun. The story told in the dialogues of St. Gregory, that Paulinus having given away all his possessions, made a jou: ney into Africa, and sold himself into slavery, in order to ransom the son of a poor widow, has, upon chronological and other considerations, been generally rejected as a fable, as well as numerous legends contained in the histories of the Saints. Works

The following works of Paulinus, all composed after he had quitted public life, are still extant, consisting of Epistolae, Carmina, and a very short tract entitled Passio S. Genesii Arelatensis. 1. Epistolae

Fifty, or, as divided in some editions, fifty-one letters. addressed to Sulpicius Severus, to Delphinus bishop of Bordeaux, to Augustine to Rutinus, to Eucherius, and to many other friends upon different topics, some being complimentary, mentary, others relating entirely to domestic affairs, while the greater number are of a serious cast, being designed to explain some doctrine, to inculcate some precept, or to convey information upon some point connected with religion. Neither in style nor in substance can they be regarded as of much importance or interest, except in so far as they afford a fair specimen of the familiar correspondence of churchmen at that epoch, and convey a very pleasing impression of the writer. The most elaborate are the t twelfth (to Amandus), which treats of the Fall and the Atonement, the thirtieth (to Sulpicius Severus) on the Inward and Outward Man, and the forty-second (to Florentius, bishop of Cahors) on the Dignity and Merits of Christ; the most curious is the thirty-first (to Severus) on the Invention vention of the True Cross; the most lively is the forty-ninth (to Macarius) on a famous miracle performed om the society of his formeds, to apply his is to be found in Funceius, and longer abstracts in Dupin. 2. Carmina

Thirty-two in number, composed in a great variety of metres. Of these, the most worthy of notice are the birthday addresses to St. Felix in heroic hexameters, composed regularly on the festival of the saint, and forming a series which to embraces so complete an account of the career and achievements of that holy personage, that Bede was enabled from these documents alone to compile a prose narrattive of his life. We have besides paraprose phrases of three psalms, the 1st, 2d, and 136th; Epistles to Ausonius and to Gestidius, two Precutiones Matutitnae, De S. Joanniie Baptiste Christi Praecone et Legato, in 330 hexameters; an elegy on the death of a boy named Celsus; an epithalamium on the nuptials of Julianus and Ia [Julianus Didius], Ad Nicetami redeuntem in Daciam, Ad Juvieom de Nolhna Ecclesia, Ad Antonium contra Paganos, while the list has been recently swelled by Mai from the MSS. of the Vatican, by the addition of two poems, which may however be regarded with some suspicion; the one inscribed Ad, Denm post Conversiosnem et Baptismunt suuims, the other De suis Domestieis Calamnituistibs. As in the case of the Epistolae, the above are differently arranged in different editions. Thus the Natalitia are sometimes condensed into thirteen, teen, ontetimes expanded into fifteen; and in like manner the letters to Ausonius are distributed into two, three, or four, according to the conflicting views of critics. 3. Passio S. Genesii

The authenticity of the Passio S. Genesii has been called in question by Rosweyd, but is vindicated by the concurring testimony of many MSS. Lost Works

Among the lost works we may notice the following : -- 1. Ad Theodosium Panegyricus

A congratulatory address composed in honour of the victory gained over Eugenius and Arbogastes. Although this piece is distinctly described by Honoritius of Autun (De Script. Eccles. 2.47; comp. Rufin. Hist. 1.27), Funceius maintains that an error has been committed as to the subject, and argnes from the expressions of Paulinus himself (Ep. 9, and 28), that it was a funeral oration delivered after the death of the emperor. (See also Hieronym. Ep. 13; Cassiodor. L. S. 100.21 ; Gennadius, 48 Trithem. 117.) 2. De Poenitentia et de Laude generali omnium Martyrum

Affirmed by Gennadius to be the most important of all his productions. Here again we might conjecture that there was some confusion, and that the titles of two treatises, one De Poenientia, the other De Laude Martyrmn, have been mixed up together. 3. Epistolae ad Sororem

On contempt of the world. 4. Epistolae ad Amicos.

5. Suetonii Libri III. de Regibus in epitomen versibus redacti

Loudly commended by Ausonius, who has preserved nine lines. 6. A translation of Recognitiones

Attributed to Clemens [CLEMENS ROMANUS]. We hear also of a Sacramentarium and a Hymnarium. Works ascribed to Paulinus

The Epistles Ad Marcellam and Ad Celantiam, together with the poems, Exhortatio ad Conjugen, De Norinie Jesu, and a Vita S. Martini in six books, do not belong to this father. Assessment

The enthusiastic commendations bestowed upon the learning and genius of Paulinus by his contemporaries, and repeated by successive generations formed by St. Felix. A summary of each epistle have at least been too freely lavished. Although well versed in the works of the Latin writers, his knowledge of Greek was very imperfect, and he occasionally betrays much ignorance regarding the cotonmmon facts of history. The quotations from Scripture so frequently adduced in support or illustration of his arguments, will be found in many instances to be strangely twisted from their true signification, while his allegorical interpretations are in the highest degree far-fetched and fantastic. His poetry, although offending grievously against the laws of prosody and inetre, is in every respect far superior to his prose. The purity of the language proves how deeply he had studied the best ancient models ; the descriptions are lively, the pictures vivid, but there is no creative power, no refined taste, no sublimity of thought, no grandeur of expression. Editions

The early impressions of Paulinus, commencing with that printed at Paris by Badius Ascensius, 8vo. 1516, present the text in a most mutilated, corrupt, and disordered condition. Considerable improvements were introduced by the jesuit Herbert Rosweyd (8vo. Antv. 1622), who compiled some useful annotations and prefixed a biographical sketch by his friend Sacchini; but the first really valuable materials were furnished by another jesuit, Peter Francis Chifflet, whose Paulinus Illustratus was published at Dijon, 4to. 1662. This was followed after a lapse of more than twenty years by the very elaborate and complete edition of Jean Baptiste Le Brun, 4to. Paris, 1635, which may still be regarded as the standard. It contains the text corrected by a collation of all the best MSS., voluminous commentaries, dissertations, indices, a new life of Paulinus, and a variety of documents requisite for the illustration of his works. The first volume of Muratori's Anecdota (4to. Mediolan. 1697) exhibited in a complete form, from a MS. in the Ambrosian library, three of the Carmina Natalitia (xi. xii. xiii.), which had previously appeared as disjointed fragments, and they are accompanied by twenty-two dissertations on all the leading events in the history of Paulinus and all the persons with whom he was in any way connected. These poems were afterwards republished, with emendations, by Mingarelli in his Anecdotornm Fasciculus (4to. Rom. 1756), and by Galland in his Bibliotheca Patrnm, vol. viii. (fol. Ven. 1772) p. 211. There is a reprint of Le Brun with the additional matter from Muratori, fol. Veron. 1736. The two elegies contributed by Mai are to be found in "Episcoporum Nicetae et Paulini Scripta ex Vaticanis Codicibus edita," fol. Rom. 1827. Further Information

Auson. Ep. 19, 23, 24; Paulin. Ep. ad Auson. 1.75; Ambros. Ep. 16; Augustin. De Civ. Dei, 1.10; Hieronym. Ep. xiii. lviii. ed. Vallarsi; Cassiodor. I. D. ii.; Gennad. De Script. Ercles. 48 ; Honor. August. 2.47; Trithem. 117; Idat. Chron.; Gregor. Dialog. 3.1; Surius, de probatis SS. Historiis, vol. xxii.; Pagi, Ann. 431, n. 53; Schönemann, Bibl. Puatrum Lat. vol. i. cap. 4.30; Bähr, Geschichte der Röm. Litterat. Suppl. Band, lte Abtheil. § 23-25, 2te Abtheil. § 100. [W.R]

Pauli'nus, Ani'cius

consul in A. D. 498 with Joannes Scytha (Chron. Pasch.; Cod. Just. 5. tit. 30. s. 4.

Pauli'nus, M. Aure'lius

consul A. D. 277 with the emperor M. Aurelius Probus. (Cod. Just. 8. tit. 56. s 2.)

Pauli'nus, Lo'llius

[Lollius, No. 5.]

Pauli'nus, Pompeius

commanded in Germany along with L. Antistius Vetus in A. D. 58, and completed the dam to restrain the inundations of the Rhine, which Drusus had commenced sixtythree years before. In A. D. 62 he was appointed, along with L. Piso and Ducennius Geminus, to the superintendence of the public revenues. On this occasion Tacitus calls him consularis; but his name does not occur in the consular fasti (Tac. Ann. 13.53, 15.18; Senec. de Brev. Vitae, 18.) Seneca dedicated to him his treatise De Brevitale Vitae; and the Pompeia Paulina, whom the philosopher married, was probably the daughter of this Paulinus. It is uncertain, however, whether the subject of this notice is the same as the Pompeins Paulinus, the son of a Roman eques of Arelate of whom Pliny speaks (H. N. 33.11. s. 50).

Pauli'nus, C. Sueto'nius

is first mentioned in the reign of the emperor Claudius, A. D. 42, in which year he was propraetor in Mauritania ; he conquered the Moors who had revolted, and advanced as far as Mount Atlas (D. C. 60.9; Plin. Nat. 5.1.) In the reign of Nero, A. D. 59, Paulinus was appointed to the command of Britain. For the first two years all his undertakings were successful; he subdued several nations, and erected forts in various parts of the country; but when at length in A. D. 61 he crossed over to Mona (Anglesey), which was the great strong-hold of the Britons who still resisted the Roman arms, the other Britons took advantage of his absence to rise in open rebellion, and led on by Boadicea, the heroic queen of the Iceni, they captured the Roman colony or Camalodunum and defeated Petilius Cerealis, the legate of the ninth legion. The return of Paulinus, however, soon changed matters; and he at length finally defeated Boadicea with great slaughter, though not till Londinium and Verulamium had also fallen into the hands of the Britons. For further details see Boadicea. He returned to Rome in the following year, and was succeeded by Petronius Turpilianus. (Tac. Ann. 14.29-37, Agric. 5, 14.__16 ; D. C. 62.1-12; Suet. Nero 39.)

In A. D. 66 Sentonius Paulinus was consul with C. Lucius Telesinus (Tac. Ann. 16.14; D. C. 63.1.) Paulinus was now looked upon as one of the first generals of the time, and while in Britain he was regarded by the people as the rival of Corbulo in military glory. His services were accordingly called into exercise in the civil wars which followed Nero's death. He was one of Otho's generals and chief military advisers, although he was not able to overcome the intrigues and influence of Licinius Proculus, in whom Otho placed most reliance. The German legions, who had proclaimed Vitellius, were advancing into Italy, and Otho set out to meet them in the spring of A. D. 69, taking with him Paulinus and other generals of experience. The plain of the Po was the field of operation; an account of which is given under Otho, p. 67. As far as respects Paulinus, it is only necessary to mention here, that he and Marius Celsus defeated Caecina, one of the Vitellian generals, near Cremona; but as Paulinus would not allow his men to follow up their advantage, he was accused of treachery by his troops, though his conduct was probably the result of prudence. When Valens, the other general of Vitellius, had joined his forces to those of Caecina, Paulinus strongly recommended Otho not to risk a battle; but his advice was overruled, and the result was the defeat at Bedriacum, and the ruin of Otho's cause. After the battle Paulinus did not venture to return to his own camp. He fell into the hands of Vitellius, and obtained his pardon by pleading, says Tacitus, "the necessary but not honourable excuse," that the defeat of Otho's army was owing to his treachery; for which selfaccusation, however, there was certainly no foundation. This is the last time that the name of Suetonius Paulinus occurs. (Tac. Hist. 1.87, 90, 23_26, 31_41, 44; 60).

Pauli'nus, M. Vale'rius

was a native of Forum Julii, where he possessed considerable estates. He was a friend of Vespasian's before his accession; and having previously served as tribune of the praetorian tribunes, he was able to collect for Vespasian many of the Vitellian troops in Narbonnese Gaul, of which province he was appointed procurator, A. D. 69. He also served in the Jewish war, and was eventually raised to the consulship in the reign of Trajan, A.D. 101. He was a friend and correspondent of the younger Pliny, who has addressed five of his letters to him (Tac. Hist. 3.42, 43; Joseph. B. J. iii. (14), 7.1; Plin. Ep. 2.2, 4.16, 5.19, 9.3, 37.)

Paulīnus

or Paullīnus. (1) Pompēius, commanded in Germany with L. Antistius Vetus in A.D. 58, and completed the dam to restrain the inundations of the Rhine, which Drusus had commenced sixty-three years before. Seneca dedicated to him his treatise De Brevitate Vitae; and the Pompeia Paullina, whom the philosopher married, was probably the daughter of this Paullinus.

(2) C. Suetonius, propraetor in Mauretania, in the reign of the emperor Clandius, A.D. 42, when he conquered the Moors who had revolted, and advanced as far as Mount Atlas. He had the command of Britain in the reign of Nero from A.D. 59 to 62. For the first two years all his undertakings were successful; but during his absence on an expedition against the island of Mona (Anglesey), the Britons rose in rebellion under Boadicea (A.D. 61). They at first met with great success, but were conquered by Suetonius on his return from Mona. (See Boadicea.) In A.D. 66 he was consul; and after the death of Nero in 68 he was one of Otho's generals in the war against Vitellius. It was against his advice that Otho fought the battle of Bedriacum. He was pardoned by Vitellius after Nero's death.

(3) Of Milan (Mediolanensis), the secretary of St. Ambrose, after whose death he became a deacon, and repaired to Africa, where, at the request of St. Augustine, he composed a biography of his former patron. This biography, and two other small works by Paullinus, are still extant.

(4) Meropius Pontius Anicius Paullīnus, bishop of Nola, and hence generally designated Paullinus Nolanus, was born at Bordeaux, or at a neighbouring town, which he calls Embromagum, about A.D. 353. His parents were wealthy and illustrious, and he received a careful education, enjoying in particular the instruction of the poet Ausonius. After many years spent in worldly honours he withdrew from the world, and was eventually chosen Bishop of Nola in A.D. 409. He died in 431. The works of Paullinus are still extant, and consist of prose Epistolae (51 in number), Carmina (36 in number, composed in a great variety of metres), and a short tract entitled Passio S. Genesii Arelatensis. The works of Paullinus are edited by Migne (Paris, 1847.)